Theses and Dissertations Collection

Permanent URI for this collectionhttp://10.10.97.169:4000/handle/123456789/57

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Analysis of socio-economic impacts of chome nature reserve to adjacent communities in Same District, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2015) Burenga, Suleman K.
This study was conducted in Same District, Tanzania to assess the socio-economic impacts of Chome nature reserve (CNR) to adjacent communities. Specific objectives were to: determine benefits accrued and cost incurred on management of CNR; analyze coping strategies of the communities for not accessing CNR; and assess the perceptions of adjacent communities on CNR impacts. A total of 120 household respondents were randomly sampled in 4 villages namely Marieni, Kambcni. Mvaa and Ntenga. Data were collected through household survey using a questionnaire, direct observations, focus group discussion, participatory rural appraisal and literature survey. The Statistical package for social science (SPSS) was used to analyze data. Results showed that, 52.5% of respondents responded that water, firewood, and Non -Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) are the benefits accrued and accessible. Approximately 57% of respondents specified the costs such as; high price to purchase forest produces from other sources. long walking distance to access forest produces from other sources, inadequate supply of good quality limber and firewood of high calorific value, high rate of firewood consumption, illegal activities in CNR and other sensitive areas such as rivers. Coping strategies were: agriculture for commercial reported by 40% of respondents, tree planting reported by 29% of respondents, off-farming activities reported by 14.2% of respondents, alternative source of energy and energy saver stoves reported by 10.3% and illegal exploration of natural resources reported by 2.5% of respondents. The variables enhancing the livelihoods and conservation of CNR were;- distance from homesteads to CNR (p < 0.01), income (p < 0.01), land ownership (p < 0.05). In order to enhance net benefits for both conservation of CNR and livelihoods, it is recommended that Government through Tanzania Forest Services (TFS) should strongly involving adjacent communities in management of CNR.
Communities’ climate change adaptive capacity and cost implications in Kilosa district
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2014) Shelukindo, Nassoro Juma
Currently, the concern, among social scientist is to know communities’ capacity to adapt with changing climate and variability. Studies conducted on climate change adaptive capacity and cost estimates associated with adaptation measures are at global level, and were conducted outside Tanzania, in the countries with different environment, economic level, governances, therefore, fail short in reflecting local reality. This study assessed communities’ climatic change adaptive capacity and cost implications in Kilosa district. It was conducted in Ilonga Kwambe, Kisongwe, and Mkundi villages. Household survey and interviewing methods were used in data collection where primary and secondary data were collected. Data were analysed by means of descriptive statistics, mult responses and chi-square analysis. The software used in data analysis was SPSS version 16 and Microsoft excel. The result indicate that most of the attributes used to analyse community adaptive capacity show low, moderate and exceptional was in land size index which shows high adaptive capacity index than the rest. The variations of adaptive capacity between the villages are significant at 1% and 0.5% probability level. The result on adaptation strategies show that there were about 22 adaptation strategies that communities used in the course of adaptation with climate change and variability which vary significantly between the villages at 1% probability level. Adaptation cost was observed to have no greater variation with total cost, in the study area because of low adaptive capacity indexes in various adaptation strategies. The major challenge was in quantification of adaption cost because most of the copping strategies are autonomous.
Biomass, volume and nutrient accumulation by six-year old acacia albi da under agroforestry at Mafiga, Morogoro, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 1988) Okorio, John
The study was conducted to evaluate the suitability of Acacia al bi da for fuelwood and environment fodder at production using Mafiga, Morogoro. agroforestry in a semi-humid The trial was planted in February, 1980 and arranged in a split - plot design with three main plots: 1)Acacia intercropped with maize, 2)Acacia intercropped with beans, and 3)Acacia monoculture cleanweeded. Each mainplotincluded at4 x4 m, planted four tree 5 x spacing subplots, no trees, trees 5 m and 6 x 6 m. The experiment had four replications covering an area of 4.32 ha. In March 1986, thirty trees representing all the diameter classes in the trial content. root harvested and used to determine volume, biomass and nutrient were addition, In di stribution, biomass collected sampleswere macronutrients. eight root systems were excavated to determine and nutrient content. Seventy-two soil from the different treatments and analysed for Data on height, diameter growth and food crop yields (maize and beans) for the past six years was compiled from past records. At the age of the whole neither six years, the mean height and DBH for Acacia al bi da in trial was 8.41 m and 10.7 cm respectively. affected Height growth was by intercropping nor tree spacing, but.diameter growth was affected by tree spacing. Volumeproduction varied from 9.9 to valuesranged 19.6 to 43.1 from 24.9 m3 ha 1 and total biomass tons ha'1 . Intercropping did not (p < 0.05) influence the production of volume and biomass. significantly significantly Spacing,however, biomassproduction with (p < 0.05) influenced both volume and higher volume and biomass under lower spacing and the lowest volume and biomass under the highest spacing. Nutrient concentrations were high and comparable to other tree legumes. Generally,nutrient brushwood,and least concentrations were highest in the foliage and in the stem, with concentrations in the roots and branches being intermediate. for Except the nutrient N, and brushwood roots, The Thenutrient accumulation (4 x 4 m) in Kg ha spacing 57.6, with the Mg and were highest in the stem, least amounts found in the foliage and highest inventory of N was concentrated in the foliage. branches. total accumulations 73.8, Na. in the aerial biomass at the closest were 262.9, N; 39.4 P; 156.7, K; 97.4, Ca; Corresponding values for the below ground . -1 biomass were 85.0; 8.1; 54.3; 23.5; 18.1; and 8.1 Kg ha . Althoughthere were trends of increasing nutrients under the trees the presenceof Acacia trees did not significantly influence the nutrient status of the soil. Food to -1 crop yields varied from 143.2 to 409.7 Kg ha for beans and 343.8 956.0 Kg ha-l for maize. The yield of the food crops were not
