Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness Collection

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Linking rural entrepreneurs to financial services: a case of private agriculture sector support (pass) LTD
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2007) Mkumbo, Mganzwa
The provision of credit has increasingly been regarded as an important tool for raising the incomes of rural populations, mainly by mobilizing available natural resources to more productive uses. The rural population has for many years been serviced by the informal financial sector. Meyer and Nagajaran (2000) define informal financial sector as including farmer credit from traders, input suppliers, moneylenders, friends and relatives and Rotating and Saving Credit associations (ROSCAs), which are not supervised by the national financial authorities. This informal sector work on loan advances in short term deferred payment system. The credit is advanced to farmers by any of the above mentioned informal service providers and the repayment is usually in form of crops produced upon harvest. Since many farmers3 can't afford to store their produce due to cash requirements, receive poor payments, which do not enable them to retain enough proceeds to facilitate the next planting season. In the recent past, there has been an increased tendency to support agriculture aimed at formation of small-scale agribusinesses. Braverman and Guasch (1986) found that despite the efforts to overcome the widespread lack of credit facilities, especially among smallholders, and the expansion of credit in the rural areas of poor countries, the majority still have only limited access to credit services to support their operations. Seeing this prospect the Private Agricultural Sector Support (PASS) was established under the Agriculture Sector Programme Support (ASPS) Programme (funded by DAN1DA) in 2000 with the aim of bridging this gap by providing financial linkage and business development services to the rural entrepreneurs. These services aim at promoting rural agribusiness by linking the agribusiness men /women to the banking services (URT, 2003). This research paper was aimed at examining the effectiveness of the PASS objectives with the view of establishing their role in determining the access of rural small-scale farmers to financial services.
The economics of resource use under the traditional farming system in Kondoa district : the case of Bereko division
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 1993) Mwenda, Mashaka Salum Jila
The study attempts to investigate the economics of Traditional Farming Systems (TFS) in Bereko division by .identifying the physical, technical and policy factors shaping this TFS. In addition the study attempts to determine the likely adjustments of the system given some changes in factors to be identified in the Traditional Farming system. To analyse the system a multiple regression model was developed for all major crops and two individual crops - maize, and fingermillet. The results revealed that there is a positive relationship between output and available resources (of land, labour and capital), and cropping practices. The results also show that there is a negative relationship in relation to technology used. This means that by adding (or improving) the existing resource and cropping practices productivity will increase in the study area. In order to determine the likely adjustments in the system a LP model was developed for the typical crop mixture in the study area. From the basic model changes (adjustments) were effected in respect to technology, price and cropping practices where improved technology and price changes were tested. The analysis revealed that there is a possibility of increasing agricultural productivity and output and hence income by effecting some changes in technology and other institutional factors. The results also justify that policy reforms on credit facilities and pricing systems will bring some changes to smallholder farmers in Bereko Division. The results from this study suggest that proper farm management and planning in the form of comprehensive farm plans proper information and workable policies, is needed in the area. These will help to improve the incomes hence living standards of the smallholder farmers.
Compliance level and stability of micronutrients in fortified maize flour in Tanzania
(HINDAWI, 2024-02-22) Zacharia, Abdulsudi Issa; Mareni, Gudila Boniface
Maize flour fortification was introduced in Tanzania in 2011 to address the risk of micronutrient deficiency to children, adolescents, and women of childbearing age. Fortified maize flours are processed by small-scale processors who are exempted from mandatory fortification. The current study is aimed at assessing the compliance and stability of fortified processed maize flour with zinc, iron, and folic acid by small-scale processors in comparison to the recommended Tanzania national standards (TZS 328). A total of 69 samples of fortified maize flour were collected at the point of production and retail outlets in Dar es Salaam and Morogoro municipalities, Tanzania. Micronutrients (zinc and iron) were analysed using microwave plasma atomic emission spectrometry (MP-AES), and folic acid was analysed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The mean concentrations of micronutrient were significantly (p < 0 05) higher at the production site compared to the retail outlet. The amount of iron, zinc, and folic acid in the samples at the production site was 27 17 ± 1 63 mg/kg, 30 56 ± 2 01 mg/kg, and 0 69 ± 0 02 mg/kg, respectively, while it was 19 34 ± 0 97 mg/kg, 21 71 ± 1 50 mg/kg, and 0 49 ± 0 02 mg/kg for iron, zinc, and folic acid, respectively, at the retail outlets. Only 31.6% of the assessed samples from production and 12.9% from retail outlets complied with the recommended national standard. The stability of iron, zinc, and folic acid for the fortified maize flour stored at room temperature (20-32°C) for six months was 95.8%, 96.9%, and 66.9%, respectively. Further investigation on the consistency performance of the dosifier and consistency training of working in the processing unit on the requirements of fortification standards should be done.
