Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness Collection

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Malnutrition and desease
(Freedom from Hunger Campaign, 1963) WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATIO
The first half of the twentieth century has witnessed three major revolutions. The political revolution has given self-government to nearly a third of the world's population and has brought their aspirations for a better life to the forefront of world attention. The revolution in communications has broken down the barriers of distance and language, and the dynamism of ideas can no longer be contained within the limits dictated by social privilege or political considerations. The demographic revolution has imparted to the challenge of poverty and want a new dimension.
A parking systems analysis of factors that affect area and induction of cotton: A case study in Shinyanga regeon, Tanzania
(1980) Kajumulo, D .A .R
This study describes factors that affect area and production of cotton as part of the overall farming system for smallholders in Shinyanga Region, Tanzania .It involve a description of the characteristics of the existing farming systems and assessment of the production efficiency of the cotton producer.Based on farmer’s resources, priorities and production decision, plans to improve cotton production are studied simultaneously with the other crops in the systems and xdesi 'able improvements as suggested./Primary data were collected from 50 randomly-selected farmers in the area for the 1976/77 and 1577/78 crop seasons. Direct programme planning was used to determine optimum resource allocation.Relations between specified variables were tested by means of Chi-square and correlation analyses.Two major types of farming systems were identified, namely (1) Larger farms with livestock which wore characterized by having more land in crops, slightly bigger families, use of ox-ploughs for land preparation, and much higher per capita income (Sh 710). These farms produced about twice the food they actually required for subsistence, and sold the surplus for cash, but had serious labour problems.(2) Smaller farms without livestock, characterized by less land in crops and use of hand hoes for land preparation.They produced 14 percent less protein and 4 percent less calories than required for subsistence based on PAO norms and had a very low per capita income (Sh 170).They made up over half of the farms.Eased on these two types of farms, the study has developed alternative feasible farming systems typical to the area which satisfy family food needs throughout the year and increase family incomes based on a more reasonable work schedule for each type and utilizing family labour only.They arc developed on the following assumptions! (1) Yields per ha of the common food items equal to 80 percent of those believed to be normal for the area so that the determined area for subsistence meets full family food needs in most years. (2) Family labour remaining after meeting subsistence requirements is used as required for optimum cash-crop combinations, (j) Net family incomes are calculated based on 1977/78 crop-year prices and 80 percent of yields as found for EIDHP.The crop which gives the highest net cash return per limiting-month man-day is considered since family labour in peak months is the limiting factor to increased production.For smaller farms without livestock, a cash crop combination of 0.8 ha of sorghum/groundnuts and 0.8 ha of late-planted cotton is suggested.This would give these farms a total net family income of Sh 1,590 or a per capita income of Sh 240, which is about one-third higher than present incomes.However, by hiring ox-ploughing services for lend preparation while school holidays for children staying at home were made to coincide with the critical work peak of weeding,farmers could improve their farming system by growing 1.9 ha of □orghuE/groundnuts and 0.8 ha of late-planted cotton.This system would triple their net family income to Sh 3,120 or a per capita income of Sh 470.For larger farms with livestock, the optimum cash crop combination includes 3.1 ha of sorghum/groundnuts intercrop, 0.8 ha of late-planted cotton, and 0.6 ha of paddy, from which these farms likely would realize a total net family income of Sh 5,630 or a per capita income of Sh 790.This is about 10 percent higher than present,excluding returns from livestock. It is concluded therefore that if the aim is to increase farmer’s income, the crop which gives the highest net cash return per limiting-month man-day after meeting subsistence requirements,namely sorghum/groundnuts intercrop, should be encouraged.From the Government point of view, (a) school holiday schedules for children staying at home should be made to coincide with the critical work peak of weeding, and (b) an increase by 35 percent over prices used in the systems analyses for cotton, while keeping those of other crops and inputs unchanged, would make cotton more profitable and increase the cash benefit/cost ratio to 3:1 to warrant the risk and costs of using fertilizers and insecticides.If producer prices of other crops and inputs increase simultaneously with -those of cotton, farmers will always be tempted to grow the most profitable crop relative to cotton. Research on cotton improvement should be considered not only for specified cotton operations but in relation to all crops of thesystems, given the resources on typical individual farm units.