Households charcoal consumption, sustainability and its environmental impact in montserrado county, liberia
(2024) Lewis, Emmanuel
The consumption of charcoal is a prevalent practice for many households in Montserrado County, Liberia. Charcoal serves as a primary source of cooking fuel for many families. While charcoal may be a readily available and affordable energy source, its production and consumption have significant environmental and sustainability concerns. The aim of this study was geared towards analyzing the factors influencing household charcoal consumption and the associated negative environmental consequences in Montserrado County, Liberia. Its sole objective was to gather necessary information to aid policy formulation on sustainable charcoal production and consumption in Liberia. Specifically, the study intended to look at the factors influencing households’ charcoal consumption, determine the challenges associated with charcoal consumption in the study area, identify the main sources of energy in the study area, and determine the environmental impacts associated with charcoal consumption. In this study, a Cross- sectional research design was adopted. The sample size was 386 respondents in Montserrado County. Quantitative data were collected and descriptive statistics and regression models were both used with the aid of SPSS (Version 20) in analyzing the data. Findings from the multiple linear regression model showed that household’s education level, number of meals per day, price of charcoal and household size were statistically significant (p < 0.05) associated with household’s charcoal consumption in Montserrado County. Furthermore, respondents identified high price (22.7%), low quality (21.6%) and dirtiness of homes (20%) as main challenges faced in the consumption of charcoal. Moreover, it was evident that increase in household’s charcoal consumption influenced charcoal production. More than half of the respondents (65.5%) strongly agreed that the unsustainable production of charcoal is one of the drivers of deforestation and (25.13%) agreed that the unsustainable production of charcoal also disrupt the soil profile, thus devastating the environment. Based on the findings from this study, to address the challenges posed by high charcoal consumption and its associated adverse environmental impacts, it is crucial to promote sustainable energy practices, increase hydro-electricity power supply, raise awareness about the environmental impact, subsidize the production of energy efficient technologies to reduce charcoal consumption and production, regulate the charcoal industry, and support research and development of alternative cleaner energy technologies such as solar, and briquettes as well as initiating education programs tailored to sustainable charcoal consumption and production in the study area. On the other hand, it is believed that the introduction of Low-cost retort-kiln or Improved Charcoal Production System (ICPS) will help minimize the adverse effects on the environment caused by charcoal production processes. In addition, engaging local communities, offering incentives, and fostering collaborations among stakeholders will further contribute to a more sustainable energy landscape and forest conservation in the region.
Analysis of formal institutions and power relations along timber value chain in Liwale and Ruangwa districts, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2024-05) Magiri, Mary Chuzi
Timber is among rising highly value product worldwide. The utilization of timber can help in promoting jobs to as many people as possible through its value chain. In Tanzania, most past studies conducted on timber value chain concentrated on market analysis and illegal activities that are undertaken along the chain, fewer studies assessed the institutions and power relations along the chain. This study therefore analysed formal institutions and power relations guiding timber value chain in Liwale and Ruangwa districts. The study followed an institutional framework from which a sub framework of legal and regulatory framework was formed. Therefore, a definition provided by Douglass North on institutions was adopted. The study defines institutions as the rules of the game. The study also follows an Actors’ interface framework which was developed by Norman Long an English socialist who studied the behaviours of actors in agriculture value chain context. In the theory, actors in the interface are characterized by discontinuities in interest, values and power. There are however power struggles that cannot be avoided in the actor’s interface but they can be solved through negotiations and accommodations of all stakeholders thinking or ideas. This study was conducted in Liwale and Ruangwa districts located in the southern part of Tanzania. The study adopted an exploratory cross sectional study design, in which qualitative data were collected through in- depth key informant interviews, formal and informal talks with people who are working along the timber value chain, focus group discussion (FGDs), researchers own observations and document reviews. Purposive and simple random sampling were used to select participants for this study. 20 timber dealers, 5 forest officers, 4 TFS agents, 15 members from the VNRCs, 3 representatives from MJUMITA, MCDI and TFCG and 2 representatives from FORVAC were involved in the study. Qualitative data were analysed following six steps of thematic analysis including transcribing interviews into text, going through the text, coding the text, grouping the codes to form themes, reviewing the themes, describing the themes and assessing their relationships. Dedoose platform was used for qualitative data analysis. Findings show that institutions which are the rule and regulations created to guide value chain activities, largely affect the development of timber value chain in Liwale and Ruangwa districts. The government remains to be the sole regulator of the value chain through established rules and regulations. It was also discovered that all actors along the timber value chain in Liwale and Ruangwa districts operate under the same regulatory framework. Furthermore, the study finds that there are power relations that exist among the timber value chain actors in Liwale and Ruangwa districts respectively. These are institutional, strategic and supportive power relations. In addition to that there are power struggles that exists among some of the timber value chain actors. For instance, the forest officers and the Tanzania Forest Service (TFS) agents experience power struggles among themselves this is mainly caused by the desire that these two sides have on getting the revenues collected from the timber dealers when sanctioned. Based on these findings, it is concluded that formal institutions and power relations have a great influence on the development of timber value chain in Liwale and Ruangwa districts. Therefore, the policy makers should include all actors in the timber value chain so as to avoid complaints and power imbalance that comes with the established rules and regulations.
