Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness Collection

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A parking systems analysis of factors that affect area and induction of cotton: A case study in Shinyanga regeon, Tanzania
(1980) Kajumulo, D .A .R
This study describes factors that affect area and production of cotton as part of the overall farming system for smallholders in Shinyanga Region, Tanzania .It involve a description of the characteristics of the existing farming systems and assessment of the production efficiency of the cotton producer.Based on farmer’s resources, priorities and production decision, plans to improve cotton production are studied simultaneously with the other crops in the systems and xdesi 'able improvements as suggested./Primary data were collected from 50 randomly-selected farmers in the area for the 1976/77 and 1577/78 crop seasons. Direct programme planning was used to determine optimum resource allocation.Relations between specified variables were tested by means of Chi-square and correlation analyses.Two major types of farming systems were identified, namely (1) Larger farms with livestock which wore characterized by having more land in crops, slightly bigger families, use of ox-ploughs for land preparation, and much higher per capita income (Sh 710). These farms produced about twice the food they actually required for subsistence, and sold the surplus for cash, but had serious labour problems.(2) Smaller farms without livestock, characterized by less land in crops and use of hand hoes for land preparation.They produced 14 percent less protein and 4 percent less calories than required for subsistence based on PAO norms and had a very low per capita income (Sh 170).They made up over half of the farms.Eased on these two types of farms, the study has developed alternative feasible farming systems typical to the area which satisfy family food needs throughout the year and increase family incomes based on a more reasonable work schedule for each type and utilizing family labour only.They arc developed on the following assumptions! (1) Yields per ha of the common food items equal to 80 percent of those believed to be normal for the area so that the determined area for subsistence meets full family food needs in most years. (2) Family labour remaining after meeting subsistence requirements is used as required for optimum cash-crop combinations, (j) Net family incomes are calculated based on 1977/78 crop-year prices and 80 percent of yields as found for EIDHP.The crop which gives the highest net cash return per limiting-month man-day is considered since family labour in peak months is the limiting factor to increased production.For smaller farms without livestock, a cash crop combination of 0.8 ha of sorghum/groundnuts and 0.8 ha of late-planted cotton is suggested.This would give these farms a total net family income of Sh 1,590 or a per capita income of Sh 240, which is about one-third higher than present incomes.However, by hiring ox-ploughing services for lend preparation while school holidays for children staying at home were made to coincide with the critical work peak of weeding,farmers could improve their farming system by growing 1.9 ha of □orghuE/groundnuts and 0.8 ha of late-planted cotton.This system would triple their net family income to Sh 3,120 or a per capita income of Sh 470.For larger farms with livestock, the optimum cash crop combination includes 3.1 ha of sorghum/groundnuts intercrop, 0.8 ha of late-planted cotton, and 0.6 ha of paddy, from which these farms likely would realize a total net family income of Sh 5,630 or a per capita income of Sh 790.This is about 10 percent higher than present,excluding returns from livestock. It is concluded therefore that if the aim is to increase farmer’s income, the crop which gives the highest net cash return per limiting-month man-day after meeting subsistence requirements,namely sorghum/groundnuts intercrop, should be encouraged.From the Government point of view, (a) school holiday schedules for children staying at home should be made to coincide with the critical work peak of weeding, and (b) an increase by 35 percent over prices used in the systems analyses for cotton, while keeping those of other crops and inputs unchanged, would make cotton more profitable and increase the cash benefit/cost ratio to 3:1 to warrant the risk and costs of using fertilizers and insecticides.If producer prices of other crops and inputs increase simultaneously with -those of cotton, farmers will always be tempted to grow the most profitable crop relative to cotton. Research on cotton improvement should be considered not only for specified cotton operations but in relation to all crops of thesystems, given the resources on typical individual farm units.
