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Sokoine University of Agriculture  Institutional Repository (SUA IR). This repository was built and is maintained by the university library  (Sokoine National Agricultural Library-SNAL) , in order to collect, preserve and disseminate scholarly output generated by University research community (staff and students) members.

This repository hosts a variety of openly accessible materials including: scholarly articles and books, theses and dissertations, conference proceedings and technical reports. For assistance about depositing your research output in the repository click here. SUA IR Policy  click here or any queries contact us at snal@sua.ac.tz.

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Entomopathogenic nematodes and their potential for use against banana weevil {cosmopolites sordidus germar) in Tanzania.
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2009) Mwaitulo, Suma Andalwisye
A survey on the occurrence of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) was conducted in selected banana fields in three regions (Coast, Mbeya and Morogoro) of Tanzania. The main objective of the study was to isolate entomopathogenic nematodes naturally occurring in banana fields in Tanzania and to test the effectiveness of these nematodes against banana weevil (Cosmopolites sordidus Germar). The presence of entomopathogenic nematodes is reported for the first time in Tanzania. Entomopathogenic nematodes were found in soils sampled from banana fields in Coast region of Tanzania using the Great wax moth, (Galleria mellonella L.) larvae as bait. Four (4.4%) out of 90 samples contained nematodes from which nine isolates of entomopathogenic nematodes were obtained. Seven isolates were identified as Steinernema spp while two isolates were of Heterorhabdits spp. The nine isolates were studied to determine their virulence against larvae and adults of C. Sordidus. Nematode concentrations of 0.35, 3.5 and 7.0 infective juveniles cm'2 were used. All isolates were able to invade C. sordidus larvae but adults were rarely infected. At concentrations of 3.5 and 7.0 cm' MK7A (Steinernema spp) and MK7B (Heterorhabdits spp) caused the highest larval mortality of up to 100%. The average larval mortality ranged between 52% - 78.67% with isolates MK7C and MK7B (Heterorhabdits spp) being the most virulent causing an average larval mortality of 77.33% and 78.67% respectively. The potential of using EPNs as a biocontrol agent for C. sordidus larvae based on laboratory results has been demonstrated. However performance of these isolates under field condition must be evaluated and tested. Proper delivery systems for use in different banana production systems need to be developed and tested.
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Factors influencing the performance of marketing intermediaries in bean marketing in Karagwe District, Tanzania
(SUA, 2009) MUSHONGI, Cypridion Cyprian
This study was conducted to examine the factors that influence performance of marketing intermediaries (traders) in beans marketing in Karagwe district. Primary data were collected from 100 farmers and 60 traders, using structured questionnaires and these were complemented with secondary data obtained from review of related literature. Data analysis focused on descriptive statistics, marketing margin analysis and linear regression analysis. Results from marketing margin analysis indicate that bean producers gets 52% of the final consumer price and 48% is shared among marketing intermediaries. Marketing costs accounts for over 60% of the total marketing margin received by intermediaries. Transport and commission agents (labour) costs are the largest component of marketing costs. Regression analyses results indicate that traders’ age, years of schooling, working capital, initial capital, number of business contacts, distance to sales markets and trading at secondary markets are important variables in influencing the traders’ gross margin and performance. The study concludes that traders’ working capital is not enough to trade beans in large quantities. Marketing costs are too high to be afforded by small traders and farmers. The share of gross marketing margin in bean consumers' shilling by intermediaries is modest. Traders, who have many business contacts, trade beans at secondary markets, access to financial resources and those with higher level of education. earned significant higher marketing margins. The study recommends to traders and farmers to form and strengthen private trading associations and/or groups. Government should continue focusing on elimination of trade obstacles and providing credits and entrepreneurship skills to farmers and traders.
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Growth and yield response of selected cowpea genotypes to alecfra vogelii (bcnth) infestation in Dodoma, Tanzania.
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2011) Mtei, Marcel Thomas
The effects of Alecira vogelii was assessed by introducing cowpea genotypes that are resistant and/or tolerant under field conditions of Chamwino District in Dodoma. Specifically, the research aimed at assessing the effects of A. vogelii on shoot and root growth characteristics of cowpea and determining its effects on cowpea yield. Randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications was used. The experiment was set up at ARI-Hombolo and cowpea shoot biomass, root biomass. plant height and yield component data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using MSTAT-C computer statistical package. Tukey's honestly significant different test was used to compare treatment means. At 9 Week After Sowing Tumaini variety, genotypes IT 99K 205-8 and IT 99K 628 had significantly (P<0.05) low shoots biomass in gram/plant 15.6 g. 12.4 g and 14.2 g. respectively compared to IT 99K 494-6, IT 99K 7-21-2-2 and IT 97K 568-18 which had 18.9 g. 18.4 g and 17.1 g, respectively. Cowpea plant height of the local landrace (34.1 cm). IT 99K 628 (33.3 cm) and IT 99K 530-1 (38.5 cm) differed significantly (P<0.05) with the resistant genotypes IT 99K. 494-6 (47.6 cm). IT 99k 7-21-2-2 (54.1 cm) and IT 97K 568-18 (63.2 cm) at 9 WAS. The local landrace (664.3 kg/ha). IT 99K 628 (944.0 kg/ha) and IT 99K 573-1-1 (1128.0 kg/ha) had significantly (P<0.05) low yield compared to the resistant genotypes IT 99K 494-6 (2141.0 kg/ha), IT 99K 7- 21-2-2 (1536.0 kg/ha) and IT 97K 568-18 (2302.0 kg/ha). The seed weight per plant of the local landrace (10.0 g) and IT 99K 628 (16.1 g) differed significantly (P<0.05) from IT 99K 7-21-2-2 (23.4 g) and IT 97K 568-18 (23.2 g). Finally the findings revealed that, genotypes IT 99K 494-6, IT 99k 7-21-2-2 and IT 97K. 568-18 are resistant and all others are susceptible to A.vogelii strain of Dodoma.