Assessment of socio-economic implications of human-wildlife conflicts in communities adjacent to Nyerere National Park, Morogoro, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2024-05) Simasiku, Ivy Nanvula
Human-wildlife conflicts (HWC) present a pervasive challenge worldwide, particularly in regions adjacent to protected areas. The IUCN (2023) emphasize the importance of effectively managing HWC to achieve the United Nations for Biodiversity 2050. Despite the introduction of various conservation initiatives to mitigate HWC, the success rate remains low. Conservation management strategies have traditionally focused on addressing dispute level of conflicts focusing primarily on the visible impacts of HWC while neglecting the underlying and identity-based conflicts that drives social conflicts of HWC. Apart from neglecting the underlying and identity-based conflicts, hidden costs associated with HWC remain understudied and poorly documented leading to an exclusion from economic evaluations and mitigation policies. Therefore, there is a critical need for up-to-date studies focusing on addressing the social conflicts and the socio-economic implications associated with HWC. Specifically, the study aimed at (i) assessing the nature and extent of HWC (ii) assessing the current intervention strategies employed across the study area, (iii) identifying hidden costs associated with HWC, (iv) quantifying households’ economic implications of hidden and visible costs associated with HWC, and (v) evaluating the socio- demographic predictors influencing respondents’ attitudes towards wildlife conservation. Cross-sectional data were collected through household interviews, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions. Data analysis involved content analysis, descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression analysis. Results revealed that HWC resulted in both social and economic implications. in terms of livelihood, majority of households (78%) were engaged in agricultural farming. However, the nature of damage experienced by respondents exhibited a significant difference (χ2=4.393, df= 1, P<0.05). Predominantly, crop damage emerged as the most prevalent form of conflict, mainly attributed to elephant intrusions. Despite livestock depredation being comparably lower than crop damages, respondents perceived it as highly significant and distressing. Poultry losses constituted the highest proportion, with monkeys identified as the primary perpetrators. The study further delineated HWC across three levels of conflict: dispute, underlying, and identity-based conflicts. The prevalence of conflicts at the dispute level was observed to be lower in comparison to underlying and identity-based conflicts, underscoring the limited scope of addressing conflicts solely at the dispute level within the context of HWC. In addition, dispute and underlying levels of conflict r=0.414, (p<0.05); and underlying and identity-based levels of conflict r=0.535, (p<0.05) both indicated a positive significant correlation indicating that an increase in dispute level of conflict leads to an increase in underlying conflict. Dispute and identity-based levels of conflict showed a not significant correlation r=0.328, (p=0.072). Lethal and non-lethal intervention strategies were employed to mitigate conflicts under dispute level. However, no lethal methods were reported for mitigating livestock depredation. The intervention strategies employed including the utilization of chili pepper, fencing, farm guarding, scare tactics, solar torches, reporting to village leaders, firecrackers, smoke, throwing stones at wild animals, pesticides, and car oil/grease, were employed to alleviate crop damages. Enclosures for livestock, supplementary feeding, solar torches, and herding/guarding practices were employed to mitigate livestock depredation, with varying degree of effectiveness among respondents. Additionally, results revealed that respondents faced several challenges in soliciting assistance from local authorities, wildlife authorities and government authorities, including protracted HWC incident reporting process, lack of consolation payment for damages, exclusionary practices and lack of transparency. The HWC incident reporting process was perceived as a protracted chain, necessitating contacting the village leaders before relevant authorities are notified, thereby intensifying HWC cases within the study area. Exclusionary practices manifested in marginalizing affected communities from participating in decision-making processes concerning conservation and HWC-related issues. Lack of transparency further compounded the issue with majority of respondents being unaware of NGOs operating within their communities in addressing HWC. Furthermore, the study revealed that HWC includes diverse dimensions of hidden costs, including opportunity costs, transaction costs psychological and health impacts. These hidden costs present significant implications, particularly for households reliant on agricultural farming and livestock keeping within the study area. Additionally, both visible and hidden costs associated with HWC pose economic implications stemming from crop damage, livestock depredation, monetary opportunity costs, and transactional expenses, with a total estimated annual economic loss of USD 1 455.53 per household. Nonetheless, no consolation payments were made to mitigate the economic losses incurred by respondents. The following variables were statistically significant in explaining the respondents’ attitudes towards wildlife and conservation, namely: household head age, level of education, household size and HWC experience (X2=24, df=7, p<0.05). Finally, the study therefore concluded that solely focusing on addressing HWC at the dispute level leads to a partial understanding of the overall situation and overlooks social conflicts, potentially resulting in recurring conflicts over time. Furthermore, respondents within the study area are faced with a range of hidden costs associated with HWC that not only include direct financial expenses but also non-monetary impacts such as psychological and health impacts. Therefore, the study advocates for the adoption and implementation of a holistic approach aligned with the Conservation Conflict Transformation Model (CCT) model to effectively address HWC, acknowledging their complexity and fostering cooperation among stakeholders to safeguard wildlife and enhance local livelihoods.