Status and trends in the international wildlife trade in Chameleons with a focus on Tanzania
(PLOS ONE, 2024-05-16) Isaac Maxim Conrad; Burgess Neil D.; Tallowin Oliver J. S.; Pavitt Alyson T.; Kadigi Reuben M. J.; Ract Claire
Chameleons (family Chamaeleonidae) are a distinctive group of reptiles, mainly found in Africa, which have high local endemism and face significant threats from the international wildlife trade. We review the scale and structure of international chameleon trade, with a focus on collection in and exports from Tanzania; a hotspot of chameleon diversity. Analysis used data from the CITES Trade Database 2000–2019, combined with assessment of online trade, and on-the-ground surveys in Tanzania in 2019. Between 2000 and 2019, 1,128,776 live chameleons from 108 species were reported as exported globally, with 193,093 of these (from 32 species) exported by Tanzania. Both global and Tanzanian cha- meleon exports declined across the study period, driven by decreased trade in generalist genera. Whilst the proportion of captive-bred individuals increased across time for the gen- eralist taxa, the majority of range-restricted taxa in trade remained largely wild-sourced. For Tanzanian exports, 41% of chameleons were from one of the 23 endemic species, and 10 of the 12 Tanzanian endemic species in trade are categorised as threatened with extinction by IUCN. In terms of online trade, of the 42 Tanzanian species assessed, there was evi- dence of online sale for 83.3% species, and 69% were actively for sale with prices listed. Prices were on average highest for Trioceros species, followed by Kinyongia, Rieppeleon, Rhampholeon, and Chameleo. Field work in Tanzania provided evidence that the historic harvest of endemic chameleon species has been higher than the quantities of these species reported as exported by Tanzania in their annual trade reports to CITES. However, we found no field evidence for trade in 2020 and 2021, in line with Tanzanian regulations that applied a blanket ban on all exports of live wild animals. Literature evidence, however, sug- gests that illegal trade continued to Europe from seizures of Tanzanian chameleon species in Austria in 2021.
Regulatory performance of tourist hunting and legal game meat trade in Tanzania
(Academic Conferences International Limited Curtis Farm, Kidmore End, Nr Reading, RG4 9AY, United Kingdom, 2024-03) Kadigi Reuben M. J.
Recently, the government of Tanzania has legalized the sale of game meat under special rules namely the Wildlife Conservation (Game Meat Selling) Regulations of 2020 as an effort to curb illegal hunting. The regulations mention tourist hunting as one of the sources of commercial game meat. Other sources include resident hunting; wildlife farms/ranches/zoos; and culling, cropping, and control of problem animals. In this paper we examine the performance of tourist hunting, legal game meat in the country, and its regulatory framework from the perspectives of key stakeholders, including both public and private or non-state stakeholders. We use a variant of Likert’s methods of summated ratings and the cumulative ordinal regression model to analyse and compare the opinions of stakeholders. We found that there are still challenges, especially related to sources of wild animals. Operators of game meat facilities find it difficult to source game meat from tourist hunting companies and the latter are not willing to offer the meat to licensed operators of game meat shops. Our results support the hypothesis that authorization of the game meat trade can serve as one of the boldest conservation tools to mitigate illegal poaching if well-planned and regulated. The results of the cumulative ordinal regression model predict an improvement of 42% in the performance of regulatory framework per unit improvement in the procedures for application and registration of game meat selling facilities (p = 0.010). The paper recommends leveraging stakeholders' active engagement and strengthening cooperation between game meat value chain actors and law-enforcement authorities. An innovative participatory model for enforcing game meat sanitary and safety regulations is also recommended to avoid potential health risks to consumers. It underscores the importance of institutional capacity building, awareness creation, and adequate funding in the fight against illegal hunting and game meat trade. In order for the country to be able to achieve sustainable game meat trade in the country, the challenge of limited wild animal sources has to be addressed, possibly by supporting the establishment of privately owned wild animal farms, ranches, and zoos, this also has its own challenges that need to be addressed too.
Factors affecting profitability of rice farming under rainfed and supplementally irrigated regimes in Malinyi Tanzania
(The College of Economics and Business Studies, Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2022) Kazungu P.; Kadigi R. M. J.
