Theses and Dissertations Collection

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Alternative pricing mechanism of teak forest plantation saw-logs in Tanzania
(Sokoine University Of Agriculture., 2007) Chamuya, Nuru-Kauye Athuman
The main objective of the study was to analyze the various pricing mechanisms that can be used in setting prices for teak saw-logs and the prevailing market characteristics influencing prices in Tanzania. Primary data on the factors influencing auctioning and stumpage appraisal and, teak saw-logs production and trading costs were collected through questionnaires and field observations from Mtibwa and Longuza teak forest plantations, FBD head offices and inners of the various auctions conducted between 1998/1999 and 2005/2006 in the country. The visited stakeholders also provided data on the royalty fee and ublic auctioning stumpage values of the teak saw-logs. Secondary data were obtained from various reports and documents. From the data collected, the appraisal stumpage values of the teak saw-logs were calculated and, ompassions were made between royalty fee, public auctioning and appraisal stumpage value pricing mechanisms to know which one among the three generates more revenues to the teak saw-logs producers and, what market structure favours each pricing mechanism. The results of the study indicate that the Tanzania government’s effort to generate more revenues through selling her teak saw-logs by public auctioning instead of royalty fee has significantly increased revenues. However, conditions that favour pure competitive market structure, in which public auctioning operates effectively are lacking. The study further found out that there is a significant difference among the stumpage values of the logs obtained through royalty fee, public auctioning and appraisal stumpage value pricing mechanisms. For example, in the last auctioning (2005/2006) conducted at Mtibwa plantation forest the royalty fee and public auction stumpage values of the teak saw-logs were TAS 55 759/m3 and TAS 108 000/m3 respectively; while, the appraisal stumpage value of the same logs was TAS 219,000/m3. This shows that the royalty fee stumpage value was 51% of the public auctioning stumpage value and only 25% of the appraisal stumpage value. The auctioning stumpage value was only 41% of the appraisal stumpage value. However, the appraisal stumpage value was 73% of the FOB price (TAS 300 000/m3) of the 2005/2006 auctioned teak saw-logs. This information shows that the appraisal stumpage value of the teak saw-logs has the highest value compared to royalty fee and public auctioning pricing mechanisms and, it estimates the timber value at production site closer to its market value. Therefore, in order to generate more income through timber selling the government of Tanzania could consider charging her timber by applying the appraisal stumpage value pricing mechanism. It is ommended to use the appraisal stumpage values as a floor price when auctioning publicly timber and, a review of the training syllabus for certificate and diploma courses to incorporate the application of stumpage appraisal timber pricing echanism, which many foresters are not conversant with.
Analysis of drivers and economic consequences of wetland degradation along Ruvu Riverine in Coastal Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2017) Liberath, G.
The current study intended to analyse the drivers, communities’ awareness and economic consequences of wetland degradation to local population living along the Ruvu riverine in Morogoro rural and Kibaha districts. The study deployed a number of methodologies including household questionnaire survey, interview, focus group discussion and review of satellite images of land use change in the riverine to collect data. Data were analysed using Statistical Software for Social Science, content analysis, Land Ecosystem Disturbance Adaptive Processing System and ArcGIS 10 software. The findings from satellite imagery analysis indicate the prevalence of wetland degradation within the study area. Findings from field survey show that livestock grazing is the main cause of wetland degradation accounting for 53% (n=122) of the degradation, arable farming was ranked as the second most prominent driver accounting for 48% (n=122), brick making was ranked as the third significant driver contributing 46% (n=122) and fishing was ranked as the fourth prominent driver contributing 39%. The findings also revealed that the majority of the respondents were mostly aware of direct benefits of wetlands. About 75% of the respondents confirmed that floods are the main consequence of wetland degradation in the area. The findings show further, that the local community perceive wetland degradation as having great negative effects on their economic status especially with regards to accessing food and generating income. Furthermore, independent variable was able to explain about 33.2 % of the variation in the dependent variable. The study concludes that anthropogenic activities associated with low awareness on values of wetland significantly results to wetland degradation which has serious economic costs to the local communities and the government. The study recommends that awareness on the direct and indirect benefits of wetlands and proper land use practices should be raised among the communities to enable proper use of wetlands.