Wood volume and profitability analysis of small-scale tree growers’ woodlots with a gender perspective in Mufindi District, Iringa Region, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2024-05) Palangyo, Irene Emmanuel
The majority of tree plantations in Tanzania consist of softwood species, primarily pines, and cypress, along with preferred hardwood species such as teak and eucalyptus. Small-scale forestry has emerged as a significant and potentially productive segment. Empirical evidence suggests that small-scale forestry constitutes the majority of the total plantation area in the country. While government forests employ a standard practice of selling trees by volume, small- scale growers often opt to sell standing trees without prior measurement. Therefore, it is important to assess this selling practices in order to determine if investments made by small-scale tree growers are profitable. The study aimed to assess the profitability of small-scale tree growers' woodlots, considering gender disparities in the sector, and exploring the economic implications of different selling methods and challenges facing small- scale tree growers. Cross-sectional data were collected through semi-structured interviews. Random sampling was used to select small-scale tree growers’ households for data collection. Data analysis involved descriptive statistics and cost-benefit analysis by using Stata software. The woodlot assessment included inventory work of measuring tree parameters of diameters (Dbh) and heights. Forest inventory data was analyzed by using yield table models in Microsoft Excel. The results of the household survey revealed that investments by small-scale tree growers are profitable. Profitability indicators for those selling standing trees and processing trees for lumber are presented, showing higher values for the later. Gender differences in revenue and profitability indices are observed, with males earning more than females. Moreover, results indicated that small-scale tree growers are potentially experiencing a substantial loss in revenue, profit, and gross profit margin due to the selling method used. When small-scale tree growers sell by observational estimation, they can generate TZS 1.9 million per acre at the age of 11 years. In contrast, selling by volume yields an average of TZS 2.7 million per acre at the age of 11 years. Likewise on the Profit, through selling by volume there is a mean increase in profit of TZS 61155 per acre, and by observational estimation, there is a mean decrease of TZS 42063 per acre. Results also revealed that the key challenges facing small-scale tree growers include fire occurrences and low market prices of trees. About 73% of the respondents reported that fire occurrence is the main challenge in the management of woodlots while 34% reported low prices as a main challenge, followed by 26.30% on marketing. Therefore, processing and adding value to the produced woods tend to significantly increase revenue and profitability. This implies that, small-scale tree growers should prioritize in value addition through processing for increased profitability. In addition, mechanisms for a market shift towards valuing good quality products and promoting sales at longer rotation age should be developed. Small-scale tree growers, with the assistance of the government, should be advised to adopt a standardized method of selling trees based on volume which will allow them to maximize their profit. Further, waiting for the recommended rotation age will ensure a good price and diversification of income sources for small-scale tree growers in Mufindi District. This is crucial because it will reduce the pressure of selling immature stands and accepting low prices. Furthermore, providing continuous education on best management practices, particularly regarding fire safety, is essential.
Local community’s perspectives on trophy hunting and their implications toward people’s welfare: the case of Rungwa Game Reserve
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2024-05) Msigwa, Fenrick Filbert
Trophy hunting in Tanzania plays an important role in wildlife conservation, economic development, and community development. This is despite the current contentious debate based on utilitarian and deontological perspectives across the globe. However, on such contentious topic, the voices of local communities from wildlife-rich countries that are key stakeholders in wildlife conservation, including Tanzania, have largely been unheard. The Rungwa game reserve (RGR) is among the protected areas where the local community’s perspectives on trophy hunting are not well documented. Specifically, the study aimed at (i) assessing local communities’ perceptions and knowledge towards trophy hunting, (ii) determine the costs and benefits of trophy hunting and its implications to community’s livelihood (iii) examine the trend of trophy hunting and its implications to local community’s livelihood. The survey was conducted in November 2021 and February 2022. The in-depth interviews were conducted with selected key informants (n=30) and the questionnaire was administered to 120 sampled respondents. The study used the mixed methods approach to gather all the data required whereby surveys through questionnaires and checklists were used as tools. The Chi-square tests for categorical variables were used to assess the local community knowledge of trophy hunting; Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) was used to determine factors that influenced local community knowledge on trophy hunting. Assessment of local community attitude was performed by using descriptive analysis, while to determine factors influencing local community attitude the Structural Equation Modelling was employed. Assessing the benefits and number of costs perceived by local communities the Welch two sample t-test was used. The GLM with Poisson error distribution were used to assess the factors that influenced the response on cost and benefits of trophy hunting. Perceptions of the trend of trophy hunting activities over the past five years by the local community were assessed by using the Chi- square test, while the trend of the number of tourists and revenue obtained from trophy hunting over the past 14 years were assessed by using scaled GLM with a Poisson error distribution. Generally, the study found that most of the local communities (92%, n = 110) were aware of existing hunting operations around the village lands and game reserves. The study found positive attitudes among local communities toward trophy hunting, only if local people accrue benefits from hunting operations. The community's attitudes towards trophy hunting varied across household size and occupation. Education and household position had an indirect influence on the community’s attitude. The findings revealed that there was a significant higher benefit than cost imposed by trophy hunting activities to local communities living adjacent the RGR (t = 9.27, df = 150.58, p = 0.00). The response of local communities toward benefits and costs from trophy hunting around RGR appeared to be influenced by demographic factors. The perceived trend of trophy hunting from local communities varied significantly (2 = 94.8, df = 3, P < 0.001). The study found that the number of tourists who conducted trophy hunting around RGR decreased significantly over the past ten years (GLM, t =-3.960, P = 0.002), but when assessed against annual revenue collected over the past 14 years, there was an insignificant decrease in annual revenue (GLM, t =-1.482, P = 0.164) of which the key informants revealed that it was caused by reasons like changes of trophy hunting policy, quota prices, and emergency of Covid-19 pandemic. Our findings suggest that local communities value trophy hunting's contributions but weigh them against wildlife costs, with demographics affecting individual perceptions. In conclusion, trophy hunting is important to local communities living adjacent to remote protected areas and banning them may have a significant impact in their livelihood and wildlife conservation.