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Potential bioactive compounds from the stem bark of erythrina greenwayi verdc
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2018) Mtaki, Revocatus
Erylhrina greenwayi an endemic medicinal plant which is extensively used as a medicinal plant has not been well studied in Tanzania. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential bioactivc compounds from £. greenwayi as a medicinal plant by studying its chemical composition and toxicity. Crude extracts were obtained through Soxhlet "and cold extraction methods using Dichrolomethane. ethanol, ethyl acetate and water solvents. Those coded SD and SE were obtained through Soxhlet extraction while those coded CE, CD. EA and WE were obtained through cold extraction. Column chromatography and thin layer chromatography were used for separation of compounds. The extract was evaluated for chemical compositions using GC-MS and HPLC. The Agar well diffusion method was used to screen for antimicrobial activity while Brine shrimp lethality test was used to test for toxicity. Two semi pure compounds 1, 2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis (2-methylpropyl) ester and Bis (2-cthylhexyl) phthalate were isolated, which exhibited activity against the tested organisms. The extracts were active against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC25923). Escherichia coli (ATCC25922), Aspergilus Niger and Candida albicans. Soxhlet ethanol extract (SE) showed the highest activity of 13mm and 9mm zone inhibition against E. coli and S. aureus respectively. Extract CD, EA and WE showed moderate activity against E. coli and S. aureus. These also exhibited 14inm, 13mm and 11 mm zone of inhibition respectively against A. niger. Extract SE demonstrated inhibition zone of 8mm against A. niger. The extracts SE, CE. SD, CD, EA and WE had LC$o concentration of of 78.97(pg/mL).32.94(pg/mL), 91,68(pg/inL),78.41(pg/mL),34.54(pg/mL)and 251.59(pg/ml.) respectively. The GC-MS analysis showed the presence of other compounds like n- Hexadccanoic acid. 2-mclhylhexacosane, 9, 12-Octadecadicnoic acid (Z, Z). Hexadecanoic acid phyto and Pentatriacontane. There is need for further investigation focusing on isolation of pure compounds from the plants and testing crude extracts for bioassays against other microbes.
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Effect of genotype plant population and nitrogen fertilization on growth yield and quality of sunflower (helianthus annuus l.) grown under semi-arid conditions oF Central Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2002) Mrosso, Leon Kasoromenya Wilbald
Field experiments were conducted at Msalato and Makutupora during the 2000/2001 cropping season to evaluate the effect of genotype, plant population and nitrogen fertilizer on growth, yield and quality of sunflower (Helianlhus annuus L.) grown under semi-arid conditions of central Tanzania. The experimental design was a split-split plot in randomized block with three replications. Two sunflower genotypes (The Open pollinated-Record variety and CRN 1435 a hybrid) were assigned to the main plots. three plant populations namely 55 555 plants ha'1 (60cm x 30cm), 44 444 plants ha'1 (75cm x 30cm) and 37 037 plants ha'1 (90cm x 30cm) constituted the subplots. Four levels of N fertilizer (0. 30, 60 and 90kg ha'1) were allocated to the sub subplots. Record variety (OP) produced significantly (P<0.05) taller plants, higher above ground biomass and larger seed size than CRN 1435 (hybrid). Plant spacing had no significant effect on plant height and dry matter accumulation. However, wider spacing recorded larger heads and higher dry matter production than narrow spacing. Nitrogen levels did not show­ significant effects. High values of dry matter accumulation were associated with high levels of N application. The hybrid CRN 1435 significantly (P<0.05) recorded higher number of seeds head'1, percentage oil concentration, seed yield and total oil yield (kg ha'1) than Record variety. Head diameter, number of seeds head'1, seed weight head'1 and one hundred seed weight were the yield components significantly (P<0.05) influenced by plant population. Percentage oil concentration, seed and oil yield (kg ha'1) were significantly higher at high plant population (i.e. at a space of 60 x 30cm). Nitrogen fertilizer did not record significant difference in terms of seed yield and yield components. The interaction between genotype and plant population was significantly recorded for yield components like head diameter, seed weight head'1 and one hundred seed weight with the highest values being recorded at 90 x 30cm spacing. Percentage oil concentration, seed and oil yield were significantly highest for CRN 1435 at 60 x 30cm. The hybrid CRN 1435 also produced more number of seeds, seed weight head'1. percentage oil concentration, seed and oil yield at 60 and 90kg N ha'1 as compared to other levels. Record variety did not respond to N application levels. The response of sunflower to plant spacing and N application was not statistically significant. However. high values for oil concentration, oil yield and seed yield was recorded at high plant population (60 x 30cm) when fertilizer was applied either at 30. 60 or 90kg N ha'1. respectively. Correlation analysis revealed that seed yield and total oil yield was positively and significantly correlated with number of seeds head'1, percentage oil concentration and seed weight head'1. Also oil concentration was significant and negatively correlated with head diameter and seed weight head'1. It is therefore concluded from this study that hybrid variety (CRN 1435) is superior to Record (OP) in terms of seed yield, oil concentration and total oil yield (kg ha'1). Narrow plant spacing has greater influence on oil concentration and oil yield than on seed yield. The N application levels were found to have similar effects for the parameters recorded except at 0kg N ha'1.