Theses and Dissertations Collection

Permanent URI for this collectionhttp://10.10.97.169:4000/handle/123456789/66

Browse

Now showing 1 - 20 of 52

The ecology of large herbivores in the Miombo woodlands of South East Tanzania
(The University of of Nairobi, 1979) Rodgers, William Alan
The studies described in this thesis arose from an ecological survey of part of the eastern side of the Selous Game Reserve in south east Tanzania from 1967 to 1975* The intensive study area contained two major, ecologically distinct, habitats, an area of tall grass miombo woodlahd and a smaller area of short grass scattered tree grassland. Several species of large grazing ungulate utilised thefce habitats, namely: buffalo, hartebeest, impala, sable, warthog, wildebeest and zebra* Seasonal changes in the environment such as the six month drought and widespread annual fires affect the pattern of habitat utilisation exhibited by each species. This thesis examines such utilisation and shows that each species has developed its own ecological and feeding strategies in order to maximise nutrient inputs and reproductive success in what is seasonally a harsh environment In many ways the miombo (Brachystegia) woodlands remain the least studied of the East African habitats This lack of data on the miombo in general and the Selous Game Reserve in particular means much of the thesis is taken up by descriptions of the physical and biotic environment of the study area. Following an introductory chapter the thesis is divided into three parts. Part one, with three chapters, describes the physical environment: geology, soil, climate, water and prehistory; the vegetation: community description, distribution and species composition, floristics and vegetation dynamics; and range factors of productivity and forage nutrient content Part two contains chapters on animal numbers, distribution patterns, feeding and nutrition and a chapter examining growth and reproduction as indices of population performance Part three concludes the thesis with a chapter reviewing the miombo woodlands and the Selous as a wildlife habitat and a final chapter discussing management policy for the Selous Game Reserve. The study area is low lying (100 - 700m asl) with a single rainy season from late November to early May (average 760mm p.a.) Despite a long hot dry season, surface water is relatively plentiful Habitat distribution is primarily controlled by geology and soil type with major modifications by fires and past human activity. The upland Karoo and post karoo sandstones give rise to infertile acidic red sandy soils which carry a climax-thicket formation These have been degraded into woodland by fire and settlement activity Lower down the drainage slope the flat Pleistocene river terrace of grits and sands has produced a hard alkaline sodic soil carrying short grass scattered tree grassland The drainage sump of recent alluvial clay carries tall floodplain grasses The vegetation is diverse, collections to date totalling over 1200 vascular plants including 150 grass species. The woodland vegetation shows strong affinities to the Zambezian flora,and the thicket, riverine and alkaline communities show affinities to the East African coastal flora o The thesis contains species lists and a vegetation community map. Fire has opened up the thickets producing tall grass woodlands of various types. Grasses, mainly Andropogonae, are coarse tussock perennials with very low nutritive values when dry* No burning allows the spread of woody and climbing species which engulf the grass layer and rapidly reduce grazing values* Late dry season fires reduce woody elements and plant diversities and leave coarse grass growth thoughout the dry season* Cooler early dry season fires maintain mixed woodland communities and a mixture of grass species and, where water tables allow, rapidly produce a flush of nutritious regenerating grass growth* Crude protein content of such growth can reach 20% although standing crop is low* The alkaline soils carry a short grass sward of mixed annual perennial species of high nutritive values in the rains* There is no flush after burning and dry season grazing values are low* Chapter 5 discusses techniques of animal census in detail* A vehicular ground sample census using fixed systematically placed transects was used for common ungulates* Rainy season densities on the short grass habitats are as follows: Impala 28*7/km2, wildebeest 27,2/km2, zebra l6*2/km^ and warthog 9*4/km2# Wildebeest and impala densities have remained unchanged for six years, zebra and warthog densities have increased significantly* Less detailed data are given for other species* Distribution data have been collected at several different scales from Tanzania wide, to the Selous, to the study area, to the different facets of a miombo valley-ridge catenary system* It is ‘shewn that 'salile *nd'‘L±ch’fcnrteins .'S* : ns hartebeest are restricted to tall grass woodland habitats, wildebeest and impala must have access to short grass areas in the rains and that buffalo, zebra and warthog, are more habitat tolerant but achieve higher densities on short grass habitats . Within the study area virtually all impala, warthog, wildebeest and zebra concentrate on the short grass areas in the rains, moving into the woodlands following the onset of burning Within the woodland habitat wildebeest and impala concentrate on the green flush of the valleys and avoid the unburnt areas and ridge tops. Sable and hartebeest are distributed throughout all categories and warthog and zebra are intermediate showing some selection of valley and green areas The onset of the November rains signals a return to the short grasslands Studies of feeding behaviour showed buffalo, hartebeest and wildebeest to be total grazers whilst sable and impala took significant proportions of browse in the dry season and warthog diet changed to perennial monocot roots and rhizomes. Feeding studies concentrated on wildebeest and impala and much data was obtained from post morterm