A parking systems analysis of factors that affect area and induction of cotton: A case study in Shinyanga regeon, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 1980) Kajumulo, D .A .R
This study describes factors that affect area and production of cotton as part of the overall farming system for smallholders in Shinyanga Region, Tanzania.It involves as description of the characteristics of the existing farming systems and assessment of the production efficiency of the cotton producer. Based on farmer’s resources, priorities and production decision, plans to improve cotton production are studied simultaneously with the other crops in the systems and desirable improvements are suggested./ Primary data were collected from 50 randomly-selected farmers in the area for the 1976/77 and 1577/78 crop seasons.Direct programme planning was used to determine optimum resource allocation.Relations between specified variables were tested by means of Chi-square and correlation analyses. Two major types of farming systems were identified, namely (1) Larger farms with livestock which wore characterized by having more land in crops, slightly bigger families, use of ox-ploughs for land preparation, and much higher per capita income (Sh 710).These farms produced about twice the food they actually required for subsistence, and sold the surplus for cash, but had serious labour problems.(2) Smaller farms without livestock, characterized by less land in crops and use of hand hoes for land preparation.They produced 14 percent less protein and 4 percent less calories than required for subsistence based on PAO norms and had a very low per capita income (Sh 170).They made up over half of the farms. Based on these two types of farms, the study has developed feasible farming systems typical to the area which satisfy family food needs throughout the year and increase family incomes based on a more reasonable work schedule for each type and utilizing family labour only.They arc developed on the following assumptions!(1)Yields per ha of the common food items equal to 80 percent of those believed to be normal for the area so that the determined area for subsistence meets full family food needs in most years.(2) Family labour remaining after meeting subsistence requirements is used as required for optimum cash-crop combinations, (j) Net family incomes are calculated based on 1977/78 crop-year prices and 80 percent of yields as found for EIDHP. The crop which gives the highest net cash return per limiting-month man-day is considered since family labour in peak months is the limiting factor to increased production. For smaller farms without livestock, a cash crop combination of 0.8 ha of sorghum/groundnuts and 0.8 ha of late-planted cotton is suggested. This would give these farms a total net family income of Sh 1,590 or a per capita income of Sh 240, which is about one-third higher than present incomes. However, by hiring ox-ploughing services for lend preparation while school holidays for children staying at home were made to coincide with the critical work peak of weeding, fanners could improve their farming system by growing 1.9 ha of sorghum/groundnuts and 0.8 ha of late-planted cotton.This system would triple their net family income to Sh 3,120 or a per capita income of Sh 470. For larger farms with livestock, the optimum cash crop combination includes 3.1 ha of sorghum/groundnuts intercrop, 0.8 ha of late- planted cotton, and 0.6 ha of paddy, from which these farms likely would realize a total net family income of Sh 5,630 or a per capita income of Sh 790. This is about 10 percent higher than present, excluding returns from livestock. It is concluded therefore that if the aim is to increase farmer’s income, the crop which gives the highest net cash return per limiting month man-day after meeting subsistence requirements, namely sorghum/groundnuts intercrop, should be encouraged. From the Government point of view, (a) school holiday schedules for children staying at home should be made to coincide with the critical work peak of weeding, and (b) an increase by 35 percent over prices used in the systems analyses for cotton, while keeping those of other crops and inputs unchanged, would make cotton more profitable and increase the cash benefit/cost ratio to 3:1 to warrant the risk and costs of using fertilizers and insecticides. If producer prices of other crops and inputs increase simultaneously with -those of cotton, farmers will always be tempted to grow the most profitable crop relative to cotton. Research on cotton improvement should be considered not only for specified cotton operations but in relation to all crops of the systems, given the resources on typical individual farm units.
Socio-economic factors affecting small-holder tea production ;A case study of the Korogwe tea sub scheme,Tanga region
(SOKOINE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE., 1980) LUPATU M. A
Tills thesis presents a case study of the Llorogwc tea sub-scheme in Tanga Region.It e:s?mines socio-economic factors affecting small holder tea production under the 1979 farming system. Fifty tea-growers were picked from a sampling frame covering1,500 smallholders using a stratified random sampling appro-.ch based on plot size of tea.The farmers were interviewed in August-October, Questionnaires used and method of data analysis are described.1979. An average farm family load 9 people eating at home and cultivated on average 2.3 ha, of which 42 percent was for cash and the balance was for food crops. Computed food production by a typical farm family was on average below family annual minimum requirements by 6percent of calories and 37 percent of protein in 1979.If families are to be self-sufficient, food production must be increased. On average, a farm family received Shs. 7,300 from crop sales in 1979, of which 42 percent vias from tea and 32 percent from cardamom.Effects of the following factors on tea production were studied: (l) Distance from tea farms to green-leaf buying centres.Daily pluckings were limited by the number of possible round-trips per day during buying hours. (2) Producer prices.Increased prices motivated farmers to pluck more in the short-run but transport to markets for the increase frequently was not available. (>)fertilizer distribution, which frequently was not satisfac tory. (4) As many tea bushes are immature, age in years had a statis- tically significant effect on yield of tea pex* ha. (5) Use of desirable husbandly practices and a proper plucking rate tended to increase yield per ha but an increase in tea area, fter allowing for other factors in the regression analysis, tended to reduce tea yield per ha.In an analysis of use of desirable husbandry practices, number of extension contacts was the most important single affecting variable. A third analysis indicated that area in cardamom was the most important single variable affec-ting total income per farm.Tea yield per ha, age of tea bushes in years and coffee area were also influencing..Two basic analyses run by linear programming indicate that: In plan 1, where each fanner was required to maintain the government 0.60 ha tea quota, the optimum plan was 17 percent more profitable than the 1979 farming system.Crops included were 1.1 ha of cardamom, the required 0.6 ha of tea, and two crops for subsistence, namely 0.4 lia of bananas and 0o6 ha of beans. Plan 2 allowed farmers to respond to direct economic influences.This was 13 percent more profitable than plan 1, with the same food crops and only cardamom (1.7 ha) included as a cash crop.both plans 1 and 2 based on combinations of low and high producer prices for tea, cardamom and coffee , respectively, is also described. Under all of the plans considered, available family labour is underutilized in most months. Thus, development of other sec tors oi* the economy to use this surplus labour v.nuld be highly desirable. The future development of cardamom depends largely on a limited external market dominated by India, the largest producer.requirement tint farmers maintain 0.60 ha of tea The looks rational as tea provides regular employment and income to farmers.Based on this analysis, either tea prices should be increased or cardamom prices reduced (or both) if tea is to be an economically- viable crop. Coffee was not profitable under the conditions speci-fied.Other features of the analysis indicate tint the 24 million kg target of made tea by 1981 in Tanzania looks unrealistic. Under the ejd-sting situations, tliis target may be reached by 1935 when tea bushes planted by 1976 become mature.viii