A parking systems analysis of factors that affect area and induction of cotton: A case study in Shinyanga regeon, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 1980) Kajumulo, D .A .R
This study describes factors that affect area and production of cotton as part of the overall farming system for smallholders in Shinyanga Region, Tanzania.It involves as description of the characteristics of the existing farming systems and assessment of the production efficiency of the cotton producer. Based on farmer’s resources, priorities and production decision, plans to improve cotton production are studied simultaneously with the other crops in the systems and desirable improvements are suggested./ Primary data were collected from 50 randomly-selected farmers in the area for the 1976/77 and 1577/78 crop seasons.Direct programme planning was used to determine optimum resource allocation.Relations between specified variables were tested by means of Chi-square and correlation analyses. Two major types of farming systems were identified, namely (1) Larger farms with livestock which wore characterized by having more land in crops, slightly bigger families, use of ox-ploughs for land preparation, and much higher per capita income (Sh 710).These farms produced about twice the food they actually required for subsistence, and sold the surplus for cash, but had serious labour problems.(2) Smaller farms without livestock, characterized by less land in crops and use of hand hoes for land preparation.They produced 14 percent less protein and 4 percent less calories than required for subsistence based on PAO norms and had a very low per capita income (Sh 170).They made up over half of the farms. Based on these two types of farms, the study has developed feasible farming systems typical to the area which satisfy family food needs throughout the year and increase family incomes based on a more reasonable work schedule for each type and utilizing family labour only.They arc developed on the following assumptions!(1)Yields per ha of the common food items equal to 80 percent of those believed to be normal for the area so that the determined area for subsistence meets full family food needs in most years.(2) Family labour remaining after meeting subsistence requirements is used as required for optimum cash-crop combinations, (j) Net family incomes are calculated based on 1977/78 crop-year prices and 80 percent of yields as found for EIDHP. The crop which gives the highest net cash return per limiting-month man-day is considered since family labour in peak months is the limiting factor to increased production. For smaller farms without livestock, a cash crop combination of 0.8 ha of sorghum/groundnuts and 0.8 ha of late-planted cotton is suggested. This would give these farms a total net family income of Sh 1,590 or a per capita income of Sh 240, which is about one-third higher than present incomes. However, by hiring ox-ploughing services for lend preparation while school holidays for children staying at home were made to coincide with the critical work peak of weeding, fanners could improve their farming system by growing 1.9 ha of sorghum/groundnuts and 0.8 ha of late-planted cotton.This system would triple their net family income to Sh 3,120 or a per capita income of Sh 470. For larger farms with livestock, the optimum cash crop combination includes 3.1 ha of sorghum/groundnuts intercrop, 0.8 ha of late- planted cotton, and 0.6 ha of paddy, from which these farms likely would realize a total net family income of Sh 5,630 or a per capita income of Sh 790. This is about 10 percent higher than present, excluding returns from livestock. It is concluded therefore that if the aim is to increase farmer’s income, the crop which gives the highest net cash return per limiting month man-day after meeting subsistence requirements, namely sorghum/groundnuts intercrop, should be encouraged. From the Government point of view, (a) school holiday schedules for children staying at home should be made to coincide with the critical work peak of weeding, and (b) an increase by 35 percent over prices used in the systems analyses for cotton, while keeping those of other crops and inputs unchanged, would make cotton more profitable and increase the cash benefit/cost ratio to 3:1 to warrant the risk and costs of using fertilizers and insecticides. If producer prices of other crops and inputs increase simultaneously with -those of cotton, farmers will always be tempted to grow the most profitable crop relative to cotton. Research on cotton improvement should be considered not only for specified cotton operations but in relation to all crops of the systems, given the resources on typical individual farm units.
A socio economic analysts of modern irrigation projects under small -scale farming: a case study of the lower MCSPI Irrigation Project in Kilimanjaro Region
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 1993) Orota Germana Chanuo Laurent
This study analyses the socio-economic aspects of the Lower Moshi Irrigation Project in Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania. Financial and economic analyses are performed to determine if th® investment is a justifiable us® of the scarce resources available in Tanzania for investment. Survey results show that the project is doing well th average yields per ba of 6.5 tons for paddy and 2.5 tons for maize. A benefit-cost ratio of 2.5, net present worth of shs 614 million and internal rate of return of over 50 percent is obtained from the financial analysis •.•.’hen. costs and benefits are discounted at 18 percent. Results from economic analysis show a benefit-cost ratio of 2.3, a net present worth of shs 1028 million, and an internal rate of return of 49.25 percent when a 12 percent discount factor is used. Both the financial and economic analyses therefore, judge the project very profitable to the farmer and the economy as a whole. This study also attempts to evaluate the impact of the project on employment, cropping patterns, yield levels of principal, crops, farm income and land values. It is revealed that, the provision of irrigation facility has increased labour employment in the study area. Impacts of the project on cropping patterns, yield levels, farm income and land values show positive results when compared to the same in the non-project area. This study also .looks into the problems that hinder •project dev:-’.oniunnt arid -expansion. These .include problems of drought; high unit rater requirements: illegal use of water outside the project area and institutional problems such as those of farmers’ ignorance of the farming operations under modern irrigation. The following are the recommendations: 1. There is a need to improve the knowledge about modern irrigation practices at the farmer’s level. 2. .Water User Groups should be separated from other political and administrative bodies in the project area : 3. There is a need to look for alternative •.-.•ays of increasing water supply in project area during drought years and also solve the water shortage problem. A example is that of using boreholes to increase water supply. At present there are boreholes for this purpose in the project area. only few boreholes for this purpose in the project area.
A survey study on freshwater fish farming in Tanzania.