analysis. By assuming that extrapolation of data from other large ungulate studies was unlikely to cause large relative errors it was possible to make estimates of protein and energy intakes and of theoretical nutrient needs for these two species. the rainy season both species had inputs greater than During theoretical requirements for maintenance, i e i positive nutritional balance. they were in As the dry season progressed T both male and female wildebeest which remained on the dry short grass habit entered a period of negative nutritional balance• However wildebeest moving to fresh flush in the woodlands were shown (albeit on less evidence) to maintain a positive balance. Impala at the onset of the dry season changed their diet to nutrient rich browse components and so maintained a positive nutritional balance. These two ! strategies of habitat change and dietary change have resulted in peak nutritional inputs at different times of year. Impala have peak inputs in September and wildebeest in i December periods. Onset of parturition coincides with these peak The nutritional load of gestation is minimal compared to that of lactation. Calving season therefore allows lactation and wearing of calves at the nutritional optimum time of year. Other species show different strategies, which allow a separation of niche space reducing competition for food resources Chapter eight shows that individual growth rate, body condition and fecundity rates are as high or higher than other populations in Africa., and that populations here are well adapted to the ecological conditions of this part of the Selous Game Reserve. This chapter discusses why the wildebeest population is stationary when nutrition is adequate, condition is good and fecundity is high. Predation by lion is put forward as a major limiting factor* The concluding chapters look at the miombo woodlands throughout Africa as wildlife reserves and suggest that only when tall grass woodlands are adjacent to other habitats such as short grassland or floodplains do animal densities reach levels high enough to warrant major conservation inputs* The importance of fire in providing dry season graze is stressed and fire management polices for the Selous are discussed* Past, present and future human impacts on the wilderness values of the Selous are examined and a plea is made for definite land use policy statements for south east Tanzania and the reserve*
Analysis of "ngitiri" as a traditional silvopastoral technology among the agropastoralists of Meatu, Shinyanga, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 1999) Kamwenda, Gerald Jones
A diagnostic survey was conducted in Meatu district agropastoral land use system, to iteratively refine the "ngitiri" (a traditional fodder reserve under silvopasture system) among the agropastoralists of Shinyanga, Tanzania. The study was based on a descriptive diagnosis and design (an ICRAF methodology), to identify the components, structure, management and the technological specifications of the "ngitiri". The diagnostic survey was complemented with a blend of qualitative land evaluation and descriptive socio-economic and ecological evaluation of the silvopasture land use. The qualitative land evaluation, was conducted based on the four mapping units of vegetation strata, established through photo interpretation of current satellite imagery, vegetation maps and ground truth surveys (DROP, 1997). Out of the four strata, two were combined to form three effective sampling strata for diagnostic survey. Sixty household individuals were purposefully selected, (twenty from each of the three effective sampling strata), among individuals practising "ngitiri" system, whereas three representative “ngitiri” were purposefully selected from the vegetation cover types of the representative effective sampling strata. The data were collected using the ICRAF Diagnostic and Design methodology and the FAO Guideline for Land Evaluation. Twenty multidisciplinary individual staff, involved in land husbandry were purposefully selected for triangulation, from a number of departments in the districts. The Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) programme, content structural analysis and categorisation of social information, together with suitability rating, were used in data analysis. The social survey and resource assessment methods of triangulation of information, was employed in content structural analysis of social information. The study identified the specification for “ngitiri”, comprising of; 17 commonly grazed fodder grasses, 25 commonly browsed herbs and forbes, and 25 browsable tree species. The district suitability rating for extensive grazing and community forestry were established, together with extension and research, needed for sustainable ecological land use under "ngitiri" silvopasture practice. Among the tree species found in "ngitiri" fodder reserves, 88% had an environmental role to play in the agropastoral ecosystem. Among the 60 informants interviewed, 95% indicated the potential of "ngitiri" to mitigate dry season fodder shortage, and supported the use of "ngitiri" to supply dry season fodder, while 85% supported "ngitiri" to have potential for mitigating environmental degradation. Among the 20 purposively selected professional staff, all indicated "ngitiri" to have potential for production and supply of dry season fodder, and mitigating environmental degradation, when properly used and managed. The survey identified and prioritised overgrazing, drought, termite attack, seedling mortality, lack of title deeds, encroachment, tsetse flies, water scarcity, tick borne diseases, lack of veterinary services, cattle rustling and land scarcity as the major problems affecting silvopasture land use. The study establishes the gaps for sustainable "ngitiri" management, improvement and potential silvopasture suitability rating. Furthermore, the study points some basic needs to brigde the gaps in extension, research and policy reforms, with respective recommendations.