Analysis of economic determinants for households involvement in fishing for livelihoods in Coastal villages of Bagamoyo district, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2014) Mfinanga, Heavensophy
This study was undertaken to analyse economic determinants for households involvement in fishing for livelihoods in coastal villages of Bagamoyo District. Specifically, trend in the number of fishers for ten years in coastal villages were determined, factors influencing household decision to be involved in fishing were examined and household income structure was analysed. Three villages were randomly selected and thirty households were randomly selected from each village. Primary data were collected through questionnaire, checklist and Focused Group Discussion. Qualitative data were analysed using content analysis while quantitative data were analysed by descriptive statistics, binary logistic model and ANOVA. Results indicate the trend on the number of fishers was increasing over the years. Binary logistic model result reveal significant factors that were negatively influencing households decision to be involved in fishing at p<0.05 are alternative income generating activities, access to credit, land size, organisation participation and education while household size had positive influence. Perceived influential factors were family business, available fish market, short time of earning income, small initial capital and free access of water bodies. Furthermore, results show that 72.2% of the households’ were involved in fishing. Results showed that fishing was the major source of income to household as it contributes (45.3%) to overall households income which is greater than income from other sources, which are wage labour agriculture and petty business. Overall annual average income was 1 065 420 per household whereby fishing had larger mean (TZS 482 220) than other income sources. ANOVA results indicate average annual income from fishing per household was statistically significant higher than other sources at p<0.05. The study concludes that alternative income sources, income from available sources and credit access are key areas for concern. The study recommends promotion of alternative income generating activities, accessible credit facilities and encourages organisations formation.
Analysis of factors influencing the consumption of honey in Mwanza City, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2017) Okick, R.
Beekeeping practice in Tanzania contributes to foreign earnings, employment, food and industrial raw materials. This study was stimulated by the increased tendency of honey consumption in urban centers of Tanzania. However there was little information on present quantity consumed and factors influencing the choice for honey consumption in Mwanza City. Specifically, the study determined the present quantity consumed, examined factors influencing the choice for consumption and forecasted the demand of honey for year 2020 through 2025. Purposive sampling was used to select three strata based on residential cost categories and random sampling technique was employed in selecting 120 households with 40 households from each stratum. Both descriptive and quantitative statistics were used. Binary Logistic Regression was used in modeling the choice for honey consumption, and income demand and population models were used in forecasting future demand of honey in the study area. The results show that total annual quantity of honey consumption was 423 871.8 kg and per capital consumption was 0.6 kg in 2014. Binary Logistic Regression results show that, taste and preference, natural healing characteristic and freeness of cholesterol and dangerous sugar contents and education level of household head were significant at 5% (P< 0.05) influencing the consumption of honey in the study area. The estimated consumption income elasticity was 0.312 and the forecasted market demand for honey is expected to reach approximately 824.4 and 1,742.5 tons in 2020 and 2025 per year, respectively. The study concludes that honey is consumed in the study area and adjustment in each one of the significant variables can significantly influence the probability of household choice for honey consumption in the study area. The study recommends awareness creation on the benefits of honey, develop mechanism for traceability and promote beekeeping activity.