Potential for continued livestock production in the face of population pressure in Ukwala and Hondo divisions, Siaya district, Kenya
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 1980) Ouma Awange Luke
The thesis is based on a sample survey of 50 farmers conducted in Siaya District, Kenya, to assess the livestock position of small farmers which has been adversely affected by high population pressure in the District. , The study begins by assessing generally the role of livestock as an agricultural enterprise and the position of livestock in Africa and Kenya. Then the position of livestock .in Siaya District is examined in detail in accordance with the objec tives of the study. As an agricultural enterprise, livestock is a signifi- cant contributor to gross domestic product in terms of in come from internal and external markets. It is also a source of food, manure, and ox-power in places where intermediate technology is recommended. Reasons for poor performance of the cattle industry in Africa include diseases, starvation due to-drought and poor grazing management, etc. Reasons for the lack of full development of the livestock industry in Kenya include inadequacy of certain basic input supplies and services and widely scattered research developmentefforts Suggested solutions to the Kenya live- stock problems include establishment of pasture leys, culti vation of fodder crops, and fencing to reduce communal graz- ing. stall scale farcers. Eigh population pressure building up in the District has caused competition for scarce arable land between cattle and crops. The competition is eliminating cattie, and as such, mixed farming and its numerous bene- fits. This study has two objectives: (1) to examine whether to integrate the livestock enterprise more closely with a cropping system or accept the trend and ensure an efficient use of arable land without a livestock compo- nent. If (1) indicates a place for livestock, the (2) examines whether emphasis should be placed on milk produc tion, draught animals, er a combination of both, thus essentially involving a choice between grade milk animals and Zebu animals, since only Zebu cattle are used for ox-cultivation. The analysis uses gross margins to determine three alternative feasible farming systems, namely: (1) two dairy cows and crops; (2) one dairy cow, a team of two oxen and crops; (3) crops alone (no livestock). The dairy enterprise is based on a grade milk animal. Alternatives (1) and (2) are based on family labour only, but alter- native (3) is based on (a) family labour only and (b) family labour plus a maximum of one casual labourer as required. Conclusions and recommendations of the study are: (1) if family labour only is employed, livestock should be kept regardless of whether major emphasis is on dairy- ing (2 cows) or oxen (1 pair + 1 cow mainly for subsis- tence), because cash income is about the same with 2 iii grade cows or with one grade cow and a pair of oxen, both with crops, and this is all that can be kent on a typical farm under a rotational grass ley system if food needs are met totally from the farm. (2) if a moderate amount of casual labour is hired (total of 61 man-days .per year), then it would be equally profitable to grow crops alone with in a framework of uncertainty about how best to value milk to family, provided continuous cropping is compatible with Siaya soils.
Cash crop versus food crop production in Tanzania: An assessment of the major Post-colonial trends
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 1985) Odegaard,Knut
In the less developed countries CLDCs) a substantial share of the output produced in the agricultural sector is con sumed directly on the farm. This share is commonly termed subsistence consumption. The difference between total out put and subsistence consumption constitutes the marketed- from agriculture. In a country dominated by an agricultural sector, the growth of this surplus not only poses a constraint on the rate of structural transformation of the economy by being the main source of food supply for the non-agricultural population, but it is also the major source of investment funding, the size of which of course will also have a decisive bearing on the rate of economic growth and development that can be achieved. Some writers on economic development even argue that the presence of an agricultural surplus is a precondition for economic deve lopment .1 In this study we shall concentrate on identifying the factors that have governed the development of the size and the composition of the marketed surplus. In particular the composition of the marketed surplus in terms of cash crop? and food crops will be in focus. (Definitions of these two categories of crops follows shortly.) A main thesis of the study is that Tanzania should concentrate more on cash crop production than has been the case during the last fifteen years, i.e. that a change of policy in the suggested direc tion will have positive effects on trade, employment, in come and capital formation. In this introductory chapter we seek to provide a framework for the analysis. This will do by (1) giving a brief ac count of the nature of the constraint posed by the marketed surplus from agriculture on economic development, (2) pro viding some definitional terms that are of central im-2 portance for the study, and (3) giving a short presentation of Tanzania’s resources, farming structure and economic structure.
An evaluation of the role played by coffee marketing Institutions to coffee smallholders in Kilimanjaro region, 1970-1984
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 1990) Shuma Geoffrey Petro
Changing socio-political and economic circumstances and technological innovations necessitate institutional and conceptual adjustments to new conditions. Such changes which have occurred in Tanzania since Independence in 1961 have changed the country's crop marketing system. The purpose of this study has been to find out and narrate the causes, effects and salient features of the institutional changes of the Tanzania's crop marketing system in the period between 1970 and 1984. Coffee marketing institutions in Ki 1imanj aro Region are used as a case study. In this study two hypotheses were set and tested. First it was hypothesized that coffee marketing system under the Tanganyika Coffee Board (TCB)/ Kilimanjaro Native Cooperative Union (KNCU) was more efficient than under the Coffee Authority of Tanzania (CAT). To test this hypothesis secondary time series data on producer's price as percentage of f . o . b price, un i t marketing margin, unit marketing costs, potential final payment, unit administrative expenses, unit administrative expenses as percentage of unit marketing costs, current ratio and quantity of coffee sold were collected. Regression Analysis of these secondary data has shown that unit administrative and marketing costs were significantly lower during KNCU time than period. These factors enabled KNCU to * significantly higher producer's price as f.o.b price than could CAT. From these observations the during CAT pay farmers percentage of : (iii) hypothesis that coffee marketing system under TCB/KNCU was more efficient than under CAT cannot be rejected and it is cone1uded that TCB/KNCU was significantly more efficient than CAT when marketing farmers coffee. Secondly5 it was hypothesized that TCB/KNCU and affiliated cooperative societies were more concerned with the development of coffee farmers than the CAT. To test this hypothesis primary data on attitudes of farmers towards the crop marketing organization were collected by means of a questionnaire administered to fifty (50) randomly selected farmers. t and Chi-square tests were used to test the hypothesis. The corresponding parametric and non—parametric statistical inference proved that KNCU was significantly more efficient in providing managerial services when purchasing farmers coffee. The services included inspection, grading, weighing of crops and paying farmers. CAT was, however, significantly more efficient in the provision of inputs and extension services to farmers. Consequently it is recommended that in Tanzania agricultural crops shou1d be marketed by agricultural marketing cooperatives and marketing boards. The cooperative should be owned and controlled by the members on a democratic basis. The effectiveness of marketing boards can be improved by increasing the participation of farmers, processors, merchants and consumers in their decision making process.