The role of local communities in wildlife management: a case study of the Serengeti regional conservation project, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2003) Ngowe, Nollasco Matozi
The study was conducted in the western corridor of the Serengeti National Park between October 2001 and January 2002. Tire study area included villages bordering the Ikorongo-Grumeti Game Reserve, Ikoma Wildlife Management Area, and the Serengeti National Park. Specifically, the study was intended to assess the effectiveness of local communities in wildlife management; assess the relationship between the local community and wildlife authorities; and assess if there is any decline in poaching in the study villages. The study involved four villages of 14 villages under the SRCP where in each village, at least 5% of the households were sampled. Primary data were obtained from questionnaire survey, focus group discussions, check list and the researcher’s observations. The study revealed that both village natural resources committees (VNRCs) and village game scouts (VGS) were significantly effective in combating poaching than expected (%2 = 108.3, p<0.001 and %2 = 90.13, p<0.001, for VNRCs and VGS respectively). The relationship with wildlife authorities was said to be excellent by 29.2% of the respondents, 69.2% said there was good relations while 1.7% said it was poor. Furthermore, 98.3% of respondents said poaching has decreased since the introduction of community-based conservation by SRCP. Poaching was ranked as the most important threat to wildlife conservation, followed by lack of community participation in wildlife management, increasing livestock numbers, and agriculture. Other problems in the area included severe shortage of water for livestock during the dry season was pointed out by 83.3% of the respondents while 50% stated the shortage of grazing area. Crop damage was also a problem and the most problem animals mentioned by respondents were bushpig (Potamochoerus porcus) (84.2%), vervet monkey (Chlorocebus aethiops) (77.5%), olive baboon (Papio anubis anubis) (55.0%), and the elephant (Loxodonta africana) (44.4%). On the other hand, communities received a total of 36 millions TAS (equivalent to 45.5 thousands USD) from 1998 to 2001 as a form of tangible benefits from the community wildlife hunting and 44 million TAS (equivalent to 48.1 thousands USD) from non-consumptive photographic safaris. The study concludes that active participatory approaches that are used by SRCP have contributed to the success of the project in winning support of local communities at the grass root level. Local communities arc treated with respect, as equal partners in conservation, not as targets of conservation or education projects. Decision making power is shared, and the role of the project staff is to act as catalysts and intermediaries. Based on the study, the following recommendations are given: -More support should be provided to the village game scouts. -There should be integration between crop and livestock production system. -Wildlife conservation education should be added in the primary school syllabus. -The use of non-lethal deterrents for crop protection against wildlife especially elephants should be researched in the area. -Villages should be assisted in exploring the potential investors especially on photographic tourism and tourist hunting.
Factors affecting wildlife based domestic tourism in the northern tourist circuit, Tanzania
(Sokoine University Of Agriculture, 2006) Mariki, Sayuni
The study on factors affecting domestic tourism was carried out in northern Tanzania tourist circuit. The study had the following objectives: (i) To determine the characteristics of domestic tourists, (ii) To assess the trend in tourism and domestic tourism, (iii) To identify and assess factors affecting domestic tourism, (iv) To assess efforts undertaken to promote domestic tourism, (v) To propose ways by which domestic tourism can be improved. A sample of 140 domestic tourists, 142 selected individuals from markets and streets, 27 tour operators, 5 Protected areas (PAs) management staff, 6 PAs gate clerks and park guides, and 2 tourist organizations were interviewed. The results revealed that: (i) The age group of 26 - 37 was the most active group in visiting protected areas. The age groups of <20 years and >49 years rarely visited the PAs (ii) Low income was indicated as the main constraint (77.0%) affecting the growth of domestic tourism, followed by lack of awareness (71.8%), tourism education (53.0%) and lack of interest to travel (53.0%). (iii) There was a linear increase in the number of tourists in the three PAs from 1998 — 2003 due to the improvement of activities, facilities and services, (iv) Tourism education to all people, and improvement of services and facilities were the opinions given for the improvement of domestic tourism. It is recommended that, the Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism through its departments and organizations should put more efforts in domestic tourism promotion and marketing by using many and different ways since many factors found to affect domestic tourism in the country that had different weights of importance.
Impacts of human activities on the conservation of igando- igawa wildlife corridor in Njombe and Mbarali districts, Tanzania .
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2010) Massawe, Godfrey Magetta
Wildlife corridors are features connecting two or more otherwise isolated patches of habitat and are among the areas of land affected by human activities. Corridors are much affected because in most cases they are not legally protected. This study assessed the impacts of human activities on the conservation of Igando-Igawa wildlife corridor in Mbarali and Njombe Districts. Specifically, the study determined socio-economic and cultural activities, the level of human disturbances to habitat as well as identifying wildlife using the corridor. A cross-sectional sampling design was employed where five villages were purposively selected for questionnaire based interviews (QBI) and focus group discussions. A total of 120 respondents were randomly selected for QBI. Disturbances were assessed by field survey in which five transects with 43 plots were located systematically in the entire corridor. SPSS package was employed for analysing socio- economic and cultural data. The excel computer programme was used to analyse resource utilisation pressure gradient. Results revealed various human activities in the corridor, namely; cultivation, pastoralism, firewood collection, poles/withies harvesting, charcoal making, hunting and logging/lumbering. Wildfires, rituals and collection of medicinal plants were other activities affecting the corridor. The use of vegetation resources before conservation begun in 2005/06 was significantly high (p = 0.001, t = 3.07). Tree resources were intensively extracted whereby 61.9 % were harvested. However there was a significant reduction in harvesting tree resources (p = 0.0001, t = 7.11) after conservation activities begun in 2005/2006. During the study, the corridor was harbouring at least 27 species of mammals, 20 of birds and eight families of herps. The corridor’s ecological status had shown significant improvement in terms of wildlife and vegetations. Nevertheless, the study recommends special programmes to alleviate local community poverty around the corridor. Further studies on socio-economic and ecological issues are also suggested.