Analysis of formal institutions and power relations along timber value chain in Liwale and Ruangwa districts, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2024-05) Magiri, Mary Chuzi
Timber is among rising highly value product worldwide. The utilization of timber can help in promoting jobs to as many people as possible through its value chain. In Tanzania, most past studies conducted on timber value chain concentrated on market analysis and illegal activities that are undertaken along the chain, fewer studies assessed the institutions and power relations along the chain. This study therefore analysed formal institutions and power relations guiding timber value chain in Liwale and Ruangwa districts. The study followed an institutional framework from which a sub framework of legal and regulatory framework was formed. Therefore, a definition provided by Douglass North on institutions was adopted. The study defines institutions as the rules of the game. The study also follows an Actors’ interface framework which was developed by Norman Long an English socialist who studied the behaviours of actors in agriculture value chain context. In the theory, actors in the interface are characterized by discontinuities in interest, values and power. There are however power struggles that cannot be avoided in the actor’s interface but they can be solved through negotiations and accommodations of all stakeholders thinking or ideas. This study was conducted in Liwale and Ruangwa districts located in the southern part of Tanzania. The study adopted an exploratory cross sectional study design, in which qualitative data were collected through in- depth key informant interviews, formal and informal talks with people who are working along the timber value chain, focus group discussion (FGDs), researchers own observations and document reviews. Purposive and simple random sampling were used to select participants for this study. 20 timber dealers, 5 forest officers, 4 TFS agents, 15 members from the VNRCs, 3 representatives from MJUMITA, MCDI and TFCG and 2 representatives from FORVAC were involved in the study. Qualitative data were analysed following six steps of thematic analysis including transcribing interviews into text, going through the text, coding the text, grouping the codes to form themes, reviewing the themes, describing the themes and assessing their relationships. Dedoose platform was used for qualitative data analysis. Findings show that institutions which are the rule and regulations created to guide value chain activities, largely affect the development of timber value chain in Liwale and Ruangwa districts. The government remains to be the sole regulator of the value chain through established rules and regulations. It was also discovered that all actors along the timber value chain in Liwale and Ruangwa districts operate under the same regulatory framework. Furthermore, the study finds that there are power relations that exist among the timber value chain actors in Liwale and Ruangwa districts respectively. These are institutional, strategic and supportive power relations. In addition to that there are power struggles that exists among some of the timber value chain actors. For instance, the forest officers and the Tanzania Forest Service (TFS) agents experience power struggles among themselves this is mainly caused by the desire that these two sides have on getting the revenues collected from the timber dealers when sanctioned. Based on these findings, it is concluded that formal institutions and power relations have a great influence on the development of timber value chain in Liwale and Ruangwa districts. Therefore, the policy makers should include all actors in the timber value chain so as to avoid complaints and power imbalance that comes with the established rules and regulations.
Analysis of potential socio-economic incentives for management of Kondoa rehabilitated areas Dodoma, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2015) Chami, Avit Alex
Communities need motivation in order to effectively participate in environmental conservation. However, potential socio-economic incentives for improving environmental conservation and livelihoods of communities surrounding Kondoa Rehabilitated Areas (KRA) are poorly known. The aim of this study was to analyze potential socio-economic incentives for effectively and sustainably improving environmental conservation and livelihoods of the communities surrounding KRA. The cross-sectional research design was employed. Simple random sampling technique was used to select 30 respondents from each of the four study villages, making a total of 120 respondent households. The study villages were Mafai, Ntomoko, Kalamba-Juu and Kalamba-Chini. Data were collected using questionnaires, focus group discussion and interviews. Ms-Excel and SPSS 20.0 computer programs were used to analyze data. Both descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were carried out. The findings revealed that 91% of respondents reported main socio-economic incentives available in KRA being provision of tree seedlings, fertilizer, improved seeds, beekeeping inputs and education programs. Binary logistic regression analysis indicated that statistically significant factors influencing adoption of socio-economic incentives in KRA are awareness (P < 0.01), land size owned (P < 0.05) and education level (P < 0.05). Roles of socio-economic incentives in improving conservation were improved afforestation, source of energy, controlled human activities and increased awareness. The study further revealed that 61% of the total annual household income was accrued from practicing activities related to socio-economic incentives. Chi-square test revealed that contribution of socio-economic incentive to total household income was statistically significant at P < 0.05. It was concluded that identified socio-economic incentives had a great potential of adoption in KRA. Beekeeping, tree seedlings and education programs were found to be statistically useful in both improving environmental conservation and livelihoods of KRA surrounding communities. The studyiii recommends capacity building interventions and incorporation of socio-economic incentives in national biodiversity strategies and environmental conservation policy frameworks.
Analysis of socio-economic and environmental effects of urban fish farming in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2016) Kyelu, Anitha
This study was conducted to analyze socio-economic and environmental effects of urban fish farming in Dar es Salaam. Gross Margin was used to determine the profitability of urban fish farming. Results indicate that urban fish farming are operating profitably. The gross margin obtained by tilapia farmers ranges from TZS 658 000/= to 2 515 350/= per pond per production cycle. While gross margin obtained by African catfish farmers ranges from TZS 3 750 000/= to 9 590 000/=. Contribution of urban fish farming on household income was determined. Results indicated that urban fish farming had 7% contribution to total household income. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the effect of urban fish farming on employment creation. The findings showed that 86.7% of urban fish farming household reported to use hired labour for their fish production. Effects of urban fish farming on household food security were determined. Results indicated that urban fish farming play an important role to the household food security because of its provision of high-quality food, generation of household incomes for buying other kind of foods and available food supply to markets. Effect of urban fish farming on environment was assessed and the findings showed that threats and stress of the ecosystem caused by violation of environmental rules and values together with land and water pollution resulting from lack of proper drainage system are the two major effect of urban fish farming on the environment. In conclusion, urban fish farming in general face a number of constraints that hinder the development of sustainable and profitable fish farming. This study has recommended that the constraints need to be addressed by involving government, researchers and private parties in establishing sustainable and profitable urban fish farming in Dar es Salaam.