Contribution of timber and honey on livelihood of communities adjacent to Village Land Forest Reserves in Songea and Liwale Districts, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2024-05) Mlawa, Angela Atilio
Village Land Forest Reserves are recognized as important base for rural community development. Forest products obtained from these forests are essential for improving livelihoods of communities residing close to these forests. This study assessed timber and honey products from two village land forest reserves located in Liwale and Songea Districts to understand at what extent does these products contribute to the improvement of livelihood assets of people living adjacent to these forests and how these products contribute towards improvement of the condition of these forests. The study was guided by the assumption that harvesting of these products from these forests is guided by the presence of robust management plan which indicate the allowable quantity of wood to be harvested, where to be harvested, who should be involved and how the revenue accrued from selling of these products should be ploughed back to reinforce the management of these forests. With regards to honey production it is assumed that local communities have been trained to properly use the forests for beekeeping activities and have been supplied with important facilities to enable them properly harvest and process their honey to meet the market standards of this product. It was important to assess the contribution of forest products on livelihood assets in order to understand the interaction between the livelihood assets to bring the livelihood improvement. Data were collected using household structured questionnaires and focused group discussion. A total of 71 timber dealers’ households (38 in Songea and 33 in Liwale District) and 37 honey dealers’ households (23 in Songea and 14 in Liwale District) were interviewed in this study. Inferential statistical using the binary logistic model and descriptive statistics such as frequency and percentage and also inferential statistics were used to report the results of this study. Results show that there is gain in livelihood assets which have contributed to the livelihood improvement. It was revealed that, physical capital indicators including better education, better health care and food security had significant influence on livelihood of timber and honey dealer as the p-value (p<0.05). Also, savings as an indicator of financial capital had significant influence on the livelihood of honey and timber dealers similarly, training as an indicator in human capital had significant contribution on livelihood of honey and timber dealers, membership status had significant influence on livelihood contribution p<0.05. Factors that contributed to this trend include poor transportation facilities in the forest, lack of market and insufficient modern harvesting and processing tools. Therefore, VLFRs through timber and honey products, have contributed to livelihood improvement of the communities adjacent to forests but more support to the communities adjacent the Village Land Forest Reserves on timber and honey production should be provided so as to build their strong foundation for their livelihood improvement. Policymakers and stakeholders can use these findings to develop interventions for sustainable livelihoods and community development.
Basic density and tracheid length in juvenile and mature wood in pinus patula from southern Tanzania
(Sokoine Univesrity of Agriculture, 1984) Ringo,Winnyston n-jilekiro
Variations in basic density and tracheid length were investigated on wood samples from 27 year old Pinus patula trees grown in Sao Hill, Southern Tanzania. The main objectives of the study were: - to verify variations between and within trees to determine juvenile period and juvenile wood proportion in the stems - to elucidate variations between and within juvenile and mature wood - to relate juvenile wood basic density and tracheid length with those in mature wood. Fifteen sample trees were randomly selected in two similar compartments in Msiwazi sub-management block. 2.5 cm thick disks were extracted from each sample tree at 1.3 m, 4 m, 8 m and 12 m heights. Based on results from a preliminary investigation, data for the following variables were obtained for each second ring from pith to bark following one cardinal direction in each: - ring distance from pith - ring width - latewood band width - ring basic density - earlywood and latewood basic densities - earlywood and latewood tracheid lengths Basic density was computed from oven dry weight and green volume. Tracheid length was measured by the projection technique. Earlywood and latewood tracheid lengths were obtained separately as the mean length of 30 unbroken tracheids. The average of the early wood and latewood tracheid lengths constituted the ring tracheid length.
Value chain analysis of veneer- based engineered wood products in Mufindi District Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2024-05) Mziray, Beatrice Peter
Processing tree logs into veneer-based engineered wood products represents a crucial strategy for enhancing the efficient utilization of forest resources, driven by dynamic factors such as the evolving demand for versatile wood products in the construction industry. This global shift is evident in the heightened market demand for engineered wood products, underscoring the substantial contribution of the forest sector to the economic growth and development of the construction industry worldwide. In Tanzania, wood-based industries play a pivotal role as primary sources of raw materials and intermediate products for both local and international consumption. The escalating production and demand for veneer, plywood, and marine boards in the Mufindi District have prompted an exploration of the potential of Veneer based Engineered Wood Products (VBEWPs) through the value chain, recognizing the importance of this sector in addressing evolving market needs and contributing to economic development. This study aimed to comprehensively map the actors involved in the value chain of veneer-based engineered wood products, analyze their activities, assess the profitability of these actors, evaluate the value added by each participant, and explore challenges encountered throughout the value-added distribution process. A cross-sectional study design was adopted where a total of 152 actors involved in VBEWPs were sampled. Interviews, focus group discussions, and key informant interviews were used to collect data. Descriptive statistics, such as mean, standard deviations, minimum, maximum, and frequencies. The computation of key metrics, including Gross Profit Margin, Value added, and Value added distribution. Additionally, Multiple Response analysis was employed to analyze the challenges within the VBEWPs value chain. Furthermore, the study utilized a linear regression model to explore factors influencing returns on engaging in VBEWPs, providing insights into the opportunities within this value chain. Findings from the study revealed a separate structure within the veneer-based engineered wood products (VBEWPs) value chain, comprising small and large-scale tree growers as the primary actors. Profitability analysis indicated that tree growers, leading in both chains, achieved substantial profits, with percentages of 79.4% and 89.1%. Notably, value addition and distribution were predominantly associated with processors, scoring 90.4% for plywood and 91.83% for marine board. Furthermore, margins in value distribution were leading, with percentages of 60.4% and 68% in both small and large-scale chains. The study revealed actors in the VBEWPs value chain, such as tree growers, brokers, traders, transporters, manufacturers, suppliers, consumers, and regulators. Furthermore, the study identified the main challenges faced by these actors. Challenges such as fire, low prices, livestock invasion, poor infrastructure, limited access to financial services, limited access to improved tree varieties, conflicts among actors, high taxes, and poor electric supply were highlighted by the majority of respondents. The linear regression model results demonstrated that demographic characteristics, specifically age, gender, and marital status, significantly influenced returns on investing in tree growing among tree growers (P<0.05). The study concluded that processing veneer- based engineered wood products is a crucial economic activity that ensures efficient use of resources from plantations, enhances people's lives and reduces the depletion of forest resources. Hence study recommended emphasizing the need for creating conducive environments to strengthen the competitive advantages of local producers in the VBEWPs industry and the significance of cooperative associations for small-scale tree grower chain actors to enhance their profitability and improve production.
Geographical information system and analytical hierarchical process based land use allocation for sustainable natural resource management: The case of Uluguru mountain, Morogoro, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2023) Seja S .M.