Contribution of tourism in improving the livelihoods ofthe communities in the Uluguru and Udzungwa mountains, Tanzania
(Sokoine University Of Agriculture., 2010) Emanuel, Naza
Tourism is the fastest growing industry and the largest in the world in terms of contribution to the Gross Domestic Product, and second after agriculture for providing employment. However, there is a paucity of information on how tourism improves the livelihood of the communities living in the Uluguru and Udzungwa Mountains of Tanzania. This study therefore sought to contribute some information to fill the existing knowledge gap. The study was conducted in four villages, namely Nugutu, Ruvuma, Mwaya and Mgudeni. Data were collected using household questionnaires, structured interviews, focus group discussion and field observation. Quantitative data were analysed using SPSS and Microsoft excel computer software while qualitative data were analysed using thematic analysis. Result shows that, only 32.5% of respondents articipated in tourism activities in the study villages. Limitations for their participation include: limited awareness on tourism, intensive engagement in agriculture, health problems, poor leadership and lack of interest. Local people participated in tourism activities through traditional dances, weaving, raditional cooking, handcrafts making, pottery, tour guiding and porter. Indicators of participation in tourism activities by local people include: presence of tourism projects in the village; income obtained from tourism and the inclusion of tourism as an agenda in the village meetings. Local communities benefited directly from tourism through income generation and employment opportunities and indirectly through market creation for local products and other benefits like provision of social services, conservation education, capacity building, women empowerment and cultural mprovements. Proportion of tourism income to the total household income was only 5% which was relatively low compared to agriculture (88%) and other sources (7%). The study recommends the need to provide the following to the local communities: education, training programs and awareness creation; supporting community development tourism projects; strengthening local leadership and sharing of the benefits accruing from tourism beyond National Parks.
Potentials and constraints of eco-tourism in improving Nature conservation and livelihoods: The case of Amani Nature reserve, Tanzania
(SUA, 2010) SHOO, REHEMA ABELI
Amani Nature Reserve (ANR), which is within the Eastern Arc Mountains, is well known for its biological and ecological values. Eco-tourism is being practiced in the reserve. However, despite the fact that eco-tourism has been proposed as a viable economic activity that can minimize negative human impacts on wildlife habitat and provide an incentive to preserve natural areas, little has been reported on the potentials and constraints of the practice in the area. This study was conducted in the villages adjacent to ANR, to determine the potentials and constraints of eco-tourism in nature conservation and livelihoods improvement in and around ANR. Questionnaire survey, Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) and key informant interviews were the methods used in data collection. The results reveal that there are enormous natural (flora, fauna and sceneries) and cultural resources for development of productive eco-tourism in ANR. However, the existing potential is not fully exploited. Despite an increase in tourists and hence revenues in ANR, little is accrued by the local communities. Results further show that eco-tourism contributed only 9.6% to total household income annually and only 22.7% of the surveyed households were engaged in eco-tourism-relatcd activities. The study concludes that the existing level and type of involvement in eco-tourism is not effective enough to bring about significant impact, which comes into view that the potentials for eco-tourism in improving livelihoods is yet to be realized in the area. Increased local community involvements in tourism in order to improve people’s livelihoods and to enable them understand the inter-relationships between humans and the environment are recommended.iii DECLARATION I, REHEMA ABEL! SHOO, do hereby declare to the senate of Sokoine University of
Evaluate the implementation of Wildlife Management Areas (WMAs)
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2010) Kalimba, Augustine Felician
A study to evaluate the implementation of Wildlife Management Areas (WMAs) with reference to Twatwatwa pilot WMA Kilosa district was conducted from October 2007 to December, 2007. Specifically the study assessed the involvement of local communities in the pilot WMA, assessed the capacity and ability of communities in the process required for the implementation of pilot WMA, identified the benefits and damages to local communities as a result of pilot WMA implementation and found out the contribution made by facilitators towards WMA implementation. A cross sectional research design was adopted. Data collection process involved the use of structured questionnaire. Sampling intensity was set at 10% for Twatwatwa , Mbwade and Rudewa villages while a 5% sampling intensity for Msowero village was adopted. A total of 280 respondents were involved in this exercise. To supplement the information obtained from questionnaire, key informants and focus group discussion were used. The data collected by questionnaires were analyzed using Statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) computer software. Chi square (χ 2 ) was used to test the association between respondents’ level of education and their involvement in pilot WMA activities. Results showed that there was a significant association between the two variables (p<0.01) Results for education level indicate that 67.9% of respondents had primary education, 3.6% secondary education, 19.6% had no formal education while 8.9% had adult education. The results indicate that the highest number of the respondents (51.1%) was aged between 31 and 45 years. Most of respondents (93.6%) were males while 6.4% were females. A significant number of the respondents (76.6%) were married. Results showed that 85.0% of respondents were engaged in agriculture while only 15.0% were engaged in livestock keeping. The majority of villagers (95.0%) were not involved in pilot WMA activities ever since the implementation of WMA became stalled. The highest number of respondents (97.1%) indicated that villagers were not capable to implement WMA on their own. Most of the respondents (71.0%) had no benefits from pilot WMA. Contributions made by facilitators towards WMA implementation were not enough. The study concludes that implementation of Twatwatwa WMA stagnated mainly due to conflict between peasants and livestock keepers as well as due lack of funds that was supposed to come from the Government and NGOs. Furthermore, villagers were no longer involved in pilot WMA, had no capacity and capability to implement the WMA on their own owing to lack of expertise, had fewer benefits than costs and had received inadequate contributions from the Government and NGOs for the purpose of WMA implementation. The study recommends that the Government must help member villages to permanently resolve their conflict. Government should assist villagers to acquire funds for WMA implementation process. Villagers need to be educated on WMA issues as this will enable them to become involved in the daily running of the WMA.