Analysis of socio-economic impacts of chome nature reserve to adjacent communities in Same District, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2015) Burenga, Suleman K.
This study was conducted in Same District, Tanzania to assess the socio-economic impacts of Chome nature reserve (CNR) to adjacent communities. Specific objectives were to: determine benefits accrued and cost incurred on management of CNR; analyze coping strategies of the communities for not accessing CNR; and assess the perceptions of adjacent communities on CNR impacts. A total of 120 household respondents were randomly sampled in 4 villages namely Marieni, Kambcni. Mvaa and Ntenga. Data were collected through household survey using a questionnaire, direct observations, focus group discussion, participatory rural appraisal and literature survey. The Statistical package for social science (SPSS) was used to analyze data. Results showed that, 52.5% of respondents responded that water, firewood, and Non -Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) are the benefits accrued and accessible. Approximately 57% of respondents specified the costs such as; high price to purchase forest produces from other sources. long walking distance to access forest produces from other sources, inadequate supply of good quality limber and firewood of high calorific value, high rate of firewood consumption, illegal activities in CNR and other sensitive areas such as rivers. Coping strategies were: agriculture for commercial reported by 40% of respondents, tree planting reported by 29% of respondents, off-farming activities reported by 14.2% of respondents, alternative source of energy and energy saver stoves reported by 10.3% and illegal exploration of natural resources reported by 2.5% of respondents. The variables enhancing the livelihoods and conservation of CNR were;- distance from homesteads to CNR (p < 0.01), income (p < 0.01), land ownership (p < 0.05). In order to enhance net benefits for both conservation of CNR and livelihoods, it is recommended that Government through Tanzania Forest Services (TFS) should strongly involving adjacent communities in management of CNR.
Assessment of community’s participation in conservation of open spaces in Dar es salaam city, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2015) Hassan, Ahmad
Open spaces in cities like Dar es Salaam are facing problem of encroachments and conversion for residential and or commercial land uses. Many studies have been done to address the failure of the “top-down approach” by the government authorities and recommended participation and empowerment of local community around the open spaces. However, the state of awareness, perceptions and willingness of local community towards participation in conservation of open spaces (COSP) was still not known. This study therefore intended to assess households’ awareness and perceptions towards COSP, with a particular focus on their willingness to participate in COSP. Data was collected using structured households’ survey questionnaire, key informants interviews, focus group discussions and participatory observation at Mkunguni, Minazini, Sharifushamba and Charambe mitaa in Kinondoni and Ilala municipalities, Dar es Salaam city. Quantitative data were analysed using Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) while qualitative data were analysed using content analysis. Results show that majority of the respondent were aware on the types and functions of recreational parks, sports grounds and playing fields compared to other types of open spaces. Majority (67.5%) were aware of Urban Planning Act as enforcing tool while about 94% denied collaboration from statutory bodies in COSP. About 95% and 70.8% perceived that, conservation of open spaces is costing but also beneficent respectively while 73.3% perceived that, existing open spaces have poor quality. Using cross tabulations and regression analysis the result revealed that, 55.8% of the respondents were willing to participate in COSP. Perceived quality, perceived benefits, education and duration of residence were the factors positively influenced households willingness in conservation of open spaces. It is recommended that the modalities should be sought to empower and take into consideration the local community’s interest in conservation of open spaces.