Using a double log model, this paper shows the percentage change in farmer Gross Profits (GPs) due to percentage change in independent variables. It therefore captures the magnitude of the impact that coefficient estimates have on GP. Farmer GPs were regressed against farm size, extension services, and agricultural credits, mode of grain storage, final output, and irrigation regime. Findings from the regression analysis show that extension services, grain storage, final output, and irrigation regimes were significant at 0.005 level of significance. With a p-value of 0.000, irrigation regime had the most influence on gross profit, whereby having access to irrigation water increased profit by 40.17%, ceteris paribus. At 0.005 level of significance, extension services, grain storage and final output had p- values of 0.001, 0.001, and 0.000 respectively and are positively influencing profit by 16.35%, 16.02%, and 29.13% respectively. We recommend communal-based Irrigation agriculture as a holistic approach in the minimization of weather-related risks. More education is needed on proper grain storage to ensure rice quality which is a huge determinant of price and profit.
The role of avocado production and trade in major producing Districts, Tanzania: Income inequality decomposition approach
(Scientific Research Publishing Inc., 2023-09-29) Boniphace John; Kadigi Reuben M. J.; Kangile Joseph R.
This paper investigates whether the production of avocado for the export trade is an income inequality decreasing source of livelihood of producers in Tanzania or not using the evidence from the Hai and Rungwe districts. Data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire from avocado producers in the study areas. The Gini decomposition technique was employed to ana- lyse the nature and source of income inequality amongst the avocado pro- ducers in the study areas. The results of the analysis showed that, on average 34% of the total household income was derived from production of avocados for export. The Gini decomposition analysis revealed an income inequality index of 0.748 for the pooled sample. The Gini index for avocado production was 0.537. The study also showed that avocado production for export trade was the increasing source of income inequality in the study areas with a rela- tive concentration of 0.794 and 0.9944 in gini decomposition and coefficient of variation respectively. Gini decomposition and coefficient of variation re- veal salary to be the most inequality-increasing source of income in the study areas. The production of avocados for exportation provides not only addi- tional income but also improves the living standards of smallholder farmers, and it narrows their income gaps. We recommend the promotion and scaling up of the production of avocados as one of the key economic activities that would help tackle the problem of income inequality in rural areas suitable for the production of Hass avocadoes for export in the country.
Profitability of Avocado Production for Export Trade amongst the Smallholder Farmers in Rungwe and Hai Districts, Tanzania
(Scientific Research Publishing Inc., 2023-11-28) Boniphace John; Kadigi Reuben M. J.; Kangile Joseph R.
The growth of an investment with perfect cash flow is the aim of every inves- tor. Avocado is emerging as one of the important “new export crops” in de- veloping countries and smallholder farmers are expected to benefit enorm- ously from the production and selling of the crop. Based on this proposition a study was conducted to investigate the profitability of avocado production among the smallholder farmers in Hai and Rungwe districts in Tanzania. The study employed a multistage random sampling method to select the sample households and primary data were collected from 120 smallholder farmers producing avocado for exportation. The Cost and Benefit Analysis (CBA) approach was employed to analyse the viability of avocado production in the study areas. Specifically, the Net Present Value (NPV), Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR), and Internal Rate of Return (IRR) were used as metrics of economic viability. These metrics were calculated using the discounted rate of the Bank of Tanzania (BoT) for fixed accounts. The study findings suggest that the production of avocado for exportation yielded high NPV, BCR, and IRR. Its IRR ranged from 11.11% to 14.60% which was far higher than the BoT rate for fixed accounts of 2.16% indicating that the investment in avocado pro- duction for foreign trade was economically viable.
Can a legal game meat trade in Tanzania lead to reduced poaching? Perceptions of stakeholders in the wildlife industry
(Elsevier GmbH, 2023) Kadigi Reuben M.J.; Mgeni Charles Peter; Kangile Joseph Rajabu; Aku Aika Okting’ati; Kimaro Prisca
This paper evaluates stakeholders’ perceptions about authorisation of the game meat trade as a solution to poaching in Tanzania. It respectively uses a variant of “Likert’s method of summated ratings” and the “cumu- lative ordinal regression model” to analyse and compare the opinions of government officials and non-state stakeholders about the performance of the recent regulatory framework governing game meat trade in the country. The results support the assertion that the authorisation of the game meat trade can be one of the boldest conservation tools to mitigate poaching if well-planned and regulated. The results of cumulative ordinal regression model suggest that a unit improvement in the procedures for the application and registration of game meat selling facilities is likely to improve the performance of the regulatory framework in the country by about 42%. This result was statistically significant at a p-value of 0.010, which corresponds to a 99% confidence level. We recommend leveraging stakeholders’ active engagement and strengthening cooperation between game meat value chain actors and law-enforcement authorities. An innovative participatory model for enforcing game meat sanitary and safety regulations is also recommended to avoid potential health risks to consumers. We underscore the importance of institutional capacity building, awareness creation, and adequate funding in the fight against poaching and bushmeat trade.