Effects of vegetation burning on the foraging strategy of waterbuck, wildebeest and reedbuck in a moist savanna of Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2011) Leweri, Cecilia Martin
Savannah grasslands are occupied by large mammal herbivores whose ecological separation between and within each guild have resulted to different foraging strategies and preference for forage differing in attributes to reduce competition between them. Therefore, the current study aimed at: 1) measuring the relative use of burnt and non-burnt areas by waterbuck, wildebeest and reedbuck, and their possible shifts between the two patches over time; 2) assessing forage characteristics in grazed sites on burnt and non- burnt sites along with the post fire nutritive quality of the grasses; and 3) testing the notion that waterbuck is an intermediate grazer between wildebeest, a bulk grazer and Bohor reedbuck, a selective grazer. The study was conducted during dry season in Saadan National Park, a moist, tall-grass savanna. The animals were found not equally distributed between the two grassland patches, with most occupying burned areas. On the other hand, previously grazed patches were actively selected for feeding, and Nitrogen content of the main forage grass species was high in grass samples collected 80 days since fire. Contrary, NDF and ADF concentrations were very low in grass samples collected 80 days post fire but increased after six months. Reedbuck had the shortest bout lengths for all behaviours whereas waterbuck showed the longest bout sessions. Reedbuck grazed at taller grass height than waterbuck and wildebeest grazed the shortest grassland patches. Wildebeest grazed mainly on Panicum infestum despite of its greenness status while the waterbuck and reedbuck grazed mostly on green materials. The non-random patterns in animal’s distribution between burnt and non-burnt grassland patches suggests that fire is an important adaptive management strategy for Saadani National Park.
Assessment of human-elephant conflicts in areas adjacent to grumeti-Ikorongo game reserves, Northern Tanzania
(Sokoine Univeesity of Agriculture, 2011) MALUGU, Lucas Thomas
Twelve villages adjacent to the Grumeti-Ikorongo Game Reserves (GIGRs) and part of the Serengeti National Park (SENAPA) in Bunda and Serengeti districts were selected to assess human elephant conflicts (HEC) from 2006 - 2009. The study aimed to identify the type of conflicts, determine the magnitude, spatial and temporal patterns of HEC incidences, and the effectiveness of the mitigation methods applied. Arc GIS (9.3v) was used to analyze spatial data. Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) was used to analyze the magnitude, temporal patterns, type of conflicts and the effectiveness of the mitigation methods. Regression analysis was carried out to illustrate crop raiding based on distance of villages from the protected area boundaries. Results showed that elephant crop damage constituted about 89% of all conflicts while human, elephant and livestock kill including damage of water structures and human interference accounted for 11%. Temporal trends indicated two peaks of elephant crop damage incidences, the highest peak started from April to June and the lowest from September to October. The spatial distribution of crop raiding incidences showed a series of clumped conflict zones confined in a narrow band of villages adjacent to the GIGRs and SENAPA boundaries. The magnitudes of crop damages were not similar across the villages as they were influenced by distance between the centre of the villages and the protected areas boundaries (r = - 0.84, p < 0.001). The overall level of crop damages was of medium category (44%). About 45% of the farmers used ineffective traditional methods to deter elephants while 48% of them did not deploy any method and 7% used a chilli method that showed effective deterrent results. The study recommended for upscalling the chilli method in order to reduce HEC to tolerable level.
Power relations underlying Kingege village land forest reserve, Mfindi district, Tanzania.
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2011) Mrua, Joha Karagwe
Kingege Village Land Forest Reserve (KVLFR) was formed from general land forest, fundamentally under open access regime which led to change in power relations over the forest resources use. At present in Tanzania, Villages which have responsibilities to manage Village Land Forest Reserves are facing management problems as they adjust to balance the new power relations for sustainability of the forest resources. Little is known about the broader institutional context underlying power relations in KVLFR. The overall objective of the study was to determine the power relations underlying KVLFR and their influence on forest governance. Data collection was done through Participatory Rural appraisal techniques, Focus group discussions, Participant observations and questionnaire survey. Data were analyzed through content analysis, stakeholder’s power analysis and descriptive and inferential statistical analyses. Findings showed that users and regulators were key stakeholders identified in KVLFR. Users were interested on utilization of forest resources while forest conservation was the main interest of the regulators. Among the stakeholders, there existed complementary, cordial and conflicting relationships. The socio-economic factors enabling the strategic power include distance to the resource base (p = 0.000), wealth category (p = 0.001), household size (p = 0.012) and residence duration (p = 0.073), while education level (p = 0.021) was constraining the strategic power. Institutional factors enabling the strategic power includes gender equity (p = 0.032) and forest access rules (p = 0.82), while membership in VNRC (p = 0.722) and participation in politics (p = 0.245) are constraining the strategic power. The study concluded that complementary, cordial and conflicting relationships led to poor governance of KVLFR. The study recommended that more studies on power relations should be done in village land forest reserves and compare forests under Community Based Forest Management and forests under Joint Forest Management. The emphasisiii should be on power regulation mechanisms to ensure the community surrounding the forests benefit from resource utilization regardless of their power relations.