Assessment of edible wild mushrooms value chain and its contribution to livelihoods improvement in Mbinga and Songea districts, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2021) Mavindi, Dorice Clement
Tanzania is one of the countries endowed with high forest diversity in the world. Miombo woodland which influence availability of wild mushroom makes up 90% of all forested land in Tanzania. Despite advantages of edible wild mushroom in contribution to individual livelihoods there is insufficient information on actors and their linkages in edible wild mushroom value chain, and contribution of edible wild mushroom to livelihood improvement. This study assessed edible wild mushrooms value chain and its contribution to livelihoods improvement in Songea and Mbinga disricts, Tanzania. The study identifies species of wild mushroom available in study area, mapped actors along edible wild mushroom value chain, roles of actors in value addition and assessed contribution of edible wild mushroom to livelihood improvement in the study area. Six sampled plots were used for inventory. 30 collectors as sample were randomly selected for the study. Data were collected through questionnaire survey, focus group discussions, mushrooms’ inventory, and direct observation. Data were analyzed by descriptive and content analysis. In study total of 42 wild mushroom species were recorded and edible wild mushroom weighted. On average about 4.13 kg of mushroom were collected per plot in 1 hector which means individuals are able to generate income of 4130 up to 10 352 TZS per plot. The prices per kg ranged from 1000 to 2500 for fresh mushroom while for dried mushroom 10 000 up to 12 000 TZS. The value chain of edible wild mushroom in study areas consists collectors and consumers as key actors. Generally, value chain is dominated by women (73.3%) while men comprise of only 26.7%. Collectors collects mainly Amanita, Russula, Cantharellus and Lactarius species. Collection of edible wild mushrooms is done one day up to seven days per week, selection of species to be collected depending on availability, preferences, and storage possibility. The mushrooms that were sold are fresh and dried, 60.0% of respondents sold fresh mushrooms, 33.3% both dried and fresh and 6.7% dried. Edible wild mushroom contributes to livelihood for those engaged in collections and trade as it provides alternative income for accessing social services but also can boost others productive activities. Edibility of the mushroom was identified mainly using local indicators. Training on domestication and preservation was identified as key for increasing commercialization of the product.
Assessment of land use conflicts and their management in mount Meru area, Arusha Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2004) Shio, Constantine John
The study was conducted to assess land use conflicts and their management in Mount Meru area of Arumeru District, Arusha Tanzania. The main objective was to study the nature and types of land use conflicts in order to discern the underlying causes and come up with appropriate management approaches to mitigate these conflicts. Primary data were obtained through PRA, discussion with key informants, questionnaire survey and field observations. Secondary data were obtained from the available archive. Multiple linear regression model was used as a tool for analysis. About 91.9% and 92.7% of respondents indicated that land is not enough for crop production and livestock grazing respectively. Moreover, 32.0% of respondents indicated that conflicts emanate from grazing illegally in the forest. Among the factors involved in regression model, big number of livestock had positive influence on illegally grazed livestock (p = 0.01). About 18.0% of respondents indicated conflicts emanating from farm boundaries, and 16.0% indicated conflict resulting on encroachment into forest and wildlife reserves. 14.0% indicted conflicts emanating from illegal tree cutting from forest reserves for household use and selling, while 11.0% and 9.0% indicated other sources of conflicts e.g. Poaching and illegal fuel wood collection respectively. Finally the study recommended that big herds, which are fed under free-range could be sold and replaced with few stall-fed improved cattle breed. Further, optimization of home gardens productivity can be achieved by planting as many crops in limited space available and use of improved good quality seeds and fertilizers. It is also recommended that formal education and promotion of environmental education be used to create resource conservation awareness. Where appropriate government should redistribute abandoned big farms to landless people and finance part of the establishment costs for people migrating to spacious districts. Further, Management Plans should address the concept of Joint Resource Management
Assessment of socio - economic and ecological values of halfmile strip buffer zone to the adjacent communities of Kilimanjaro National Park
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2018) Aloyce, B. T.
In many developing countries people have viewed buffer zones as a way to accommodate the needs of national parks and other categories of wildlife protected areas and in sustaining livelihoods of the local communities living adjacent to these protected areas. This study was done from September 2015 to April 2016 in eight villages adjacent to Kilimanjaro National Park in order to assess the impacts of annexing Kilimanjaro Half Mile Forest Strip (HMFS) to KINAPA. Household survey questionnaires, key informants interview, focus groups discussion, field observations and secondary data from different sources were used to collect information. The data were analyzed using SPSS computer programme, Graph Pad InStat and descriptive statistics. The findings revealed that 64% of respondents reported that they get firewood from their own home gardens and only 25% from HMFS. It was further observed that collection of fodder and firewood is performed by women while beekeeping activities are undertaken by men. Further, approximately 35% of respondents mentioned water to be the most significant ecological value and the forest cover has declined from 47.14% to 12.14% the period between year 2001 to 2014. Nearly 63% of respondents revealed poor relationship with the park management. Local community’s livelihoods were perceived to be affected by the new management of HMFS, which denied them accessibility to forest products and water services. Thus, from this study, annexation of HMFS had a positive impact to KINAPAs ecosystem and negatively affected neighbouring local community socio-economically. The study recommend communities to be allied with eco-tourism to minimize dependence on natural resources only.