Do communities understand the impacts of unlawful bushmeat hunting and trade? Insights from villagers bordering Western Nyerere National Park Tanzania
(Elsevier B.V., 2023-07-05) Foya Yohani R.; Mgeni Charles P.; Kadigi Reuben M. J.; Kimaro Michael H.; Hassan Shombe N
Assessing local people’s understanding of the consequences of unsustainable bushmeat-related activities on conservation is an important step toward developing effective solutions to decrease unlawful hunting activities. The current study investigated the knowledge regarding the ecological and socioeconomic impacts of illegal bushmeat activities among villagers adjacent to western Nyerere National Park Tanzania. The two terminologies i.e., “hunting” and “trade” were collectively used herein as “bushmeat trade”. We collected data from 261 households and 24 key informants using a semi-structured questionnaire and an interview guide, respectively. Results show that 84% of local residents know that bushmeat trade directly threatens wildlife by reducing the population of hunted species. Nearly half of the respondents also appreciate the benefits of wildlife conservation. Regarding the trend of bushmeat trade in the study area, the majority (80%) of the respondents stated that the activity is decreasing. Moreover, the study revealed that the knowledge variation regarding the impacts of bushmeat trade is significantly influenced by education level, age and proximity to the park boundaries. Interventions aimed at addressing the illegal bushmeat trade should consider demographic factors and ensure that conservation pro- grammes are extended to both nearby and distant villages from the park boundaries for enhanced and impactful results.
Determinants and competitiveness of rice export in Tanzania: A vector error correction model
(Research Gate, 2023-09-14) Luhwago W.; Damas P.; Dadigi R.; Mgeni C.; Kangile R.
The rice export industry in Tanzania is seemingly performing poorly despite the country being the leading rice producer amongst the East African Community (EAC) member states. The extensive government interventions which have occurred in the industry and the existence of inward-looking trade policies such as the Common External Tariff within EAC would have resulted in increased rice exports especially, through the intra-regional trade, however this has remained more of an oratorical rather than practical attainment the reasons for which are not known with certainty. This paper is an attempt to fill this knowledge gap. The paper investigates the determinants of rice exports in Tanzania. Specifically, it examines the influence of price and non-price factors on rice exports and assesses the competitiveness of Tanzanian rice in the EAC export market. The paper uses secondary data obtained from government institutions and other international data repositories. The Vector Error Correction Model is used to capture the dynamics of rice export in Tanzania and the competitiveness of rice exported is assessed using the Revealed Comparative Advantage Model. The results show that real exchange rates, international rice prices, quantity produced and the average GDP per capita of the main importers of Tanzania rice in EAC were the key determinants of rice export performance though the commodity was found to be less competitive within the EAC and neighboring countries such as Zambia, Malawi and Mozambique which also import rice from Tanzanian. To improve rice export performance and enhance competitiveness, the country should increase production to take advantage of existing demand for rice from EAC countries and other neighboring countries.
A survey study on freshwater fish farming in Tanzania.
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 1992) Bjorneseth Ronald
In a literature review, the national status of aquaculture in Tanzania is discussed. Through own investigations, the status of freshwater fish farming is investigated in more detail. A questionnaire study, concerning fish farming practices, fish production and socio economic aspects, has been conducted. A total of 30 fish farmers from the regions Mbeya, Arusha and Ruvuma were interviewed. A market investigation and harvesting of a small number of ponds were also conducted. Despite the efforts made in the 1950’s and 60’s in introducing fish farming to Tanzania, aquaculture has not developed to any extent. The total aquaculture production have increased the last years, but was in 1990 estimated to be only 375 t. There is a great demand for fish in Tanzania, and there are areas well suited for fish farming activity. The dominating aquaculture practice, is semi-intensive freshwater farming of tilapia in ponds, and Oreochromis niloticus is the most common species used. Common pond size is 150-500m2. The ponds are fertilized with manure, and as supplementary feeding, maize bran, leaves and kitchen leftover are common. Most common is to harvest the ponds once a year without totally drainage. Intermediate harvests between the main harvests are practised. In this study, an average productivity in the ponds of 1400 kg/ha/year was found. The generally low production can