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 1992) Bjorneseth Ronald
In a literature review, the national status of aquaculture in Tanzania is discussed. Through own investigations, the status of freshwater fish farming is investigated in more detail. A questionnaire study, concerning fish farming practices, fish production and socio economic aspects, has been conducted. A total of 30 fish farmers from the regions Mbeya, Arusha and Ruvuma were interviewed. A market investigation and harvesting of a small number of ponds were also conducted. Despite the efforts made in the 1950’s and 60’s in introducing fish farming to Tanzania, aquaculture has not developed to any extent. The total aquaculture production have increased the last years, but was in 1990 estimated to be only 375 t. There is a great demand for fish in Tanzania, and there are areas well suited for fish farming activity. The dominating aquaculture practice, is semi-intensive freshwater farming of tilapia in ponds, and Oreochromis niloticus is the most common species used. Common pond size is 150-500m2. The ponds are fertilized with manure, and as supplementary feeding, maize bran, leaves and kitchen leftover are common. Most common is to harvest the ponds once a year without totally drainage. Intermediate harvests between the main harvests are practised. In this study, an average productivity in the ponds of 1400 kg/ha/year was found. The generally low production can be explained by unproper drainage of the ponds, little or no fertilizing and feeding, and lack of seine nets, which results in overcrowded ponds and stunted fish. Most of the people having fish ponds, are small-scale farmers. The fish produced is mainly for own consumption. For about half of the farmers interviewed, it is also a source of income. Among the main constraints to a fish farming development in Tanzania, is: low priority given to aquaculture by the government, unproper extension service due to lack of transport and extension workers trained in fish farming, lack of trained personnel for education and research, and lack of quality fish seed. Strategies for a aquaculture development are discussed for Sub-Saharan African countries in general, and some recommendations for Tanzania are given. ii Sammendrag I en litteraturdel er det sett pA status nAr det gjelder akvakultur i Tanzania. Gjennom egne undersokelser, er fiskeoppdrett i ferskvann studert mer i detalj. En sporreundersokelse som omhandlet bAde driftsmAter, produksjon og sosiookonomiske aspekt, ble foretatt. Totalt 30 fiskeoppdrettere fra regionene Mbeya, Arusha og Ruvuma, ble intervjuet. En markedsundersokelse and hosting av et mindre antall dammer ble ogsA foretatt. Til tross for forsokene som ble gjort i 1950 og -60 Arene pA A introdusere fiskeoppdrett til Tanzania, har det ikke funnet sted noen betydelig utvikling innen akvakultur. Den totaJe produksjonen fra akvakultur har okt de senere Ar, men var dog bare pA 375 tonn i 1990. Det er stort behov for fisk i Tanzania, og det finnes omrAder som er vel egnet for fiskeoppdrett. Semi-intensivt oppdrett av tilapia i dammer er den dominerende oppdrettsformen. Den vanligste arten er Oreochromis niloticus. Vanlig damstorrelse er 150-500m2. Dammene er vanligvis gjodslet med husdyrgjodsel, og maiskli, husholdningsavfall og blader brukes som tilleggs fdring. Dammene hostes vanligvis en gang i Aret, og de hostes vanligvis uten A torrlegges. Noe fisk hostes ogsA mellom hver hovedhosting. Den gjennomsnittlige produktiviteten i dammene ble i denne undersokelsen funnet til A vaere 1400 kg/ha/Ar. Den generelt lave produksjonen kan forklares med utilfredsstillende torrlegging av dammene, liten eller ingen gjodsling/foring, og mangel pA noter til A hoste dammene med. Dette resulterer i dArlig vekst hos fisken, og dammer med altfor hoy fisketetthet. De fleste som har fiskedammer, er smAbonder som produserer fisk til eget konsum i familien. Halvparten av de som ble intervjuet hadde i tillegg inntekter fra fiskedammene. Lav prioritet fra myndighetenes side, utilfredsstillende veiledningsapparat pga. mangel pA transportmidler og trenet personell innen fiskeoppdrett, mangel pA utdannede folk til forskning og undervisning, og dArlig tilgjengelighet pA yngel av god kvalitet, er alle faktorer som hindrer utviklingen av fiskeoppdrett i Tanzania. Hvilke strategier som bor folges i en utviklingen av akvakultur er diskutert for afrikanske land generelt. Til slutt er det gitt noen anbefalinger som gjelder Tanzania.
Adoption of improved cashewnut production technologies by smallholder farmer in Mtvvara district, Tanzania
(SOKOINE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE., 2013) Magani,S. F
The economy of Mtwara District heavily depends on cashew nut production. However, low production threatens the survival of more than 75% of the people who depend on cashew and also the economy of the district. Many technologies were developed by researchers and were made available to the farming communities to increase productivity. Technical backstopping from research was also provided from time to time to equip key stakeholders with appropriate knowledge and skills necessary to scale up cashewnutproduction.Despite those efforts, adoption of improved cashew technologies has not improved.The study was conducted to investigate the internal and external factors influencing adoption of improved cashew technologies among 200 smallholder farmers in 14 villages in Mtwara District.Binary logistic regression analysis was adopted to analyze the factors affecting adoption of improved cashew technologies. From the analysis it was found that, access to information, farm size, number of active labour in the household and years of schooling had significantly affected adoption of improved cashew technologies at (p<0.05). From this study, it was found that more than 50% of the improved cashew technologies developed by Naliendele Agricultural Research Institute (NARI) have reached cashew growing areas and about 43% of the respondents in the study area belonged to the adopter category and 57% were non-adopters of improved cashew technologies. Theories guiding this study indicated that, the departure from low productivity to attain high productivity was through adoption of science-based technologies that eventually will enable farmers to produce at economies of scale.ln this context knowledge and technologies available in cashew, issues of acquisition of improved cashew materials and crop husbandry, aspects of insect pests and diseases control, methods of technology dissemination are highlighted.Additionally, challenges and opportunities lacing cashew industry are discussed and ways forward suggested. Therefore, this dissertation presents results of the findings and explores further options to improve uptake of cashew technologies by resource-poor farmers.