Assessment of socio-economic implications of human-wildlife conflicts in communities adjacent to Nyerere National Park, Morogoro, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2024-05) Simasiku, Ivy Nanvula
Human-wildlife conflicts (HWC) present a pervasive challenge worldwide, particularly in regions adjacent to protected areas. The IUCN (2023) emphasize the importance of effectively managing HWC to achieve the United Nations for Biodiversity 2050. Despite the introduction of various conservation initiatives to mitigate HWC, the success rate remains low. Conservation management strategies have traditionally focused on addressing dispute level of conflicts focusing primarily on the visible impacts of HWC while neglecting the underlying and identity-based conflicts that drives social conflicts of HWC. Apart from neglecting the underlying and identity-based conflicts, hidden costs associated with HWC remain understudied and poorly documented leading to an exclusion from economic evaluations and mitigation policies. Therefore, there is a critical need for up-to-date studies focusing on addressing the social conflicts and the socio-economic implications associated with HWC. Specifically, the study aimed at (i) assessing the nature and extent of HWC (ii) assessing the current intervention strategies employed across the study area, (iii) identifying hidden costs associated with HWC, (iv) quantifying households’ economic implications of hidden and visible costs associated with HWC, and (v) evaluating the socio- demographic predictors influencing respondents’ attitudes towards wildlife conservation. Cross-sectional data were collected through household interviews, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions. Data analysis involved content analysis, descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression analysis. Results revealed that HWC resulted in both social and economic implications. in terms of livelihood, majority of households (78%) were engaged in agricultural farming. However, the nature of damage experienced by respondents exhibited a significant difference (χ2=4.393, df= 1, P<0.05). Predominantly, crop damage emerged as the most prevalent form of conflict, mainly attributed to elephant intrusions. Despite livestock depredation being comparably lower than crop damages, respondents perceived it as highly significant and distressing. Poultry losses constituted the highest proportion, with monkeys identified as the primary perpetrators. The study further delineated HWC across three levels of conflict: dispute, underlying, and identity-based conflicts. The prevalence of conflicts at the dispute level was observed to be lower in comparison to underlying and identity-based conflicts, underscoring the limited scope of addressing conflicts solely at the dispute level within the context of HWC. In addition, dispute and underlying levels of conflict r=0.414, (p<0.05); and underlying and identity-based levels of conflict r=0.535, (p<0.05) both indicated a positive significant correlation indicating that an increase in dispute level of conflict leads to an increase in underlying conflict. Dispute and identity-based levels of conflict showed a not significant correlation r=0.328, (p=0.072). Lethal and non-lethal intervention strategies were employed to mitigate conflicts under dispute level. However, no lethal methods were reported for mitigating livestock depredation. The intervention strategies employed including the utilization of chili pepper, fencing, farm guarding, scare tactics, solar torches, reporting to village leaders, firecrackers, smoke, throwing stones at wild animals, pesticides, and car oil/grease, were employed to alleviate crop damages. Enclosures for livestock, supplementary feeding, solar torches, and herding/guarding practices were employed to mitigate livestock depredation, with varying degree of effectiveness among respondents. Additionally, results revealed that respondents faced several challenges in soliciting assistance from local authorities, wildlife authorities and government authorities, including protracted HWC incident reporting process, lack of consolation payment for damages, exclusionary practices and lack of transparency. The HWC incident reporting process was perceived as a protracted chain, necessitating contacting the village leaders before relevant authorities are notified, thereby intensifying HWC cases within the study area. Exclusionary practices manifested in marginalizing affected communities from participating in decision-making processes concerning conservation and HWC-related issues. Lack of transparency further compounded the issue with majority of respondents being unaware of NGOs operating within their communities in addressing HWC. Furthermore, the study revealed that HWC includes diverse dimensions of hidden costs, including opportunity costs, transaction costs psychological and health impacts. These hidden costs present significant implications, particularly for households reliant on agricultural farming and livestock keeping within the study area. Additionally, both visible and hidden costs associated with HWC pose economic implications stemming from crop damage, livestock depredation, monetary opportunity costs, and transactional expenses, with a total estimated annual economic loss of USD 1 455.53 per household. Nonetheless, no consolation payments were made to