be explained by unproper drainage of the ponds, little or no fertilizing and feeding, and lack of seine nets, which results in overcrowded ponds and stunted fish. Most of the people having fish ponds, are small-scale farmers. The fish produced is mainly for own consumption. For about half of the farmers interviewed, it is also a source of income. Among the main constraints to a fish farming development in Tanzania, is: low priority given to aquaculture by the government, unproper extension service due to lack of transport and extension workers trained in fish farming, lack of trained personnel for education and research, and lack of quality fish seed. Strategies for a aquaculture development are discussed for Sub-Saharan African countries in general, and some recommendations for Tanzania are given. ii Sammendrag I en litteraturdel er det sett pA status nAr det gjelder akvakultur i Tanzania. Gjennom egne undersokelser, er fiskeoppdrett i ferskvann studert mer i detalj. En sporreundersokelse som omhandlet bAde driftsmAter, produksjon og sosiookonomiske aspekt, ble foretatt. Totalt 30 fiskeoppdrettere fra regionene Mbeya, Arusha og Ruvuma, ble intervjuet. En markedsundersokelse and hosting av et mindre antall dammer ble ogsA foretatt. Til tross for forsokene som ble gjort i 1950 og -60 Arene pA A introdusere fiskeoppdrett til Tanzania, har det ikke funnet sted noen betydelig utvikling innen akvakultur. Den totaJe produksjonen fra akvakultur har okt de senere Ar, men var dog bare pA 375 tonn i 1990. Det er stort behov for fisk i Tanzania, og det finnes omrAder som er vel egnet for fiskeoppdrett. Semi-intensivt oppdrett av tilapia i dammer er den dominerende oppdrettsformen. Den vanligste arten er Oreochromis niloticus. Vanlig damstorrelse er 150-500m2. Dammene er vanligvis gjodslet med husdyrgjodsel, og maiskli, husholdningsavfall og blader brukes som tilleggs fdring. Dammene hostes vanligvis en gang i Aret, og de hostes vanligvis uten A torrlegges. Noe fisk hostes ogsA mellom hver hovedhosting. Den gjennomsnittlige produktiviteten i dammene ble i denne undersokelsen funnet til A vaere 1400 kg/ha/Ar. Den generelt lave produksjonen kan forklares med utilfredsstillende torrlegging av dammene, liten eller ingen gjodsling/foring, og mangel pA noter til A hoste dammene med. Dette resulterer i dArlig vekst hos fisken, og dammer med altfor hoy fisketetthet. De fleste som har fiskedammer, er smAbonder som produserer fisk til eget konsum i familien. Halvparten av de som ble intervjuet hadde i tillegg inntekter fra fiskedammene. Lav prioritet fra myndighetenes side, utilfredsstillende veiledningsapparat pga. mangel pA transportmidler og trenet personell innen fiskeoppdrett, mangel pA utdannede folk til forskning og undervisning, og dArlig tilgjengelighet pA yngel av god kvalitet, er alle faktorer som hindrer utviklingen av fiskeoppdrett i Tanzania. Hvilke strategier som bor folges i en utviklingen av akvakultur er diskutert for afrikanske land generelt. Til slutt er det gitt noen anbefalinger som gjelder Tanzania.
Marketing strategies and upgrading opportunities in the indigenous beef cattle value chain in Mwanza region, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2014) Kadigi Ibrahim Lwaho
The potential of the traditional beef cattle sector in Mwanza region and Tanzania at large have only been utilized marginally. The sector still suffers from limited access and linkages to premium markets, lack of entrepreneurial dynamisms by actors, as well as, use of poor production and processing technology. This study applied various participatory approaches and questionnaire surveys to map the value chain, assess profitability in each node and to identify issues for short term intervention. Two major working hypotheses were tested. The first hypothesis is that profits gained by beef cattle actors in the value chain are unevenly distributed. The second hypothesis is that efficiency in cattle and beef production and marketing information dissemination will translate into increased marketing margins for producers and other actors in the value chain.The findings confirm the hypothesis that profit margins are distributed very unequally and through the use of ICT systems like mobile phone information system can be used as the solution to the pitfall of information asymmetry. Cattle producers obtain the lowest prices and profit margins. The largest share of gross margins is earned by butcheries and beef shop owners who generated an average daily gross margin of about TZS 106 000 per cattle at 200 kg of carcass; followed by traders who fatten their beef cattle before selling and earn an average gross margin of TZS 255 700 per cattle at 300 kg of live weight during the normal season and a gross margin of TZS 505 700 per cattle at 300 kg live weight during the peak season (December to January) around Christmas and new year. Cattle producers earned the least, an average gross margin of about TZS 295 000 per cattle for a time/ period of four (4) to five (5) years which decreases significantly thereafter when the cattle is to be kept for many years (7 to 9 years) before it is taken to the market.