Influence of human disturbances on bird assemblages in selected coastal forests of Pangani- Saadani ecosystem
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2012) Salum,Amina Rashid
This study was carried out in four forest patches; Zaraningc, Kwamsisi, Msumbugwe and Gendagenda in Pangani - Saadani ecosystem, with the aim of assessing the influence of human disturbances on bird communities, from October 2010 to January 2011. A total of eight transects stratified into core and edge areas were used in each forest patch to identify type and quantify the level of human disturbances, determine bird species composition and abundance. To achieve that, three circular plots each 20 m radius were allocated at the beginning, middle and end of a 500 m long permanent transect. The level of human disturbances was assessed using four disturbance indicators; tree lopping, human trails, identified by sight and call. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test for differences between forests in human disturbances and bird abundance. While Shannon Wiener diversity index (H) was calculated for each forest patch to assess species diversity and evenness, Bray-Curtis Cluster analysis was used to determine similarity in bird species between forests. A total of 564 individuals composed of 88 bird species distributed in ten Orders were recorded. The level of pit sawing and tree lopping differed significantly between forest patches (P<0.05) with Msumbugwe being more disturbed than the rest of the forests. On the other hand, bird abundance differed significantly between the forest patches (P<0.05) with the highest abundance occurring in Msumbugwe. Contrary, Species richness and diversity disturbed forest. Apparently, only pit-sawing was found to correlate with bird abundance (P<0.01) whereas similarities in species composition were evident among forests with Zaraninge and Gendagenda exhibiting much overlap
The role of Bahi swamp wetland in enhancing household food security and income of adjacent communities
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2012) RWEYEMAMU,RENATUS
1’hc study was conducted to assess the role of Bahi swamp resources in enhancing household food security and income of adjacent communities. Specifically, the study assessed the socioeconomic activities in the swamp with a potential contribution to local livelihoods, the contribution of the swamp in enhancing household food security and income and the level of local dependence on the sw'amp. Two villages (Makulu and Nagulo-Bahi) were involved. Data were collected through questionnaire, PRA techniques (resource mapping, key informant interviews and focused group discussions) and direct observation. Data were summarized and analysed using Microsoft Excel. SPSS and content analysis. Other data from discussions were analysed through relative ranking. The socioeconomic activities with potential contribution to food security and income of adjacent communities in order of importance included crop cultivation, fishing, livestock grazing and collection of thatching grasses. Cultivation of paddy rice contributed significantly to household food security generating 65.4% of total household food crop production compared to other crops grown in drier areas adjacent to the swamp. Fishing played a substantial contribution to household food security through household consumption of 10% of fish caught. For household income, sales of paddy rice from the swamp contributed 59.6% while fish sales contributed 36% of the total annual household income. Multiplier activities emerging during fishing season facilitate income to a wider group of communities. On average, 56.2% of the population depend on the swamp for daily socio-economic activities associated with generation of household food and income. The Bahi swamp and related products play a significant role iniii enhancing local livelihoods for the adjacent communities. Planning for wise use of the swamp in respect of the dominant socioeconomic activities will likely improve its contribution to livelihoods.
Trend of trophy hunting in Tanzania: case study of six species in selous game reserve
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2013) Malembeka, Francisca Jacob
Selous Game Reserve (SGR) is the most important destination for trophy hunting in Tanzania. Assessment of the trend of trophy hunting and its role in conservation was conducted for a 10-year period (2001-2010) using buffalo, elephant, greater kudu, impala, leopard and lion. The main objective was to assess ecological sustainability of trophy hunting and its role in wildlife conservation in Tanzania. Data were collected from secondary sources, including SGR trophy hunting database, trophy hunting sheets, Sectors’ annual reports and previous research records. Furthermore, a questionnaire survey to Sector Wardens and observations were used. SPSS and R-computer programs were used in analysis. Pearson correlation test was used to test correlation between parameters recorded. Trends of trophy qualities were tested using One Way ANOVA. Furthermore, a post hoc pair-wise test was employed to test which years’ records were different, if any. Results reveal that, at least 10 842 animals from the six study species were hunted during that period. Buffalo was the most hunted species followed by impala, together contributing 80% of hunts. Furthermore, buffalo was the most important for revenue (40.33%) followed by elephant (21.95%) and leopard (16.07%) though allocated quotas were not fully utilized. Animal populations have been decreasing. Though there were positive correlations between parameters for impala, buffalo and greater kudu, trophy quality for some species were decreasing. Perceptions from this study highlight that, despite the benefits from trophy hunting Sector Wardens doubted if quotas were sustainable, given the current conservation challenges. Poaching was the most mentioned challenge, amplified by encroachment and institutional failure to enforce the laws. The conclusion is that trophy hunting is important for revenue generation and conservation and recommends that it should be based on realistic quotas. Furthermore, the wildlife law and its regulations should be enforced, staff supervising the hunting be provided with quotas and empowered to enforce the law to prevent mal-practices.