mitigate the economic losses incurred by respondents. The following variables were statistically significant in explaining the respondents’ attitudes towards wildlife and conservation, namely: household head age, level of education, household size and HWC experience (X2=24, df=7, p<0.05). Finally, the study therefore concluded that solely focusing on addressing HWC at the dispute level leads to a partial understanding of the overall situation and overlooks social conflicts, potentially resulting in recurring conflicts over time. Furthermore, respondents within the study area are faced with a range of hidden costs associated with HWC that not only include direct financial expenses but also non-monetary impacts such as psychological and health impacts. Therefore, the study advocates for the adoption and implementation of a holistic approach aligned with the Conservation Conflict Transformation Model (CCT) model to effectively address HWC, acknowledging their complexity and fostering cooperation among stakeholders to safeguard wildlife and enhance local livelihoods.
Assessment of the contribution of non-timber forest products to household food security and income around Baga catchment forest in Lushoto district, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2015) Shemnga, Twaha Abeid
A study was carried out to assess the contribution of Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) to household food security and income generation in villages surrounding Baga catchment forest in Lushoto District, Tanzania. Specifically, the study aimed at assessing the common NTFPs utilized by households in the study area, examining socio-economic factors influencing household members accessibility to NTFPs, evaluating the contribution of NTFPs to household food security and income. The study used a sample size of 120 respondents selected randomly from Mziasaa, Sagara, Baga and Malomboi villages. A structured questionnaire was administered for primary data collection. Secondary data of NTFPs collection and crop production were collected from District Forest Office and District Agricultural Office respectively. Data analyzed by using SPSS software. Descriptive and inferential statistics were determined. Inferential statics were employed whereas linear regression analysis was used to determine the socio-economic factors influencing collection of NTFPs and pair t test were used to compare various income from NTFPs and other sources Results showed that: there was significant increase of NTFPs collection in the villages which surround Baga catchment forest over the period. Results also showed that there was positive relationship between collection of NTFPs and some socio-economic variable including household size, age, education, occupation and duration in years of staying in the area. Non-Timber Forest Products accounted for 100.0% of all respondents in the villages; however they also engaged in other production activities. It also indicates that NTFPs are utilized either directly or indirectly as solution to food insecurity and low incomes among the households. Results further showed that income from selling NTFPs is higher than from other sources such as selling agricultural produce, selling livestock, business, labour wages and employment in the study area. The study recommends that the government should employ more forest officers and provide education on direct economic importance of NTFPs.
Assessment of volume, biomass and carbon stock of cashewnuts trees in Liwale District, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2016) Mlagalila, Humphrey E.
Estimation of individual tree volume and biomass is important for assessing removal of green house gases potential of the cashew trees and therefore provide a useful tool for the emerging carbon credit market mechanisms. The aim of this study was to estimate volume and biomass stocks of Anacardiumoccidentale L. grown in Coast Regions, Tanzania. Woodlots inventory data were collected from Liwale and Kisarawe districsts in Lindi and Coast regions respectively. A total of 45 cashew trees of varying dimensions were sampled for the study, covering a Dbh range between 2 and 89 cm. Non-linear models were used to regress observed biomass of stems, branches, twigs, total aboveground and below ground against Dbh or a combination of Dbh and total tree height, similar approach was applied to estimate cashew tree volume. Farm area was measured with the aid of GPS, and in the established plot of 0.008ha, tallest tree, medium and shortest tree heights were measured, for other trees only Dbh was measured. Four model forms (MFs) were fitted using data from 45 trees. MF 1 and 2 with one parameter variable (Dbh and Dbh2) were recommended. Biomass stocks for aboveground was estimated using equation AGB = Exp(-0.1684+0.8873lnDbh2) where R2, RMSE, RSE was 82.68%, 359.2 and 0.4738 respectively. Below ground, BBG=Exp(-2.3765 + 0.9394lnDbh2) where R2, RMSE and RSE was 85.53%, 54.7319, 0.4675 respectively; and total tree volume was estimated using equation V= Exp(-9.4111 + 2.6044lnDbh) where R2, RMSE and RSE was 84.35%, 3.593, and 0.6477 respectively. Biomass stocks from these tree components were converted to C stocks assuming 47% of biomass is C. Carbon stock was 34.41 4.96tC/ha, and the stand volume was found to be 48.88 11.67m3/ha. Developed models are recommended for use in similar site, conditions and species.