An evaluation of the role played by coffee marketing Institutions to coffee smallholders in Kilimanjaro region, 1970-1984
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 1990) Shuma Geoffrey Petro
Changing socio-political and economic circumstances and technological innovations necessitate institutional and conceptual adjustments to new conditions. Such changes which have occurred in Tanzania since Independence in 1961 have changed the country's crop marketing system. The purpose of this study has been to find out and narrate the causes, effects and salient features of the institutional changes of the Tanzania's crop marketing system in the period between 1970 and 1984. Coffee marketing institutions in Ki 1imanj aro Region are used as a case study. In this study two hypotheses were set and tested. First it was hypothesized that coffee marketing system under the Tanganyika Coffee Board (TCB)/ Kilimanjaro Native Cooperative Union (KNCU) was more efficient than under the Coffee Authority of Tanzania (CAT). To test this hypothesis secondary time series data on producer's price as percentage of f . o . b price, un i t marketing margin, unit marketing costs, potential final payment, unit administrative expenses, unit administrative expenses as percentage of unit marketing costs, current ratio and quantity of coffee sold were collected. Regression Analysis of these secondary data has shown that unit administrative and marketing costs were significantly lower during KNCU time than period. These factors enabled KNCU to * significantly higher producer's price as f.o.b price than could CAT. From these observations the during CAT pay farmers percentage of : (iii) hypothesis that coffee marketing system under TCB/KNCU was more efficient than under CAT cannot be rejected and it is cone1uded that TCB/KNCU was significantly more efficient than CAT when marketing farmers coffee. Secondly5 it was hypothesized that TCB/KNCU and affiliated cooperative societies were more concerned with the development of coffee farmers than the CAT. To test this hypothesis primary data on attitudes of farmers towards the crop marketing organization were collected by means of a questionnaire administered to fifty (50) randomly selected farmers. t and Chi-square tests were used to test the hypothesis. The corresponding parametric and non—parametric statistical inference proved that KNCU was significantly more efficient in providing managerial services when purchasing farmers coffee. The services included inspection, grading, weighing of crops and paying farmers. CAT was, however, significantly more efficient in the provision of inputs and extension services to farmers. Consequently it is recommended that in Tanzania agricultural crops shou1d be marketed by agricultural marketing cooperatives and marketing boards. The cooperative should be owned and controlled by the members on a democratic basis. The effectiveness of marketing boards can be improved by increasing the participation of farmers, processors, merchants and consumers in their decision making process.
Analysis of cocoa beans value chain: a case study of Kyela district in Mbeya region
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2011) Kibona,K. J.
The study on analysis of cocoa value chain was conducted in Kyela District. Kyela is a leading cocoa producing District in the country with annual production of 4344 tonnes. Tanzania exports about 6500 metric tones per year. The general objective of the study was to assess cocoa value chain and performance indicators among smallholder farmers in Kyela District. The specific objectives were to identify the cocoa beans market channels, to determine the gross margin accrued by actors, to compare the gross margin accrued among the actors and to determine the contribution of cocoa fermenting to farmers’ gross margin in Kyela District. A cross sectional research design was used in the study. The study population was cocoa producing farmers and cocoa traders in Kyela District. To meet the objectives of the study, qualitative and quantitative analysis methods were applied. The qualitative techniques involved the use of measures of central tendency to describe characteristics of respondents and in the description of the market chain. In analysis of gross margin, linear regression and one way ANOVA were quantitative methods identified. The first channel comprised of farmers, village collectors, private company agents, private companies and exporters. The second comprised of farmers, private company agents, private companies and exporters. The last channel also found out that, farmers received higher gross margin than other actors and that therefore recommended for farmers to sell fermented cocoa through channels that cocoa fermenting contributed significantly to the level of farmers’ gross margin. It is comprised of farmers, primary cooperative, cooperative union and exporters. It was used. During the study three main channels through which cocoa was sold were give them high return. It is also recommended for the Government to establish cocoa board that will be responsible to supervise cocoa business in the District and the Nation at large.
Analysis of farmers’ adaptation to climatic change in Kilimanjaro region
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2010) Ajuaye, Adeline
This study aimed at assessing farmers’ adaptation mechanisms to climate change in Kilimanjaro region. Specifically, attention was devoted to examine farmers’ awareness and perception towards climate change; adaptation measures used and their influence on crop yield as well as factors which influence adoption of those strategies. The data were collected through household surveys and focused group discussions. A questionnaire was administered to a sample of 175 farming households in twelve villages from Moshi Rural, Hai and Rombo Districts. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Cobb-Douglas production function and linear regressions. Results confirm that farmers are quite aware of climate change and adaptation options. Seasonal drought, temperature change and outbreak of diseases in plant and animals were the most perceived consequences of climate change. The adaptation strategies used included change of farm management practices and adoption off-farm employment. Timing of farm operations, water harvesting, mulching, change of crop varieties, irrigation and agro-forestry were the major farm-copping strategies. These strategies were observed to have positive and significant influence on maize and banana yield. Also the study found out that household assets; household size; education level; extension services; owned land size and access to irrigation are the major factors which influence adoption of adaptation strategies. Moreover, lack of capital and information on climate change as well as reliable weather forecast information were indicated to be the core constraints in adaptation. The relevant policy recommendation from these results is that enhanced access to credit and information can significantly increase frames’ adaptation. Government policies should support research and development on appropriate technologies to help farmers adapt to changes in climatic conditions.