Potential for continued livestock production in the face of population pressure in Ukwala and Hondo divisions, Siaya district, Kenya
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 1980) Ouma Awange Luke
The thesis is based on a sample survey of 50 farmers conducted in Siaya District, Kenya, to assess the livestock position of small farmers which has been adversely affected by high population pressure in the District. , The study begins by assessing generally the role of livestock as an agricultural enterprise and the position of livestock in Africa and Kenya. Then the position of livestock .in Siaya District is examined in detail in accordance with the objec tives of the study. As an agricultural enterprise, livestock is a signifi- cant contributor to gross domestic product in terms of in come from internal and external markets. It is also a source of food, manure, and ox-power in places where intermediate technology is recommended. Reasons for poor performance of the cattle industry in Africa include diseases, starvation due to-drought and poor grazing management, etc. Reasons for the lack of full development of the livestock industry in Kenya include inadequacy of certain basic input supplies and services and widely scattered research developmentefforts Suggested solutions to the Kenya live- stock problems include establishment of pasture leys, culti vation of fodder crops, and fencing to reduce communal graz- ing. stall scale farcers. Eigh population pressure building up in the District has caused competition for scarce arable land between cattle and crops. The competition is eliminating cattie, and as such, mixed farming and its numerous bene- fits. This study has two objectives: (1) to examine whether to integrate the livestock enterprise more closely with a cropping system or accept the trend and ensure an efficient use of arable land without a livestock compo- nent. If (1) indicates a place for livestock, the (2) examines whether emphasis should be placed on milk produc tion, draught animals, er a combination of both, thus essentially involving a choice between grade milk animals and Zebu animals, since only Zebu cattle are used for ox-cultivation. The analysis uses gross margins to determine three alternative feasible farming systems, namely: (1) two dairy cows and crops; (2) one dairy cow, a team of two oxen and crops; (3) crops alone (no livestock). The dairy enterprise is based on a grade milk animal. Alternatives (1) and (2) are based on family labour only, but alter- native (3) is based on (a) family labour only and (b) family labour plus a maximum of one casual labourer as required. Conclusions and recommendations of the study are: (1) if family labour only is employed, livestock should be kept regardless of whether major emphasis is on dairy- ing (2 cows) or oxen (1 pair + 1 cow mainly for subsis- tence), because cash income is about the same with 2 iii grade cows or with one grade cow and a pair of oxen, both with crops, and this is all that can be kent on a typical farm under a rotational grass ley system if food needs are met totally from the farm. (2) if a moderate amount of casual labour is hired (total of 61 man-days .per year), then it would be equally profitable to grow crops alone with in a framework of uncertainty about how best to value milk to family, provided continuous cropping is compatible with Siaya soils.
Social-economic impact of smallholder free range local chicken (frlc) improved husbandry system: A case study of Rural Morogoro
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2007) Alphonce, Roselyne
Ways and means to improve free range local chicken (FRLC) production have been studied in Tanzania, however the economic contribution of the improved FRLC production is still unknown. Hence, this study investigated on the impact of the free-range local chicken production improvement program on farmers' Socio-cconomy. Specifically, the study aimed at: (i) evaluating the socio-economic characteristics influencing the interventions, (ii) evaluating the impact of the interventions on the level of knowledge, attitude and practices that respondents acquired for enhancing FRLC productivity, and (iii) exploring the intervention effects on smallholders’ FRLC productivity. The study used both primary and secondary data, and a random sample of project respondents were interviewed with a corresponding number of non-project respondents as a control group. Then both qualitative and quantitative analyses were performed. The study concludes that the interventions had no significant impact not only on the FRLC production but also on the farmer’s socio-economy. However, the project participants had increased their total household income by 0.5% due to the increased production in FRLC and eggs. Also, the interventions had a statistical significant impact on; the practices towards disease control and breeding; the change of knowledge in Feeding, disease control and breeding; and on the change in FRLC management practices. Education, income, cropping pattern and FRLC farm-gate price were the characteristics, which affected the adoption of the interventions (P<0.05). While inputs on disease control were the most economical, inputs on other aspects showed a decrease in net-return. The study recommends that the farmer’s socio-economic status should be considered before the implementation of an intervention. The implication of these findings is that intervention packages should be coupled with economic incentives such as credit facilitation, social-economic groups and market access.