The northern part of the Uluguru mountain slope, which falls within Morogoro urban jurisdiction, has been gradually populated and associated with unregulated human activities which has brought negative impacts on the environment. Natural forests are being converted at a rapid rate to farms and settlements which has a negative impact on biodiversity and the ability of the land to be fruitful. In order to have a clearer view of this problem, this study assessed the existing land use of the area for the period of thirty years (1990 to 2020). Images of the years 1990, 2000, 2010 and 2020 were obtained from the United State Geological Survey Website (USGS) and processed by classification and change detection techniques using the Geographical Information System (GIS). The combination of cellular automata and Markov ( CA- Markovic ) model was used to simulate the 2050 LULC of the study area, with images from 2000 and 2010 used to generate a transition probability matrix that aided in the estimation of possible changes, and the 2020 image classification was compared with the simulated 2020 map to validate the model's reliability. The land resources were assessed by using GIS techniques based on various reliable sources of data in raster format to achieve elevation classification, slope, soil, soil moisture index, and land surface temperature to understand the study area for planning purposes. Literature review was used to obtain compatible land uses which could facilitate management of natural resources along the mountain slopes. These proposed land uses obtained were used in a well-structured questionnaire to retrieve expert opinions on the influence of each criteria in allocating land uses at each level of elevation. The influence of criteria as defined by Saaty’s scale on questionnaires was processed by using Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP) to obtain their weight through a comparison matrix, normalization of the matrix, and geometric mean calculation. The expert’s opinions were checked to see if they were consistent by using the consistency index. The geometric mean obtained via the AHP procedure was used in GIS through a weighted overlay process to produce a proposed land use plan that considers expert opinions on sustainable management of natural resources. Assessment of existing LULC revealed that agriculture activities and built-up areas are increasing over time, while forest, closed woodland, and open woodland are decreasing while the simulated LULC of 2050 shows continued depletion of natural vegetation and increased urbanization. Land use allocation of the study area by the integration of AHP and GIS came up with a proposed land use plan compatible for management of natural resources that consists of 50.26%, 19.5%, 17.12%, and 13.15% area coverage of conservation agriculture, agroforestry, settlements, and forest, respectively. From the results, it is clear that there is a significant change in LULC which negatively affects the ecology of the mountain slopes. The increase of agriculture activities and settlements from the year 1990 to 2020 is paralleled by much decreased forest, closed woodland, and open woodland. The land uses suggested via literature review to counteract the situation are agroforestry, conservation agriculture, and forest, while settlements were incorporated due to their existence. Suggested land use allocation for the area based on expert opinions collected by questionnaires reveals that the foothills of the mountain should be utilised for conservation agriculture and settlements, while the highest part of the study area, which is covered by land map units 4 and 5, should be covered more by forest and agroforestry. Based on the findings of this study, it is recommended that land use allocation be used as a tool to facilitate management of natural resources in ecological sensitive areas. The analytical hierarchical process is an effective method in suitability analysis since it involves opinions from stakeholders or experts on judging factors affecting management of natural resources, and the procedure is transparent and can easily be understood, hence it is recommended to be adopted. More research on the proper type of conservation agriculture practice and plants that may be compatible for afforestation is also suggested, but also the reallocation of human activities based on compatible land use. Allowing environmentally friendly activities should be regarded as public interest due to the role of the mountain as a source of water and biodiversity. Hence, for the need of evacuation of settlements to allow environmentally friendly activities, land acquisition should follow Tanzania's land policy instruction.
Assessment of land use conflicts and their management in mount Meru area, Arusha Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2004) Shio, Constantine John
The study was conducted to assess land use conflicts and their management in Mount Meru area of Arumeru District, Arusha Tanzania. The main objective was to study the nature and types of land use conflicts in order to discern the underlying causes and come up with appropriate management approaches to mitigate these conflicts. Primary data were obtained through PRA, discussion with key informants, questionnaire survey and field observations. Secondary data were obtained from the available archive. Multiple linear regression model was used as a tool for analysis. About 91.9% and 92.7% of respondents indicated that land is not enough for crop production and livestock grazing respectively. Moreover, 32.0% of respondents indicated that conflicts emanate from grazing illegally in the forest. Among the factors involved in regression model, big number of livestock had positive influence on illegally grazed livestock (p = 0.01). About 18.0% of respondents indicated conflicts emanating from farm boundaries, and 16.0% indicated conflict resulting on encroachment into forest and wildlife reserves. 14.0% indicted conflicts emanating from illegal tree cutting from forest reserves for household use and selling, while 11.0% and 9.0% indicated other sources of conflicts e.g. Poaching and illegal fuel wood collection respectively. Finally the study recommended that big herds, which are fed under free-range could be sold and replaced with few stall-fed improved cattle breed. Further, optimization of home gardens productivity can be achieved by planting as many crops in limited space available and use of improved good quality seeds and fertilizers. It is also recommended that formal education and promotion of environmental education be used to create resource conservation awareness. Where appropriate government should redistribute abandoned big farms to landless people and finance part of the establishment costs for people migrating to spacious districts. Further, Management Plans should address the concept of Joint Resource Management
Economic valuation of recreation use value of Kilimanjaro National Park, Tanzania.
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2014) Ngunyali, Robert H.
Tanzanian authorities managing environmental resources and services have made efforts to set the fees to access their resources. However still there is scanty information on the pricing strategy that consider both the value of the resources and the consumer’s perception on quality of services. This study focused on using Travel Cost Method to value recreation in Kilimanjaro National Park. Data were collected using questionnaire survey, key informants interviews and secondary materials. The questionnaire used for survey was designed to capture socio - demographic variables of visitors, travel cost component variable and data on visitor’s perception on the quality of services provided during a visit to KINAPA. With the sample size of 384, the data generated from the survey was modeled with Poisson model. Based on this econometric results, consumer surplus per day of stay in the park was 925 182 TZS (USD 571.10), the mean visitor willingness to pay per day of a visit was 837 280.80 TZS (USD 516.84), the total recreation value of the park was estimated to be 314 165 955 200 TZS (USD 193 929 602) per one calendar year and the revenue maximizing entry fee for the park was estimated to be 90 396 TZS (USD 55.8). Moreover, the findings indicated that variables such as travel costs, available recreation income, age, employment status and the quality perception were significant and have an influence on the number of days a visitor stays in the park. More economic valuation research on recreation use value is recommended to other National Parks since clear understanding of the value of existing natural resource trigger the proper management and allocation of resources.