Influence of micro-environmental conditions on ecosystem exchanges in the afro-alpine zone of mount Kilimanjaro, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2013) Kulunge, Salum Ramadhani
This study was carried out in the alpine ecosystem of Mount Kilimanjaro (co, 4000 m a.s.l), from July 2012 to August 2012 with the aim of assessing the influence of micro environmental conditions on ecosystem exchanges of CO2. A total of 18 plastic soil frames with either single or combination of dominant species were used to determine and estimate the net ecosystem exchange of CO2 (FNEE) and ecosystem respiration (Reco), biomass and leaf area of dominant species, and to establish temporal and spatial variation on ecosystem CO2 exchanges. To achieve that, manually operated closed gas exchange chambers referred to as light chamber to measure net ecosystem exchange of CO2 (FNEE) and dark chamber to measure ecosystem respiration (Reco) were used. Later, the above ground plant biomass in each soil frame was harvested for leaf area and biomass determination. Leaf area and biomasses were obtained using digital scanner and through oven drying at 80 °C for 48 hours respectively. In order to assess temporal and spatial variations, soil frames were located in three subplots for repetition and measurement rounds were carried out from morning (0800 hours) to evening (17.00 hours). Both correlation and regression analysis were used to assess diurnal dependencies of CO2 concentrations on the environmental variables. The CO2 fluxes were correlated to Photosynthetic Active Radiation (PAR) at (R2>0.95). The mean daily FNEE ranged from 1.3398 pmol m'2 s'1 to -6.2150 pmol m'2 s'1 and Reco from 1.3474 pmol m'2 s'1 to 4.6695 pmol m'2 s'1 while green biomass ranged from 302.2 gm'2 to 48.81 gm'2. The highest CO2 fluxes were evident in combination of species. Subsequently, PAR, air and soil temperatures explain most temporal variability of CO2 fluxes. Nonetheless, micro- environmental conditions created by vegetation structures that increased the leaf area for canopy level light utilization and green biomass seemed also to play important roles on CO2 exchanges.
Land use changes along wildlife corridors and their implications to conservation: a case of Saadani-Wami-Mbiki Wildlife corridor, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2013) Kileo, Lawrence Ebenezeri
Wildlife corridors are facing conservation threats as a result of land use changes within and along them. The understanding of changes happening in the corridors over time is important for establishing the management baseline data. This study aimed at identifying land use changes along Saadani-Wami-Mbiki wildlife corridor and their implications to wildlife conservation. Specifically the study determined the rate of land cover changes in the corridor between 1975 and 2011 and assessed the associated land use practices towards corridor land cover change. Land sat imageries of 1975. 1995 and 2011 were used to assess the rate of vegetation cover changes as a result of various land use practices carried out in the corridor. Household survey and key informants interview methods were used to obtain socio-economic data which were analysed using SPSS while satellite imagery data were analysed using the ER.DAS IMAGINE 9.1 and ArcGIS 9.3 programmes. In the past 36 years (1975-2011). the cultivated land increased by 25%, settlement by 13%, open forest by 10% while closed forest and grassland decreased by 18% and 3% respectively. Shifting cultivation, over grazing, charcoal making and settlements were identified as major land use practices threatening the corridor. Basing on the results, it is recommended that, deliberate measures are needed to address about poverty of local communities around the corridor. Among the potentials include ecological and cultural tourism and beekeeping.
Effects of introduction of pastoralism on wildlife conservation and livelihoods: the case of Kilimani and Utete West Villages, Rufiji District
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2014) Rusengula, Francis
Recently, pastoralism has been introduced to Rufiji District. On one hand, the arrival of pastoralists to some places has been a blessing. On the other hand, it has brought conflicts between local communities and pastoralists. This study identified emerging conflicts, assessed existing potential effects of pastoralism on wildlife habitats and determined the effects of pastoralism on local livelihoods. Two villages were randomly selected for data collection, using a checklist and structured questionnaires administered to 149 respondents. Eight transects of 2 x 2 km, 5 quadrants of 1.5 x 1.5 m2 were established fot recording plant species richness, abundance and diversity. Descriptive statistics was also used to generate frequencies and percentages, Shannon index determined species diversity while non-parametric (Mann-Whitney) tested their differences. The rank order of the causes of conflicts were conflicts between farmers and pastoralists (81.2 %); pastoralists and wildlife (49.2%); pastoralists of different ethnic groups (42 %), and farmers and wildlife (22.3%). Livestock depredation ranked the highest cause of conflict between pastoralists and wildlife (88.8 %) while crop damage by livestock was the highest cause of conflict between farmers and pastoralist (96%). A total of 32 plant species were identified. Highly desirable species were significantly higher (p = 0.02) in livestock ungrazed areas while less desirable and undesirable species were most abundant in livestock grazed areas. Shannon index was relatively higher in grazed (3.812) than ungrazed (3.055). Increased household income through trade (80%), local government revenues through tax (10%) and availability of livestock products (10%) were positive effects of pastoralism to livelihood while crop damage by livestock resulting in food insecurity to farmers was the major negative effect. Generally, the introduction of pastoralism had more negative effects on wildlife conservation and some positive effects on local peoples’ livelihoods. Land use plan should be developed to balance different uses causing conflicts in the District.