Economic potential of small-scale cashew nut processing in poverty alleviation in Lindi district, Lindi region, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2010) Nnunduma Abdallah, Ally
This study analyses the economic potential of small-scale cashew processing for increasing farmers income and hence poverty alleviation in Lindi District. Specifically, the study aimed at comparing the gross margin of farmers who process and those who do not and assess the role of cashew nut processing in increasing economic welfare of smallholder cashew farmers, identifying factors influencing gross margin of processors and those who do not process cashew nuts and identifying the problems faced by small-scale cashew nut processors. The study was conducted using data collected from a sample size of 120 respondents, and complemented by secondary data from reliable sources. Both descriptive and quantitative techniques were used. Descriptive analyses included use of means, percentages, cross-tabulation, and other summary statistics. Quantitative analysis involved the use of gross margin and regression analysis. Gross margin analysis showed that a processor has a higher gross margin than a non processor that is processors got TShs 620,414.13, against TShs 148,949.17 of non processors. Regression results showed that lagged cashew nut price, marital status and education level of household had significant positive influence on gross margins while barriers behind non market accessibility, lagged amount of cashew nut sold, price offered by cooperatives and private buyers had negative influence on gross margins. Processors initial capital, access to processing knowledge, gender and age of household had no significant influence. The common constraints encountered by SSCP in the study area were poor processing tools, lack of marketing policy for cashew kernel, lack of capital, insufficient kernel market, lack of processing knowledge, unstable price of raw cashew in the market and lack of storage and packaging facilities. Based on the study findings, three areas aimed at improving SSCPI need to be addressed. These are training on processing techniques; improving domestic and international market for kernels and government financial support to the processors.
Adoption of improved cashewnut production technologies by smallholder farmer in Mtvvara district, Tanzania
(SOKOINE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE., 2013) Magani,S. F
The economy of Mtwara District heavily depends on cashew nut production. However, low production threatens the survival of more than 75% of the people who depend on cashew and also the economy of the district. Many technologies were developed by researchers and were made available to the farming communities to increase productivity. Technical backstopping from research was also provided from time to time to equip key stakeholders with appropriate knowledge and skills necessary to scale up cashewnutproduction.Despite those efforts, adoption of improved cashew technologies has not improved.The study was conducted to investigate the internal and external factors influencing adoption of improved cashew technologies among 200 smallholder farmers in 14 villages in Mtwara District.Binary logistic regression analysis was adopted to analyze the factors affecting adoption of improved cashew technologies. From the analysis it was found that, access to information, farm size, number of active labour in the household and years of schooling had significantly affected adoption of improved cashew technologies at (p<0.05). From this study, it was found that more than 50% of the improved cashew technologies developed by Naliendele Agricultural Research Institute (NARI) have reached cashew growing areas and about 43% of the respondents in the study area belonged to the adopter category and 57% were non-adopters of improved cashew technologies. Theories guiding this study indicated that, the departure from low productivity to attain high productivity was through adoption of science-based technologies that eventually will enable farmers to produce at economies of scale.ln this context knowledge and technologies available in cashew, issues of acquisition of improved cashew materials and crop husbandry, aspects of insect pests and diseases control, methods of technology dissemination are highlighted.Additionally, challenges and opportunities lacing cashew industry are discussed and ways forward suggested. Therefore, this dissertation presents results of the findings and explores further options to improve uptake of cashew technologies by resource-poor farmers.
Value chain analysis for oranges in Muheza district,Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2008) Lazaro , A
A study was conducted in Muheza District, Tanga from mid 2006 to mid 2007 to identify the existing value chain for orange in the study area; assess the performance of the value chain as well as the contribution of income from orange to total household income; and identify the problems and constraints facing the value chain for orange in the study area. The findings in this study showed that the value chain for oranges in Muheza District is dominated by middlemen who fall under four levels: the “junior” and “senior” middlemen based in the villages and the “junior” and “senior” middlemen based in Muheza town. On average, orange producers obtained the lowest gross margins ranging from Tshs 89 550 to 459 362 per annum. The wholesalers from Nairobi earned the highest margins (average of Tshs 6 449 450 per trip). The analysis of household incomes at the producer level showed that income from oranges constituted about 51% (Tshs 260 000) of the total household income. The following were identified as major problems/constraints facing orange producers in the study area: poor bargaining power, loss of produce, selling of immature oranges and poor access to financial' capital. The study recommends for an establishment and strengthening of fanner’s associations and/or trading societies, establishing and sensitization of farmers to join local financial institutions (e.g. SACCOS) and the need to develop the fruit processing industry in Tanzania as the alternative means of alleviating the farmers’ problems.