Economic analysis of effects of government intervention on production,marketing and consumption of rice in Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 1992) Lemweli ,O O. N
In this affecting policies study, production, marketing and consumption of rice in Tanzania are reviewed. Distortionary and effects we 1 fare government of intervention are empirically estimated. Partial equiLibrium analysis involving Policy Analysis (PAM) and partial equilibrium model Ma tri x PAM Norn i naI (through Effective Resource Coefficient Protection Coefficient Protection (EPC) (NPC), Domestic and used to estimate distortionary is Cost. ( DRC) ) is used. The effects of government intervention in small and large scale rice production systems, while is used to estimate welfare partial equilibrium model effects of government intervention. Correction for overvaluation of currency is also carried out. Primary data from the survey village of Madaganya in Morogoro district and secondary data from Dakawa Rice Farm, Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development, and its institutions, Bank of Tanzania and Bureau of Statistics form the basis of analyses. The system is results indicate that inefficient and the official marketing incurs large financial losses which are not borne by the parastatals but directly by the producers general (through public prices) and subsidies to reduced through partly the by the marketing institutions and consumer prices. Net NPCs and EPCs for both production systems are less than one. From the net NPC and EPC values, small holder producers experience a net tax of 20% while that of large scale producers is between 63- 80% implying that taxation i s for a major disincentive greater rice output. Net DRC for both production system is less than one (ie. 0.15 each) indicating that rice production is efficient and socially profitable and in the absence of distortion, production would generate more than enough value added to remunerate factors of production at their opportunity cost. The economy incurs large welfare losses due to misallocation of resources. Producers incur large welfare losses (Tsh 6,578x10' .3 ’) while consumers incur large welfare gain (Tsh 17,283.27x10'). Government suffers losses of revenue (Tsh 12,377.15x10 3) and foreign exchange (Tsh 8769.76x103- as a result of distortion. The implication is that quantity of rice produced domestically declines while amount consumed locally increases. These results are based on partial equilibrium analysis which captures only partial effects. Distortions of the size discussed here would have a repercussion in other sectors of the economy as well. The general equilibrium analysis would have larger estimates than those given here. Some policies to improve marketing efficiency, to raise farm level prices and increase output are recommended.
A survey study on freshwater fish farming in Tanzania.
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 1992) Bjorneseth Ronald
In a literature review, the national status of aquaculture in Tanzania is discussed. Through own investigations, the status of freshwater fish farming is investigated in more detail. A questionnaire study, concerning fish farming practices, fish production and socio economic aspects, has been conducted. A total of 30 fish farmers from the regions Mbeya, Arusha and Ruvuma were interviewed. A market investigation and harvesting of a small number of ponds were also conducted. Despite the efforts made in the 1950’s and 60’s in introducing fish farming to Tanzania, aquaculture has not developed to any extent. The total aquaculture production have increased the last years, but was in 1990 estimated to be only 375 t. There is a great demand for fish in Tanzania, and there are areas well suited for fish farming activity. The dominating aquaculture practice, is semi-intensive freshwater farming of tilapia in ponds, and Oreochromis niloticus is the most common species used. Common pond size is 150-500m2. The ponds are fertilized with manure, and as supplementary feeding, maize bran, leaves and kitchen leftover are common. Most common is to harvest the ponds once a year without totally drainage. Intermediate harvests between the main harvests are practised. In this study, an average productivity in the ponds of 1400 kg/ha/year was found. The generally low production can be explained by unproper drainage of the ponds, little or no fertilizing and feeding, and lack of seine nets, which results in overcrowded ponds and stunted fish. Most of the people having fish ponds, are small-scale farmers. The fish produced is mainly for own consumption. For about half of the farmers interviewed, it is also a source of income. Among the main constraints to a fish farming development in Tanzania, is: low priority given to aquaculture by the government, unproper extension service due to lack of transport and extension workers trained in fish farming, lack of trained personnel for education and research, and lack of quality fish seed. Strategies for a aquaculture development are discussed for Sub-Saharan African countries in general, and some recommendations for Tanzania are given. ii Sammendrag I en litteraturdel er det sett pA status nAr det gjelder akvakultur i Tanzania. Gjennom egne undersokelser, er fiskeoppdrett i ferskvann studert mer i detalj. En sporreundersokelse som omhandlet bAde driftsmAter, produksjon og sosiookonomiske aspekt, ble foretatt. Totalt 30 fiskeoppdrettere fra regionene Mbeya, Arusha og Ruvuma, ble intervjuet. En markedsundersokelse and hosting av et mindre antall dammer ble ogsA foretatt. Til tross for forsokene som ble gjort i 1950 og -60 Arene pA A introdusere fiskeoppdrett til Tanzania, har det ikke funnet sted noen betydelig utvikling innen akvakultur. Den totaJe produksjonen fra akvakultur har okt de senere Ar, men var dog bare pA 375 tonn i 1990. Det er stort behov for fisk i Tanzania, og det finnes omrAder som er vel egnet for fiskeoppdrett. Semi-intensivt oppdrett av tilapia i dammer er den dominerende oppdrettsformen. Den vanligste arten er Oreochromis niloticus. Vanlig damstorrelse er 150-500m2. Dammene er vanligvis gjodslet med husdyrgjodsel, og maiskli, husholdningsavfall og blader brukes som tilleggs fdring. Dammene hostes vanligvis en gang i Aret, og de hostes vanligvis uten A torrlegges. Noe fisk hostes ogsA mellom hver hovedhosting. Den gjennomsnittlige produktiviteten i dammene ble i denne undersokelsen funnet til A vaere 1400 kg/ha/Ar. Den generelt lave produksjonen kan forklares med utilfredsstillende torrlegging av dammene, liten eller ingen gjodsling/foring, og mangel pA noter til A hoste dammene med. Dette resulterer i dArlig vekst hos fisken, og dammer med altfor hoy fisketetthet. De fleste som har fiskedammer, er smAbonder som produserer fisk til eget konsum i familien. Halvparten av de som ble intervjuet hadde i tillegg inntekter fra fiskedammene. Lav prioritet fra myndighetenes side, utilfredsstillende veiledningsapparat pga. mangel pA transportmidler og trenet personell innen fiskeoppdrett, mangel pA utdannede folk til forskning og undervisning, og dArlig tilgjengelighet pA yngel av god kvalitet, er alle faktorer som hindrer utviklingen av fiskeoppdrett i Tanzania. Hvilke strategier som bor folges i en utviklingen av akvakultur er diskutert for afrikanske land generelt. Til slutt er det gitt noen anbefalinger som gjelder Tanzania.