Analysis of performance in chickpea value chain in Kahama district, Shinyanga region, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2011) Pius Denis Jamhuri
The general objective of this study was to analyse the chickpea value chain performance in Kahama district in order to provide information to policy and decision makers to design effective programme for assisting farmers to benefit from chickpeas production. The specific objectives of the study were: (i) To analyse the structure of the chickpea value chain in Kahama district (ii) To measure performance at different stages in the chickpea value chain (iii) To determine factors influencing performance in chickpea production. Data for the study were collected from 119 respondents in selected villages in Kahama district including farmers, rural assemblers, wholesalers, retailers, and processors. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, marketing margins, profit margins and regression analysis. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the characteristics of the value chain actors whilst prices, marketing and profit margins were used as indicators of performance at different stage along the chickpea value chain. Specifically, regression analysis was used to determine factors influencing chickpea performance at the farm level. Vertical and horizontal coordination along the chain was found to be weak. The flow of market information was limited to rural assemblers and was not transparent. Fanners had limited means of getting market information through rural assemblers those were not trustful in most cases. Prices and margins obtained by different actors along the chain varied significantly (p<0.05) with the wholesalers obtaining higher prices and profit margins despite the high costs they incurred. Results of the regression analysis indicated that education level, degree of specialization, land size and market access were major factors influencing chickpea profitability at farm level. Constraints like drought, diseases and pests out break found to affect chickpea production. The study recommends on improvement of chickpea productivity, formalization and strengthening of chickpea farmers’ horizontal and vertical coordination.
Analysis of urban markets-linked cassava value chain: A case of Morogoro rural district, Tanzania.
(Sokoine University of Agriculture., 2010) Sewando Ponsian Thomas
This study was carried out to examine the value chain for cassava in order to determine strategies needed to enhance profitable participation of smallholder farmers in the cassava value chain for reducing income poverty in Tanzania. Specifically, the study intended: (i) To analyse the structure of the cassava value chain and coordination among actors in the value chain, (ii) To analyse profitability of alternative cassava value chain strands and identify determinants of profitability and (iii) To analyse farmers’ preferential choice decisions of alternative cassava value chain strands and identify their determinants. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data from 150 fanners from three villages of Morogoro rural district. Data were analysed using descriptive and quantitative methods. Profit and marketing margins along the cassava value chain were computed. ANoVA was employed to measure the variation in profitability among the smallholder farmers. Factor analysis was used to identify the variables for further analysis on likelihood of farmers to participate in alternative cassava value chain strands. Linear and Poisson regression models were estimated to identify the determinants of profitability and farmers’ preferential choice decisions in risks respectively. Results show that there was no significant variation in profitability between the villages at p<0.05 level. Profit margins varied significantly among cassava value chain actors. The factors that contributed to the profit margin at farm gate were farm size, experience, total family labour, group participation, non-crop livelihood sources and food insecurity. Results also indicate that farmers have positive risk attitude towards participation in the alternative cassava value chain strands and farm size, experience, female-headed households and land-holding had influenced the farmers’ preferential choice decision. Recommendations for enhancing farmers’ participation in profitable cassava value chain strands are strengthening coordination, provision of improved cassava varieties and introduction of cassava processing technologies.
Assessment of factors affecting coconut production in Tanzania
(Academe Research Journals, 2015-08-26) Muyengi Z. E.; Msuya E.; Lazaro E.
Coconut is an important oil crop that supports the livelihoods of the majority of coastal people in Tanzania. Despite of the efforts made by the government of Tanzania in coconut sub-sector promotion, little is known about the current production and factors affecting the production. Therefore this study aims to assess the production of coconuts and factors affecting the production of coconut and to advise suitable research and development areas in coconut sub-sector in Tanzania. A diagnostic survey was conducted using a questionnaire, focus group discussion and interview of key informants. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Multiple Regression Model. Results showed that palm population was 50 tree/ha which is below the recommended by 60.8%. Similarly the yield was low as 847 compared to 1800 nuts/ha/year during the program. Fertilizer users were significantly higher during the program period by 26.1% compared to 4% of the current users. Only 10.7% of the farmers attempted to control pests compared to 78.7% during the program. About 36% of the farmers were visited by extension officers compared to 96% during the program. Poor agronomical practices, inputs supply and extension services were among the constraints for coconut production, hence it requires special attention.
Assessment of factors influencing the use of ICTs in accessing market information among smallholder rice farmers in Kilombero District, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2019) Eskia, S.
Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in agriculture have the potential to facilitate greater access to market information and it can connect the rural poor farmers with well-established markets. The aim of this study was to assess the factors influencing the use of Information and Communication Technologies in accessing market information among smallholder farmers in Kilombero District. A cross-sectional research design was used and data were collected using structured questionnaire, where 120 respondents were interviewed. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results reveled that middlemen and traders were the most reliable source of market information (43.3%) and middlemen are the one who buy the produce from the farmers (79.2%). Also the findings indicate that 83.3% of the farmers have access to ICTs sources of information while mobile phone being the source that is mostly accessed (50.7%). The cross tabulation results (Chi-square test) found that, there was a positive significant (P≤0.05) effect between access to ICTs sources of information and marital status, sex and income level. Among all farmers who have access to ICTs source of information, the study found that only 45% are using the technology in accessing market information where awareness and poor access and networks being the most challenge among others. The results of the logit model indicate that sex of the farmers, education level, farmer’s income level, awareness of the farmers about ICT’s sources of information and access to ICT’s sources of information are positively significant (P≤0.05) factors influencing the farmers to use ICTs at 5% significant level. From these findings it is concluded that the mobile phone is the most ICT’s source of information that is used in rural areas, also most of the smallholder farmers in Kilombero are not aware of the ICT’s benefits in accessing market information. Therefore, the government and other agricultural stakeholders should find a way that farmers will be trained and being informed on the new technologies that could help them accessing market information, promote the availability of reliable power source and opening up new market. Also Network operators should increase their services in rural areas with strong signal.
Assessment of tobacco marketing system at farmers level, a case of Tanzania leaf tobacco company of Morogoro, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2008) Kemilembe J. K
Tobacco is one of the major agricultural export crops in Tanzania. Tobacco farming industry is a contract farming business involving fanners in primary cooperative societies located in eight production regions namely Tabora, Shinyanga, Mbeya, Singida, Rukwa, Iringa, Songea and Kagera. A large proportion of tobacco grown in Tanzania (85%) is exported to overseas markets. The main tobacco customers demand tobacco leaves of high quality. The tobacco buying companies through Association of Tanzania Tobacco Traders (ATTT) are committed in ensuring that the tobacco purchased is of high quality to make sure that customers choose their produce over those of their competitors. In spite of the company’s effort towards improving the quality of tobacco produced, the problem of poor tobacco quality still exists. Although studies on tobacco marketing had been carried out, information regarding tobacco quality at farmers’ level is still insufficient. Generally the study intended to create a better understanding of the factors influencing the strategies for the improvement of quality of tobacco sold to Primary Cooperative Societies. Specifically, this study examined the impact of tobacco quality to farmers and the buying companies identify factors that lead into marketing of low quality tobacco at farmers level, identify and analyze cost and revenue of tobacco to growers and suggest alternative solutions that would reduce the problem of low quality tobacco at farmers’ level. The data were collected, from seven Primary cooperative Societies, officers from all tobacco stakeholders and company’s officials in Tabora region. Part of the analysis was based on descriptive statistics to describe the responses, characteristics and trends of some data and information regarding the current marketing system of tobacco at farmers’ level. Gross Margin Analysis was used in order to examine the effect of quality and price on farmers’ income. The results of the study indicate that poor post harvest handling methods severely affect the quality of tobacco. The problem of quality has been a cause of higher cost of handling for the buyer companies and has also resulted into lower prices paid to farmers. The study recommended that, the company and other tobacco stakeholders should provide adequate and quality extension services on good agronomic practices, construction of improved barns and tobacco storage which will eventually improve tobacco quality at farmers’ level.
Beef cattle marketing in Tanzania:the case of Mikongeni and Pugu markets.
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2011) Nyabenda Nizigama,J
ABSTRACT This dissertation examined beef cattle marketing in Tanzania using the ease of Mikongeni and Pugu markets. The specific objectives were to examine the trend of cattle supply by grades and sex, to assess variation in market prices within and between years and to analyze the factors which determine prices of beef cattle sold in livestock markets. In addition to primary data, the study used secondary data which were gathered from the Ministry of Industries, Trade and Marketing. Primary data were collected using structured questionnaire and Focus Group interviews with key informants. Descriptive statistics and regression analyses were used in analysing the data. The results of analysis indicated seasonality in both real and nominal prices as well as number of beef cattle supplied between and within years. In both markets, real prices for 2005 remained higher than those in 2006 and 2007. Mikongeni market recorded the highest number of beef cattle supply in May and the least in November. Pugu market received the highest number of animals in August, with low supply in December and March. Market survey revealed that most of the animals supplied to these markets originate from the Lake Zone. Cattle buyers in the terminal market mainly preferred buying animals on weight basis; at the primary market, traders preferred mainly to buy/sell animals based on the buyer - seller agreement. Both markets received fewer heads of cows on the ground that they are preferred as parent stock. Based on these findings, formation of beef cattle marketing body to be in charge of all marketing activities in the country was recommended. The board among others would be responsible for placement and maintenance of marketing infrastructures, transmission of marketing information and supervision of beef cattle marketing activities.