Economic analysis of effects of government intervention on production,marketing and consumption of rice in Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 1992) Lemweli ,O O. N
In this affecting policies study, production, marketing and consumption of rice in Tanzania are reviewed. Distortionary and effects we 1 fare government of intervention are empirically estimated. Partial equiLibrium analysis involving Policy Analysis (PAM) and partial equilibrium model Ma tri x PAM Norn i naI (through Effective Resource Coefficient Protection Coefficient Protection (EPC) (NPC), Domestic and used to estimate distortionary is Cost. ( DRC) ) is used. The effects of government intervention in small and large scale rice production systems, while is used to estimate welfare partial equilibrium model effects of government intervention. Correction for overvaluation of currency is also carried out. Primary data from the survey village of Madaganya in Morogoro district and secondary data from Dakawa Rice Farm, Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development, and its institutions, Bank of Tanzania and Bureau of Statistics form the basis of analyses. The system is results indicate that inefficient and the official marketing incurs large financial losses which are not borne by the parastatals but directly by the producers general (through public prices) and subsidies to reduced through partly the by the marketing institutions and consumer prices. Net NPCs and EPCs for both production systems are less than one. From the net NPC and EPC values, small holder producers experience a net tax of 20% while that of large scale producers is between 63- 80% implying that taxation i s for a major disincentive greater rice output. Net DRC for both production system is less than one (ie. 0.15 each) indicating that rice production is efficient and socially profitable and in the absence of distortion, production would generate more than enough value added to remunerate factors of production at their opportunity cost. The economy incurs large welfare losses due to misallocation of resources. Producers incur large welfare losses (Tsh 6,578x10' .3 ’) while consumers incur large welfare gain (Tsh 17,283.27x10'). Government suffers losses of revenue (Tsh 12,377.15x10 3) and foreign exchange (Tsh 8769.76x103- as a result of distortion. The implication is that quantity of rice produced domestically declines while amount consumed locally increases. These results are based on partial equilibrium analysis which captures only partial effects. Distortions of the size discussed here would have a repercussion in other sectors of the economy as well. The general equilibrium analysis would have larger estimates than those given here. Some policies to improve marketing efficiency, to raise farm level prices and increase output are recommended.
Socio-economic factors affecting small-holder tea production ;A case study of the Korogwe tea sub scheme,Tanga region
(SOKOINE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE., 1980) LUPATU M. A
Tills thesis presents a case study of the Llorogwc tea sub-scheme in Tanga Region.It e:s?mines socio-economic factors affecting small holder tea production under the 1979 farming system. Fifty tea-growers were picked from a sampling frame covering1,500 smallholders using a stratified random sampling appro-.ch based on plot size of tea.The farmers were interviewed in August-October, Questionnaires used and method of data analysis are described.1979. An average farm family load 9 people eating at home and cultivated on average 2.3 ha, of which 42 percent was for cash and the balance was for food crops. Computed food production by a typical farm family was on average below family annual minimum requirements by 6percent of calories and 37 percent of protein in 1979.If families are to be self-sufficient, food production must be increased. On average, a farm family received Shs. 7,300 from crop sales in 1979, of which 42 percent vias from tea and 32 percent from cardamom.Effects of the following factors on tea production were studied: (l) Distance from tea farms to green-leaf buying centres.Daily pluckings were limited by the number of possible round-trips per day during buying hours. (2) Producer prices.Increased prices motivated farmers to pluck more in the short-run but transport to markets for the increase frequently was not available. (>)fertilizer distribution, which frequently was not satisfac tory. (4) As many tea bushes are immature, age in years had a statis- tically significant effect on yield of tea pex* ha. (5) Use of desirable husbandly practices and a proper plucking rate tended to increase yield per ha but an increase in tea area, fter allowing for other factors in the regression analysis, tended to reduce tea yield per ha.In an analysis of use of desirable husbandry practices, number of extension contacts was the most important single affecting variable. A third analysis indicated that area in cardamom was the most important single variable affec-ting total income per farm.Tea yield per ha, age of tea bushes in years and coffee area were also influencing..Two basic analyses run by linear programming indicate that: In plan 1, where each fanner was required to maintain the government 0.60 ha tea quota, the optimum plan was 17 percent more profitable than the 1979 farming system.Crops included were 1.1 ha of cardamom, the required 0.6 ha of tea, and two crops for subsistence, namely 0.4 lia of bananas and 0o6 ha of beans. Plan 2 allowed farmers to respond to direct economic influences.This was 13 percent more profitable than plan 1, with the same food crops and only cardamom (1.7 ha) included as a cash crop.both plans 1 and 2 based on combinations of low and high producer prices for tea, cardamom and coffee , respectively, is also described. Under all of the plans considered, available family labour is underutilized in most months. Thus, development of other sec tors oi* the economy to use this surplus labour v.nuld be highly desirable. The future development of cardamom depends largely on a limited external market dominated by India, the largest producer.requirement tint farmers maintain 0.60 ha of tea The looks rational as tea provides regular employment and income to farmers.Based on this analysis, either tea prices should be increased or cardamom prices reduced (or both) if tea is to be an economically- viable crop. Coffee was not profitable under the conditions speci-fied.Other features of the analysis indicate tint the 24 million kg target of made tea by 1981 in Tanzania looks unrealistic. Under the ejd-sting situations, tliis target may be reached by 1935 when tea bushes planted by 1976 become mature.viii

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