The traditional homegarden agroforestry system of Bukoba, Tanzania:
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 1992) Rugalema,Gabriel H.R
A socio-economic study was carried out in the Kyamtwara division in Bukoba District, Tanzania. The objectives were: to describe the homegarden agroforestry system found in Bukoba district, to investigate the nature and magnitude of constraints of the farming system and to do a farm economic analysis of possible alternatives to counter falling productivity. Descriptive statistics, statistics, linear regression and one way analysis of variance were the methods used to analyze the data. In the linear regression model banana and coffee yield were dependent (predictor variables) whereas homegarden size, hired labour, cattle keeping, and household size were independent variables. It was found that homegarden productivity has significantly declined over the years due to; decline in soil fertility and cattle population, outbreak of banana pests and diseases, increase in human population and lack of cash. Economically, it was found more profitable to rehabilitate the homegarden by reintroducing cattle rather than shift to a completely new farming system based on annual cropping. Further research into soil fertility restoration, pests and disease management and other aspects of the farming system, is proposed.
A socio economic analysts of modern irrigation projects under small -scale farming: a case study of the lower MCSPI Irrigation Project in Kilimanjaro Region
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 1993) Orota Germana Chanuo Laurent
This study analyses the socio-economic aspects of the Lower Moshi Irrigation Project in Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania. Financial and economic analyses are performed to determine if th® investment is a justifiable us® of the scarce resources available in Tanzania for investment. Survey results show that the project is doing well th average yields per ba of 6.5 tons for paddy and 2.5 tons for maize. A benefit-cost ratio of 2.5, net present worth of shs 614 million and internal rate of return of over 50 percent is obtained from the financial analysis •.•.’hen. costs and benefits are discounted at 18 percent. Results from economic analysis show a benefit-cost ratio of 2.3, a net present worth of shs 1028 million, and an internal rate of return of 49.25 percent when a 12 percent discount factor is used. Both the financial and economic analyses therefore, judge the project very profitable to the farmer and the economy as a whole. This study also attempts to evaluate the impact of the project on employment, cropping patterns, yield levels of principal, crops, farm income and land values. It is revealed that, the provision of irrigation facility has increased labour employment in the study area. Impacts of the project on cropping patterns, yield levels, farm income and land values show positive results when compared to the same in the non-project area. This study also .looks into the problems that hinder •project dev:-’.oniunnt arid -expansion. These .include problems of drought; high unit rater requirements: illegal use of water outside the project area and institutional problems such as those of farmers’ ignorance of the farming operations under modern irrigation. The following are the recommendations: 1. There is a need to improve the knowledge about modern irrigation practices at the farmer’s level. 2. .Water User Groups should be separated from other political and administrative bodies in the project area : 3. There is a need to look for alternative •.-.•ays of increasing water supply in project area during drought years and also solve the water shortage problem. A example is that of using boreholes to increase water supply. At present there are boreholes for this purpose in the project area. only few boreholes for this purpose in the project area.
Economics of on-farm maize storage in Tanzania: The case of Kilosa District
(University of Nairobi Kenya, 1993) Ashimogo Gasper Cleophas
This study describes the technological and economic aspects of traditional and improved farm level storage of maize in Kilosa district of rural Tanzania. A brief review of the maize industry in the country is provided. Storage patterns in two survey villages using two different kinds of traditional storage structures are examined followed by a temporal price analysis of the parallel market. An economic and financial appraisal of farm storage improvements is presented. Primary data from the survey villages and secondary data from the Ministry of Agr iculture and Livestock Development are the bas is for the analysis. The study reveals that farmers store grain mainly for home consumption with the surplus used for sale, seed and other socioeconomic obligations. The temporal pr ice analysis shows that parallel market price increases over time resulting from grain supply flactuations are in excess of storage costs. This provides an opportunity for storers to make profits. It is further noted that farmers are aware of rodent and insect pest losses incured in their traditional granaries. Proposed farm level storage improvements aimed at reducing these losses were found to be profitable in terms of parallel market prices. Benefit-cost ratios (BCR) ranging between 1:1 and 4:1 and internal rates of return (IRR) well above the cut-off rate of 18 percent were estimated. To ensure a stable food supply and restrained prices it is recommended that official prices should be made to vary over time to reflect storage costs. The costeffective improvements proposed in this text may further contribute to the realization of these objectives. To be more effective it is suggested in this study that future on-farm storage improvement programs prefer the multidisciplinary systems approach over the specialists symptomatic approach.