Can a legal game meat trade in Tanzania lead to reduced poaching? Perceptions of stakeholders in the wildlife industry
(Elsevier GmbH, 2023) Kadigi Reuben M.J.; Mgeni Charles Peter; Kangile Joseph Rajabu; Aku Aika Okting’ati; Kimaro Prisca
This paper evaluates stakeholders’ perceptions about authorisation of the game meat trade as a solution to poaching in Tanzania. It respectively uses a variant of “Likert’s method of summated ratings” and the “cumu- lative ordinal regression model” to analyse and compare the opinions of government officials and non-state stakeholders about the performance of the recent regulatory framework governing game meat trade in the country. The results support the assertion that the authorisation of the game meat trade can be one of the boldest conservation tools to mitigate poaching if well-planned and regulated. The results of cumulative ordinal regression model suggest that a unit improvement in the procedures for the application and registration of game meat selling facilities is likely to improve the performance of the regulatory framework in the country by about 42%. This result was statistically significant at a p-value of 0.010, which corresponds to a 99% confidence level. We recommend leveraging stakeholders’ active engagement and strengthening cooperation between game meat value chain actors and law-enforcement authorities. An innovative participatory model for enforcing game meat sanitary and safety regulations is also recommended to avoid potential health risks to consumers. We underscore the importance of institutional capacity building, awareness creation, and adequate funding in the fight against poaching and bushmeat trade.
Cash crop versus food crop production in Tanzania: An assessment of the major Post-colonial trends
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 1985) Odegaard,Knut
In the less developed countries CLDCs) a substantial share of the output produced in the agricultural sector is con sumed directly on the farm. This share is commonly termed subsistence consumption. The difference between total out put and subsistence consumption constitutes the marketed- from agriculture. In a country dominated by an agricultural sector, the growth of this surplus not only poses a constraint on the rate of structural transformation of the economy by being the main source of food supply for the non-agricultural population, but it is also the major source of investment funding, the size of which of course will also have a decisive bearing on the rate of economic growth and development that can be achieved. Some writers on economic development even argue that the presence of an agricultural surplus is a precondition for economic deve lopment .1 In this study we shall concentrate on identifying the factors that have governed the development of the size and the composition of the marketed surplus. In particular the composition of the marketed surplus in terms of cash crop? and food crops will be in focus. (Definitions of these two categories of crops follows shortly.) A main thesis of the study is that Tanzania should concentrate more on cash crop production than has been the case during the last fifteen years, i.e. that a change of policy in the suggested direc tion will have positive effects on trade, employment, in come and capital formation. In this introductory chapter we seek to provide a framework for the analysis. This will do by (1) giving a brief ac count of the nature of the constraint posed by the marketed surplus from agriculture on economic development, (2) pro viding some definitional terms that are of central im-2 portance for the study, and (3) giving a short presentation of Tanzania’s resources, farming structure and economic structure.
Cassava value chain analysis in Mkuranga district coast region in Tanzania.
(Sokoine Universityof Agriculture, 2011) Kihwele,H. M
The aim of this study was to conduct cassava value chain analysis in Mkuranga district.The data was collected from 90 farmers, 15 farmer processors, 7 service providers and 30 traders from different markets located in Mkuranga district Coast region, Temeke, Ilala and Kinondoni Municipal in Dar es Salaam region. Structured questionnaire was used to collect data from farmers’ while for other categories of respondents the appropriate checklist was used to gather information concerning their participation in cassava value chain. Both quantitative and descriptive analysis was applied. Statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) and Microsoft excel statistical soft ware used for analysis. The results show that the key actors of cassava value chain include research institutions, input suppliers, farmers, processors, small traders, brokers, wholesalers, retailers and consumers which play different roles in cassava value chain. The study also found that, cassava is constrained by production, processing and marketing but on the other hand cassava from Mkuranga has a lot of market opportunities in the district itself, urban, regional and international markets. Gross margin analysis show that farmers’, wholesalers and retails have the gross margin ratios of 20%, 39%, and 38% respectively. In dry cassava value chain, farmers have a gross margin ratio of 41.1% when they sell to retailers and gross margin ratio of 52.12% when they sell direct to consumers. Fanners gross margin is affected by distance from the market, year of experience in cassava business, planting style, cropping style and farmer’ organization in cassava production activities. The study concluded that dry cassava value chain is more efficient and highly potential compared to fresh cassava value chain for development in Mkuranga district. The study recommends that development of dry cassava value chain is vital and therefore calls for efforts from all development stakeholders in cassava value chain to focus on it.