Analysis of socio-economic impacts of uranium exploration in villages participating in Mbarang’andu wildlife management area in Namtumbo district, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2014) Aleningwa, Jonas
The rising demand for Uranium to produce nuclear energy has led to increasing interest on Uranium exploration activities in Tanzania. Tanzania reported on-going exploration The findings show that 60% of the household were of opinion that Uranium exploration has positive socio-economic impacts in their area and the remaining 40% indicated that it has negative impacts activities for Uranium in Wildlife Management Area. The aim of this study was to assess socio-economic impacts of Uranium exploration in three villages participating in Mbarang’andu WMA in Namtumbo District. The socio-economic activities in the study area were assessed in relation to Uranium exploration, determined the effects of Uranium exploration on the livelihoods of local community and examined the impact of Uranium exploration on conservation activities carried out in the villages participating in Mbarang’andu WMA. Random sampling procedure was employed to select a total of 90 households from the three villages. Data were collected through questionnaire, checklist, focus group discussion, field observation by the researcher and literature search. One third of the sample household realized increased in household income was due to Uranium exploration while majority are not sure whether the change in their income due to exploration as they were not directly participating in exploration activities. Findings indicate that conservation activities encounter difficulties due to Uranium exploration. The number of beekeepers have decreased at significant rate through (r = -0.84, p = 0.008) due to Uranium exploration. Similarly honey production per beehive has decreased, at non significant rate (r = 0.321, p = 0.436). The study concludes that there are both positive and negative impacts of Uranium exploration. The study recommends that the Government should involve local communities during establishment of exploration activities in their area. Companies doing exploration should develop and implement the conservation measures to sustain community and conservation activities.
Human-crocodile conflicts in areas adjacent to Lake Rukwa and Momba River, Momba District, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2014) Frank, Zakayo
Conflicts between human and crocodiles are increasing due to increase in human population. The conflicts have significant impacts on both human and crocodile populations. The study focused on assessment of human-crocodile conflicts in areas adjacent to Lake Rukwa and Momba River, Momba District, Mbeya Region Tanzania, for the period of 2003 to 2012. Cross-sectional research design and purposive sampling of villages were used in data collection. A total of 120 households were randomly sampled from four villages of Kamsamba, Senga, Muuyu and Samang’ombe. Data were collected using direct observation, structured interviews, focus group discussions and key informants interview. Simple descriptive statistics, cross tabulations and Chi-square test were used to analyze data. The causes of human-crocodile conflicts identified include: - fishing, crossing rivers, water for domestic use, and bathing/swimming. The main crocodile damage reported were:- killing of people, livestock depredation, injury/deformity to people, damages on fishing nets and crocodiles were blamed to cause threats to people’s life. During the period of 2003 to 2012, a total of 32 people were killed and 19 were injured by crocodiles. On the same period, crocodiles were reported to have killed 52 cattle, 10 dogs and 23 goats. It was found that most crocodile attacks occurred during the wet season from the period of January to March. Overall, many crocodiles attacks on people occurred while they were fishing or crossing rivers. The methods used in solving human-crocodile conflicts involved killing harmful crocodiles, avoiding going near the lake/rivers, digging water wells and providing education to communities on ways of avoiding crocodiles. The study recommends the supply of clean water to villagers of Kamsamba, Senga, Muuyu and Samang’ombe, and bridges to be constructed across rivers where most people pass when going to either side of the rivers.
Factors influencing adoption of soil conservation measures sustainability and socio-economic impacts among small holders farmers in Mbeya rural district, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2014) Seenga, Rehema Barnabas
Soil degradation attributed by erosion threatens agriculture production in many regions of Tanzania, consequently food insecurity and drawback poverty reduction efforts. Though various soil conservation measures (SCM) have been introduced and practiced by farmers, the extent of their adoption and sustainability are not clear. The objective of this study was to assess the factors influencing adoption of soil conservation measures, their sustainability, and socio-economic impacts among small-holder farmers in Mbeya Rural District. Specifically, the study aimed at assessing, quantifying and documenting factors that influence adoption of SCM, farmers’ opinions on sustainability of SCM and the impacts of the existing SCM on crops yields. Shibolya and Usoha Muungano villages in Tembela ward were selected on the basis of SCM project receivers. A sample of 100 smallholder farmers was selected randomly. Primary data were collected through semi structured questionnaire. Secondary data were collected from various documents and sources. Descriptive analysis such as frequencies, cross tabulations, chi-square test were performed, t-test and linear regression were used for yield comparison of adopters and non-adopters and relationship establishment between adopters and socio-economic characteristics of farmers respectively. Results showed significant influence on personal factors (age and education) socio-economic factors (non- farm activities, farm size and fertilizer use), institutional factors (technical support, distance to market and training), biophysical factors (topography, types of soil erosion and soil fertility) among farmers. About 58% of opinions in regards to sustainablility of the SCM required regular soil management, 23% suggested more education on SCM. Adoption of SCM increased farmers’ maize and pyrethrum yield by an average of 27.8% and 26.8% respectively above non-adopters. Thus, SCM have resulted into substantial improvement in farm yields. Educating farmers regularly, consideration of farmers’ opinions and implementation of SCM are recommended.

Browse

Browsing Theses and Dissertations Collection by Issue Date