Gender roles in the domestic and farming systems of Tchenzema ward in Morogoro District Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 1993) Mtenga, Ngoyako Asuman
Thepurpose of the study was to determine gender roles in the household activities of_ Tchenzema ward in Morogoro district. The specific objectives were description of division of labour by gender and age, determination of sources of income, custodian of family income and decision making by gender. A cross-sectional survey was conducted on a randomly A structured questionnaire selected sample of 200 farmers. was used to collect primary data. Secondary data were obtained from literature. Data were compiled by using D Base and analyzed by using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Programme. Results are presented in tabular and graphical forms. The study findings show that domestic work is a female 1s domain; women contributed 70-87% labour to all tasks, men 25-29%, male children 25-35% and female children 27-46% to the same. Males contributed more labour to livestock husbandry; men's labour contribution to all tasks was 26-72%, women1s 26-42%, male children's 25-34% and female children's 25-27% of the same. Crop production tasks were shared between gender. Custodian of income was gender independent, decisions were jointly made, however men and women had different income sources and income expenditure patterns. There was no gender variation in the extension method preferred.iii: It was observed that, gender roles differ from those documented on patrilineal societies (Due and Mudenda, 1982; Burfisher and Horenstein, 1987; Conelly et al. 1985; 1987 and Swantz, 1985; Polomack, Beshara, 1989) . This matrilineal society has already made room for both men and women although there is still room for improvement. It is recommended that extension service and the development projects contact men and women farmers in order to be effective.
The economics of resource use under the traditional farming system in Kondoa district : the case of Bereko division
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 1993) Mwenda, Mashaka Salum Jila
The study attempts to investigate the economics of Traditional Farming Systems (TFS) in Bereko division by .identifying the physical, technical and policy factors shaping this TFS. In addition the study attempts to determine the likely adjustments of the system given some changes in factors to be identified in the Traditional Farming system. To analyse the system a multiple regression model was developed for all major crops and two individual crops - maize, and fingermillet. The results revealed that there is a positive relationship between output and available resources (of land, labour and capital), and cropping practices. The results also show that there is a negative relationship in relation to technology used. This means that by adding (or improving) the existing resource and cropping practices productivity will increase in the study area. In order to determine the likely adjustments in the system a LP model was developed for the typical crop mixture in the study area. From the basic model changes (adjustments) were effected in respect to technology, price and cropping practices where improved technology and price changes were tested. The analysis revealed that there is a possibility of increasing agricultural productivity and output and hence income by effecting some changes in technology and other institutional factors. The results also justify that policy reforms on credit facilities and pricing systems will bring some changes to smallholder farmers in Bereko Division. The results from this study suggest that proper farm management and planning in the form of comprehensive farm plans proper information and workable policies, is needed in the area. These will help to improve the incomes hence living standards of the smallholder farmers.
The effects of state intervention in public parastatals: the case of Tanzania dairy farming company limited Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 1994) Ng'ui, Urughu Emmanuel
The study aimed at analyzing the effects of state intervention on the performance of public parastatals in Tanzania with special reference to the Tanzania Dairy Farming Company Limited (DAFCO). The specific objectives of the study were to: (a) Describe the milk production trends, marketing and pricing arrangements; (b) Analyze the effects of government intervention policy on the performance of marketing and pricing of milk; (c) Determine alternative Marketing and pricing arrangements of milk and other dairy products (heifers and bulls) from DAFCO farms; (d) Develop a dairy subsector policy in marketing and pricing; Both primary and secondary data were collected and analyzed by employing both qualitative and quantitative methods. The results on trends of milk production in DAFCO farms, revealed two phases of production i.e. an increasing phase between 1976 and 1982 and decreasing one between 1982 and 1991. Milk production increased from 1 220.2 thousand litres in 1976 to 4 570 thousand litres in 1982 and decreased to 2 371 thousand litres in 1991. The study showed that production performance of DAFCO has deteriorated greatly compared to the original design and objectives, (milk production decreased from highest of 4 571 to 2 371 thousand litres (-48%) , milk yield per cow per day decreased from highest of 7.7 to 6.8 litres (-12%), total herd decreased from highest of 5 592 to 3 633 heads (-35%) and milking cows decreased from highest of 1 686 to 930 heads (-45%). It was also found that the company has been making financial losses in all fiscal years except for 1977 when it reported a net profit of Tshs 23.8 million. The study also revealed that through Government intervention policy DAFCO was directed to sell all its milk to TDL as its sole marketing channel and milk prices were determined and fixed by the government, this policy was found to be detrimental to DAFCO. Results of regression analysis model indicated that price of milk is negatively related to quantity of milk produced which is contrary to economic theory. This indicated how firms which are protected through state intervention are not sensitive to market signals. Other variables i.e. price of feed, the minimum wage rate and trend variable were found to have the right relationship to quantity of milk produced as implied by economic theory i.e. increase in feed price will result into decreased milk production, increase in wage rate will lead to increased milk output and that for trend variable, improvement in dairy technology will result into increased milk production. All these variables were found to be significant at 0.05 significance level in determining milk production in DAFCO. farms with