Compliance level and stability of micronutrients in fortified maize flour in Tanzania
(HINDAWI, 2024-02-22) Zacharia, Abdulsudi Issa; Mareni, Gudila Boniface
Maize flour fortification was introduced in Tanzania in 2011 to address the risk of micronutrient deficiency to children, adolescents, and women of childbearing age. Fortified maize flours are processed by small-scale processors who are exempted from mandatory fortification. The current study is aimed at assessing the compliance and stability of fortified processed maize flour with zinc, iron, and folic acid by small-scale processors in comparison to the recommended Tanzania national standards (TZS 328). A total of 69 samples of fortified maize flour were collected at the point of production and retail outlets in Dar es Salaam and Morogoro municipalities, Tanzania. Micronutrients (zinc and iron) were analysed using microwave plasma atomic emission spectrometry (MP-AES), and folic acid was analysed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The mean concentrations of micronutrient were significantly (p < 0 05) higher at the production site compared to the retail outlet. The amount of iron, zinc, and folic acid in the samples at the production site was 27 17 ± 1 63 mg/kg, 30 56 ± 2 01 mg/kg, and 0 69 ± 0 02 mg/kg, respectively, while it was 19 34 ± 0 97 mg/kg, 21 71 ± 1 50 mg/kg, and 0 49 ± 0 02 mg/kg for iron, zinc, and folic acid, respectively, at the retail outlets. Only 31.6% of the assessed samples from production and 12.9% from retail outlets complied with the recommended national standard. The stability of iron, zinc, and folic acid for the fortified maize flour stored at room temperature (20-32°C) for six months was 95.8%, 96.9%, and 66.9%, respectively. Further investigation on the consistency performance of the dosifier and consistency training of working in the processing unit on the requirements of fortification standards should be done.
Consumers’ reactions to involvement of large retailers in selling of fair trade coffee
(Newcastle University, 2010) Nandonde, Felix Adamu
The Fairtrade Labelling International Organisation (FLO) reported recently global sales of Fair Trade (FT) products estimated to reach €1.3 billion in 2009. Certified FT coffee is the leading commodity and estimated to be 0.01 of the international coffee trade. The United Kingdom is among of the major market of the Fair Trade (FT) products with annual growth sales of 33 percent and sales estimated to reach £700 million in 2009, while coffee sales stand at £ 157 million and estimated to be 20 percent of the country coffee business. Recently worldwide expansion of FT with other factors was highly reported to be accelerated with the involvement of large retailers (LRs). Since 2002 when own label of FT products was introduced in the UK, grievances started and many authors criticised the FLO movement of commercialisation by giving LRs licence to use Fairtrade mark, which once were produced by alternatives trading organisations (ATOs). To reach mass market FT products needs LRs distribution channels which many retailers started to stocked FT products e.g The Coop stocked Cafedirect FT coffee since 1994. However, the challenge is on the use of own label and the willingness of the LRs to implement the Fairtrade guiding principles for the benefit of small producers in the South. The purpose of this research is to explore consumers’ reactions to the involvement of large retailers (LRs) in selling FT coffee. Two objectives addressed by the study related to coffee, first understanding factors influencing coffee purchase intention and consumers attitudes to involvement of LRs in selling FT coffee. And two analytical techniques used to analyse data collected in June, 2010 in the high street of Newcastle by face to face interviews. (1) Factor analysis conducted with sample of 219 coffee consumers to understanding factors influencing purchase decision, (2) Cluster analysis employed to identify customers’ reaction to LRs involvement in selling FT coffee. Factor analysis was employed to identify consumers’ attitudes towards coffee. The study indicates that credence processing attributes are the major factors that influence consumers in the intention of coffee purchasing in the UK. such as ‘ethical’, ‘production techniques and fair trade products’. However, credence process content attributes such as ‘quality’ and decaffeinated coffee are most significant in influencing consumers’ attitudes towards coffee. Second is on cluster analysis, two clusters identified, cluster one is the male ‘ethical consumers’ influenced by retailers image and social responsibilities activities. This group is Findings of the study need to be interpreted with cautions because, there are two major additional factors can change coffee purchase. in favour of LRs to use their own label. Cluster two is female ‘ethical and well being consumers, the group is not favouring LRs to have their own label for fair trade coffee. Interesting findings is that this group is not against the involvement of LRs to sell FT coffee limitations first js-the^ample size is a very limited number of the UK coffee consumers, second is the result based on the evaluation of hypothetical attributes of coffee and any additional factors can change coffee purchase.
Contribution of saccos to poverty reduction in Singida Rural District
(2014) Pallangyo, Joyce
This study was conducted in Singida Rural District to assess the contribution of SACCOs towards poverty reduction. The specific objectives of the study were: To determine the social economic factors affecting participation on SACCOs, to assess the effect of SACCOs’ on household income and assets and to assess the effect of SACCOs on food security. “With and without research design” together with “before and after” was employed to determine contribution of the SACCOs towards poverty reduction. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data from 100 participants and 100 non participant of SACCOs. The data were processed and analyzed using SPSS. Among all independent variables only house ownership, farm size and education level of head of the household revealed significant influence on participation in SACCOs. From the study findings it was observed that there was no significant difference on income between participants and non-participants of SACCOs. On the other hand participant were having significant (p<0.05) higher values assets as compared to non-participant at after period. Diet was found to be significantly more diversified among participants than participants of SACCOs. Participants were able to improve their housing condition than non-participant significantly (P<0.05). It is upon this conclusions that all null hypotheses have been rejected. To improve contribution of the SACCOs towards poverty reduction the study recommends that SACCOs should start lending in groups; Government should introduce SACCOs on other district, SACCOs should reducing interest charged for business loans and Research on other poverty and SACCOs to e focused on other poverty indicators apart from those discussed under this study.

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