Cost-based economic valuation of Mindu dam water provision service and its dependency to Morogoro municipality, Tanzania
(Sokoine university of agriculture, 2022) Raphael, Antidius
Accessible domestic water is a recognized basic human right. Reduced supply of water causes high financial and social costs. This study used cost-based valuation approaches to estimate the economic value of Mindu Dam water provision to Morogoro Municipality. It focused on assessing water accessibility, estimating the degradation cost and the replacement cost of water provision. It involved both quantitative and qualitative data that were analysed by descriptive statistics and content analysis respectively. The study found that 80% of respondents depend on non-public water sources (boreholes, wells, rainwater and other sources), lacking metered connections to portable water as compared to 20% with access to metered connections. Due to pollution, the municipality loses about 1 168 756 011 TZS per year for water treatment while the public suffer from sanitation and hygienic problems as social costs due to inappropriate water supply. By using boreholes alternative, the replacement cost of Mindu Dam is 64 074 304 515.07 TZS in the investment year and 39 828 547 584 TZS per year thereafter. The water supply across the study area was insufficient and partly unaffordable with increasing costs of water treatment that are not accounted for decision-making. Finally, the study recommends to the government and relevant authorities to make use of the economic analyses and valuation data to refine decision making to manage sustainably natural ecosystems for water provision to avoid degradation and the due socio-economic costs and loses.
Nature-based income generating activities as livelihood coping and biodiversity conservation strategies in the Uluguru mountains in Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2021) Kadigi, Willickister Reuben
A study was conducted in Uluguru Mountains, Tanzania to investigate to what extent Nature-based Income Generating Activities (NIGAs) have served as effective livelihood and biodiversity conservation strategies in the study area. The specific objectives were to: a) assess the perceptions of local communities regarding the role of different NIGAs as livelihood coping and biodiversity conservation strategies, b) evaluate the economic viability of two highly ranked NIGAs, and c) evaluate factors influencing the adoption of NIGAs in the study area. The Kendall‘s Coefficient of Concordance (W) - Kendall‘s tau, the Spearman correlation - Spearman‘s rho, and Likert scale methods were used as metrics of perception. Viability of NIGAs was evaluated using the Costs and Benefits Analysis (CBA) approach with NPVs, BCRs, and IRR applied as decision criteria. The factors influencing NIGA adoption were evaluated using the Generalized Linear Binary Probit (GLBP) model - Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA), and Discriminant Function Analysis (DFA). The Kendall‘s, W statistic suggested that to some extent, the respondents agreed with each other about the rankings of NIGAs though not at a super high extent. The null hypothesis that the respondents did not agree among themselves about the NIGAs that are potential as livelihood and biodiversity conservation strategies was therefore rejected. Based on the Spearman‘s rho and Kendall‘s tau statistics, the study failed to reject the null hypothesis that the NIGAs adopted by smallholder farmers in the study area were interrelated. The results of both Likert-type and Likert scale data analyses yielded similar results suggesting that the communities in the study area moderately reduced their reliance on timber products from the UFR. The hypothesis of improved biodiversity conservation was therefore accepted. The viability analysis yielded positive NPVs for both agroforestry and beekeeping projects at discount rates not higher that 8.2% and 8.5% respectively. In terms of IRR however, beekeeping was slightly more efficient than agroforestry. Overall, agroforestry was more profitable than beekeeping in terms of NPV and BCR criteria. The results of GLBP model, MANOVA, and DFA revealed that farmland location (whether close or far from homestead), major source of capital (whether sale of farm products and assets or other sources), and type of household based on the sex of household head (whether female or male –headed household) exerted the most influence over smallholder farmers’ decision to adopt NIGAs. Based on the study findings, the following recommendations are drawn: a) policy makers and development partners should understand the real needs and priorities of target communities prior to the implementation of NIGA projects to enhance livelihoods and biodiversity conservation; b) smallholder farmers need support from the government and other development partners through training and they need to be inspired to shift from orthodox farming to sustainable NIGAs, such as, agroforestry and beekeeping; and c) policy directions to benefit smallholder farmers in mountain areas should establish a strong linkage between gender equality and pro-nature agendas. Future research is recommended on: a) viability of NIGAs using a combination of empirical models and judgment to predict future discount rates and evaluate correlation of results; and b) using time series data to investigate the determinants of NIGA adoption as this facilitates the capacity to model and predict related processes. This study used cross-sectional data.
Recession farming practices and their linkages to hydro-climatic risks in the Kilombero valley
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2022) Fwaya, Neshafati
The Kilombero valley has national, regional and international importance due to its proximity to water supplies, fertile soils and flat landscape. About 80% of its population engages in agricultural production to fight poverty and food insecurity. Besides population expansion, Kilombero Valley is vulnerable to drought and flood risks due to climate variability and change. The current study assessed recession farming practices in relation to hydro-climatic risks reduction. Specifically the study focused on characteristics of recession farming practices, its contribution to mean annual household income, variation of water in the valley and farmers’ perception on climatic risks associated with water. Primary data were collected through interview and Focus Group Discussion. Hydrological data were obtained from RBWB. The quantitative data were analysed by using descriptive analysis, independent t-test and trend analysis while content analysis was used to deduce theme from data obtained by Focus Group Discussion. The study revealed that recession farming has crucial role in hydro-climatic risk reduction especially in the dry season. It ensures the availability of 1322.02 Kg/ha of maize and rice when food from rain-fed agriculture becomes limited. Recession farming ranked as the second contributor of mean annual household income (556 316.66 TZS) after rain-fed agriculture (686 366.67 TZS). The valley experiences downward trend of water flow with spatial-temporal variation. Farmers are aware on hydro-climatic risks and be able to develop copping strategies. The study recommends the government to monitor the implementation of Agricultural Sector Development Strategy – II that aims to facilitate the accessibility of agricultural inputs and market infrastructure by smallholders.