the explanatory power of 87.6% which shows that they are all important factors to be considered for decisions involving milk production. Policy recommendations include: (a) DAFCO to be given sole autonomy in decision making on its own policies, objectives and strategies and planning process; (b) The company should take the open market as the only marketing channel for its products. The prices of milk and other dairy products should also be determined by open market forces of supply and demand; (c) DAFCO should seek for funds from internal and external as well as from its own sources. It should also look for both internal and external joint ventures; (d) Husbandry aspects i.e. disease control and feeding procedures should be improved to reduce cattle's high mortality rates; (e) Technological improvement is required to increase production; (f) Managerial skills should be improved through recruitment of qualified and experienced staff and offering further training; (g) All farms need to be well equipped with adequate farm machinery and equipments for their development
Production and marketing of paddy and cotton in Ulanga district of Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 1998) Gabagambi, Damian Mulokozi
Agriculture market reforms have been underway in Tanzania since mid 1980s. The ultimate objective of such policy change was to improve agricultural marketing efficiency in the economy. The extent to which this goal has been achieved in various parts of the country needs to be analysed. This study therefore attempts to assess the agricultural marketing problems in Ulanga district, Morogoro, Tanzania. The main objective of the study was to assess the marketing efficiency of paddy and cotton systems in the study area with a view to identifying areas of weaknesses which need improvements. A sample of 85 paddy and/or cotton producers and 40 paddy traders were interviewed using structured questionnaires. The production season was confined to 1994/95 production season. The tools of analysis used include descriptive statistics, correlation and regression. The results of the analysis revealed that (i) farm gross margin and returns to inputs for both crops were very low; (ii) in terms of market concentration ratio, and pricing efficiency there was some improvements in the paddy marketing system due to competition among traders; (iii) operational and pricing efficiency indicated that there is still a lot more to be done to improve the situation. For both crops, production and marketing costs in some operations were found to be unnecessarily high because of poor infrastructure and lack of competition on the part of cotton sector; and (iv) paddy producers were being discouraged by price instability.From the above results it is recommended that (i) paddy productivity be increased using appropriate technology to enable producers benefit from low average production cost; (ii) crop buying posts be established in each-village where exchange could take place. Apart from reducing collection cost to traders the buying posts would increase market transparency thereby motivating market participants which could result into improved marketing efficiency; (iii) the problem of small working capital for traders could be solved by carefully planned and monitored revolving fund scheme. This could start by identifying honest traders in the area; (iv) to minimise price fluctuations in the paddy marketing systems forward contracts and futures trading could be encouraged. For cotton marketing it is recommended that (i) cotton productivity should be increased so that private buyers could be motivated to invest in the cotton sector in Ulanga District; (ii) the present ginneries should be privatised so that cotton buyers in the area could have access to them at a ginning fee; (iii) the long bureaucratic procedure before obtaining licences to handle cotton should be minimised. This could be achieved by leaving this task with the Tanzania Cotton Lint and Seed Board TCLSB); (iv) road communication system in the study area if improved could facilitate production and marketing of agricultural products in the study area.
The effect of crop marketing liberalization on cotton production and farmers' income in Kahama district.
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 1999) Kakwemeire,N. D.K.
The study aimed at examining the effects of liberalization of cotton marketing system on cotton production and farm income in Kahama district. It had the following specific objectives: (i) To describe the current cotton marketing channel, (ii) To evaluate the efficiency of the present cotton production and marketing system, (iii) To evaluate the effects of the cotton marketing system on farmers' income. Both primary and secondary data were collected. A sample of 150 cotton farmers was randomly selected from six villages in Kahama district. The sample survey was supplemented by interviews with Cotton buyers, cooperative and TCLSB officials and agricultural officers. Data were analyzed using qualitative and quantitative approaches. Analytical techniques included: cross-tabulation, gross margins, concentration ratios, marketing margins and the policy analysis matrix (PAM). Results show that the liberalization of the cotton marketing system has caused the breakdown of the credit system for input supply to cotton farmers which in turn has resulted into the uncontrolled pesticide distribution system. The monopsonistic position of Cooperative Unions has ceased and the ginning capacity has increased tremendously currently surpassing the cotton output in the district. Results further indicate that seed cotton producers receive 51.2% of the f.o.b price of cotton. Returns to labour were found to be Tshs 515 and 498 per manday for handhoe and ox plough users respectively. The PAM results indicate that, basing on international market prices, cotton fanning in Kahama district is a potentially socially profitable farm activity although the current market conditions render it less profitable. The NPC and EPC values were less than one which indicate that farmers are taxed rather than being protected. DRC values were found to be less than one implying that cotton production in Kahama district has a potentially high international comparative advantage. However the SRPs showed that the overall effect of the government policy on cotton production and marketing is the net taxation of farmers up to the tune of 36%. As to improve the situation it is recommended that unnecessary levies, taxes and regulations be removed or reduced in order to make the farmer benefit from his cotton production.
Economic analysis of cash crop production and marketing' in Tanzania under a liberalised market economy: A case study of tobacco in Songea district.