Assessment of edible wild mushrooms value chain and its contribution to livelihoods improvement in Mbinga and Songea districts, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2021) Mavindi, Dorice Clement
Tanzania is one of the countries endowed with high forest diversity in the world. Miombo woodland which influence availability of wild mushroom makes up 90% of all forested land in Tanzania. Despite advantages of edible wild mushroom in contribution to individual livelihoods there is insufficient information on actors and their linkages in edible wild mushroom value chain, and contribution of edible wild mushroom to livelihood improvement. This study assessed edible wild mushrooms value chain and its contribution to livelihoods improvement in Songea and Mbinga disricts, Tanzania. The study identifies species of wild mushroom available in study area, mapped actors along edible wild mushroom value chain, roles of actors in value addition and assessed contribution of edible wild mushroom to livelihood improvement in the study area. Six sampled plots were used for inventory. 30 collectors as sample were randomly selected for the study. Data were collected through questionnaire survey, focus group discussions, mushrooms’ inventory, and direct observation. Data were analyzed by descriptive and content analysis. In study total of 42 wild mushroom species were recorded and edible wild mushroom weighted. On average about 4.13 kg of mushroom were collected per plot in 1 hector which means individuals are able to generate income of 4130 up to 10 352 TZS per plot. The prices per kg ranged from 1000 to 2500 for fresh mushroom while for dried mushroom 10 000 up to 12 000 TZS. The value chain of edible wild mushroom in study areas consists collectors and consumers as key actors. Generally, value chain is dominated by women (73.3%) while men comprise of only 26.7%. Collectors collects mainly Amanita, Russula, Cantharellus and Lactarius species. Collection of edible wild mushrooms is done one day up to seven days per week, selection of species to be collected depending on availability, preferences, and storage possibility. The mushrooms that were sold are fresh and dried, 60.0% of respondents sold fresh mushrooms, 33.3% both dried and fresh and 6.7% dried. Edible wild mushroom contributes to livelihood for those engaged in collections and trade as it provides alternative income for accessing social services but also can boost others productive activities. Edibility of the mushroom was identified mainly using local indicators. Training on domestication and preservation was identified as key for increasing commercialization of the product.
Assessment of woody resource and management potentials for improved livelihood in Kitumbi village lands forest resource, Tanga, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2021) Mwilenga, Anthony Bonifasi
This study aimed at assessing the contribution of woody resource and its management in improving the livelihood of community surrounding Kitumbi VLFR in Tanga, Tanzania. Specifically, the study aimed at assessing the woody resources available in Kitumbi VLFR; the effectiveness of the governance structure in managing Kitumbi VLFR and contribution of wood lands in improving livelihood of the surrounding communities of Kitumbi VLFR. Forest inventory was done to collect data on forest stock while data related to socio-economics and forest governance were obtained through household survey and key informant interviews. The results showed the stand parameters in terms of the number of stems per ha (N), basal area per ha (G) and tree volume per ha (V) of woody resource available in Kitumbi VLFR were 395±88, 5.11 ± 0.65 m 2 /ha and 45.14 ± 7.04 m 3 /ha respectively of 54 tree species belonging to 20 plant families. The forest was typical miombo but unhealthy. In 10 years, Kitumbi VLFR has contributed revenue estimated to amount to TZS 5 782 407 from 1140 pcs equivalent to 55.03 m 3 of timber of various species. The study established further that there are large woodland areas within the village, which are used as agricultural expansion areas, these woodlands within agricultural land contributed 27 percent to the total household income in the study area. Also, the result revealed the existence of ineffective forest governance with governance.
The socio–economic impacts of land-use and land-cover changes in lake Rukwa valley, Rukwa Region, Tanzania.
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2021) Nicholaus, Mchome
Lake Rukwa valley is endowed with various natural resource such as wetland, Lake Rukwa, Ilemba and, Mbizi forest reserve, Rukwa and Uwanda game reserve with abundant helium gas which has been recently discovered. Presence of these natural resource leads to a number of challenging factors which underpin sustainable management and utilization of natural resources. The objective of this study was to identify land-use cover practice and socio-economic activities, to analyse the land-cover changes (LCC) and to determine the influence of LULCC on the socio-economic activities in Lake Rukwa Valley. Random sampling was employed in this study by interviewing 30 households in each village of the four chosen villages of Ilanga, Mtowisa B, Kisa and Ilemba B. Sampling frame were drawn from village book registry, key informant, focus group discussion and interviews with governments official and village leaders. Data were collected using semi-structured questionnaire with an open-ended question while land-use and land-cover changes were determined using satellite imagery for the two epoch of 1995 to 2020 years. The imagery downloaded were analyzed using computer Arc View program with a combination of GIS programs while socio-economic data associated with LULCC were analyzed using descriptive statistics was applied to obtain frequencies and percentages, then cross-tabulation was performed, chi-square test was used to determine the significance level between the data obtained and the trend of land use and land cover changes in Lake Rukwa Valley. The results revealed that there is significant changes in land-use classes at a study area as p <0.05, therefore study concluded that there is a long term association between land-use and land-cover changes in Lake Rukwa Valley. Thus the study recommended that, there is a need of policy makers, district land planner’s to take measure in maintaining sustainable resource utilization to minimize and maintain land cover changes in Lake Rukwa Valley.

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