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2001) Rweyemamu Dennis Christian
This study analyses the efficiency of production, degree of distortion in the markets and the pattern of incentives for smallholder tobacco growers in Songea district under liberalization. A survey was conducted on a sample of 120 tobacco growers in the district, and secondary data collected from key organizations in the industry. Because patterns of resource utilization change with shifts in prices of products and inputs whereby producers tend to allocate more resources to enterprises giving higher returns per unit of resource, gross margin analysis was conducted for the two competing crop enterprises in the area, tobacco and maize, so as to establish the relative economic profitability of the crops. Since tobacco is a tradable crop using tradable inputs, a policy analysis matrix for its production system was constructed so as to determine the private and social profitability of the crop, distortions in the markets and efficiency of resource use. Since PAM is a static model, sensitivity analysis was also conducted so as to explore the effect of potential changes in various factors that influence profitability of the enterprise. The analysis revealed that although tobacco production is potentially a profitable enterprise relative to the international market, smallholders are not protected and are paid less than the potential value of their product. The overall effect is a net taxation of tobacco production system at the form level. Thus, the existing marketing arrangements under liberalization have made the enterprise appear uncompetitive with low resource allocation efficiency. There is therefore a net disincentive to produce the crop. Gross margin analysis indicated that tobacco was more profitable compared to maize but considering labour requirements, the former is a highly labour demanding crop with low returns to labour. Sensitivity analysis indicated that an increase in producer prices for tobacco would result into a sharp increase in producer incentives iii and smallholders will be more protected with profits realized in excess of normal returns to domestic resources increasing. With a decrease in the parity price of the product, indicators depict that production of the crop becomes undesirable from the social point of view. However, efficiency indicators were insensitive to an increase in parity prices of tradable inputs implying that tobacco production will still be a desirable enterprise from the social point of view. The study concludes that although liberalization opened up markets by formally allowing private leaf dealers to invest in marketing of tobacco, operational arrangements have not provided adequate incentives to growers in terms of pre-harvest services and marketing efficiency in general. Many problems have been noted which indicated gross inefficiency in the entire production and marketing system. These problems alter costs and revenues in the input/output markets and prevent realization of potential income gains by tobacco growers.
Prevalence and awareness of obesity among people of different age groups in educational institution in Morogoro, Tanzania
(East African Medical Journal, 2003-02-02) Nyaruhucha, C. N. M; Achen, J. H; Msuya, J. M; Shayo, N. B; Kulwa, K. B. M
Objective: To determine the prevalence rates and level of awareness of obesity among people of different age groups in Morogoro Municipality, Tanzania. Design: A cross-sectional, descriptive study. Subjects: One hundred adults aged 19-50 years old and 40 pupils aged 14-18 years old. Setting: Four educational institutions in Morogoro Municipality were included in the study. The four institutions included a primary and a secondary school, a teacher's training college and a university. Results: The prevalence of obesity among the sampled subjects in Morogoro Municipality was 25 %, whereby 15.7% had a Body Mass Index (BMI) of between 25 and 30, and 9.3% had a BMI of more than 30. Age and occupation of all the subjects, together with marital status of adult subjects, were significantly related with obesity status. Prevalence of obesity increased with the increased age whereby subjects in the 41-50 years had the highest rate (45.4%). Employed subjects had higher rate of obesity (22.2%) than pupils or students. Similarly, married adults had higher rate of obesity (27.8%) than the single ones (4.7%). Unlike the old age group (41-50 years), 70% of the youngest subjects were not aware about the harmful effects of obesity. On the other hand, more than two thirds of all the subjects could not associate excess body weight with chronic non-communicable diseases such as coronary heart disease, high blood pressure and breathing problems. Conclusion: Results of the current study indicate that obesity is increasingly becoming a public health problem in Morogoro Municipality, and probably in many other places in Tanzania. There is need for more public awareness on the effect of obesity on people's health through information, education and communication. It would be of great importance if such interventions were introduced at early age of life, for example by inclusion in school curricula.
Nutritianal status, functional ability and food habits of institutionalised non- institutionalised elderly people in Morogoro region, Tanzania.
(East African Medical Journal, 2004-05-05) Nyaruhucha, C. N. M; Msuya, J. M; Matrida, E
To determine nutritional status, food habits and functional abilities of the institutionalised and non-institutionalised elderly. Design: A cross-sectional population survey. Setting: Free living and institutionalised elderly of Morogoro municipality, Tanzania. Subjects: A total of 100 elderly people, fifty institutionalised and fifty non-institutionalised were included. Gender distribution was of equal numbers. Measurements: Anthropometric measurements of weights and heights were taken to enable calculation of Body Mass Index (BMI) of each subject. Questionnaires were used to collect information on types of foods, amount and frequency of consumption and functional abilities of the elderly. Amount of food consumed was expressed in grams per person per day. Results: There were significant differences (p=0.001) in nutritional status between the institutionalised and the non- institutionalised males, but this relationship did not exist among the females. Similarly, 30% and 26% of the institutionalised males and females, respectively, and none of the non- institutionalised males was observed to be overweight. On the other hand, 39% and 23% of the non-institutionalised males and females, respectively, were underweight or malnourished. Consumption of sardines was higher (p=0.05) among the institutionalised subjects, but the situation was opposite for the case of fruits. Alcohol consumption was higher (p<0.05) among non- institutionalised subjects in both sexes. No difference was noted in consumption of beans, vegetables, cereals and meat. The most common functional disability was urinary incontinence (36%) while feeding (5%) was the least common. The most affected by urinary incontinence were institutionalised male subjects. Conclusion: There was a great variation between elderly people who are cared for in institutional centres and those who are cared for by their relatives in terms of nutritional status, reflected by their BMI levels. The institutionalised ones appear to be better off than their counterparts. However, this condition is not equally reflected in their eating habits. Generally, most of the elderly have poor or no source of income, which make them to have poor living conditions. They are also faced with problems of functional disabilities of which urinary incontinence was more common among males.

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