Assessment of woody resource and management potentials for improved livelihood in Kitumbi village lands forest resource, Tanga, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2021) Mwilenga, Anthony Bonifasi
This study aimed at assessing the contribution of woody resource and its management in improving the livelihood of community surrounding Kitumbi VLFR in Tanga, Tanzania. Specifically, the study aimed at assessing the woody resources available in Kitumbi VLFR; the effectiveness of the governance structure in managing Kitumbi VLFR and contribution of wood lands in improving livelihood of the surrounding communities of Kitumbi VLFR. Forest inventory was done to collect data on forest stock while data related to socio-economics and forest governance were obtained through household survey and key informant interviews. The results showed the stand parameters in terms of the number of stems per ha (N), basal area per ha (G) and tree volume per ha (V) of woody resource available in Kitumbi VLFR were 395±88, 5.11 ± 0.65 m 2 /ha and 45.14 ± 7.04 m 3 /ha respectively of 54 tree species belonging to 20 plant families. The forest was typical miombo but unhealthy. In 10 years, Kitumbi VLFR has contributed revenue estimated to amount to TZS 5 782 407 from 1140 pcs equivalent to 55.03 m 3 of timber of various species. The study established further that there are large woodland areas within the village, which are used as agricultural expansion areas, these woodlands within agricultural land contributed 27 percent to the total household income in the study area. Also, the result revealed the existence of ineffective forest governance with governance.
Attitude, adoption and economic potentials of Agroforestry in Kilosa district, Morogoro region - Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2014) Luumi, Fransisca
Agroforestry have been proposed as the solution to the prevailing deforestation and land deterioration in developing countries like Tanzania. This study aimed at determining farmer’s attitude, adoption and economic potentials of agroforestry practices in Kilosa District. Specifically it was intended to describe agroforestry systems and technologies, examining the level of attitudes towards agroforestry, identifying socio-economic factors influencing agroforestry adoption and estimating costs and benefits of agroforestry. Primary data were collected using structured questionnaire which was administered to a random sample of 120 households in four villages while data from key informants were collected using checklist. Secondary data from various sources were used to supplement the primary data. Data were analysed using Excel Software where cost benefit analysis was generated and Statistical Package for Social Sciences where descriptive statistics, factor analysis and logistic model were generated. Results revealed that agroforestry systems practiced were agrosilvopastoral and agrosilvicultural arranged in mixed intercropping, boundary planting and homegardens. The majority of the respondents had a positive attitude towards; commercialization (90%), land resource conservation (89%) and land productivity (82%). Farm labour force, attitude towards; land productivity, commercialization and land resource conservation significantly influenced adoption of agroforestry at P <0.05. The selected agroforestry systems were economically viable at discount rate of 10% and on average had positive Net Present Value of 3,309,680Tshs, Benefit Cost Ratio of 1.6 and Internal Rate of Return was 73% indicating the worth of investing in agroforestry. Conclusively respondents appreciated the contribution of agroforestry in meeting the diverse needs to uplift their socio-economic status. The study suggested that the government and development agencies should strengthen education, training and agroforestry extension programs. Further, agroforestry disseminators should improve the benefits of agroforestry since high attitude towards agroforestry were due to the respondents’ perception that investment in agroforestry was associated with more benefits than costs.
Basic density and tracheid length in juvenile and mature wood in pinus patula from southern Tanzania
(Sokoine Univesrity of Agriculture, 1984) Ringo,Winnyston n-jilekiro
Variations in basic density and tracheid length were investigated on wood samples from 27 year old Pinus patula trees grown in Sao Hill, Southern Tanzania. The main objectives of the study were: - to verify variations between and within trees to determine juvenile period and juvenile wood proportion in the stems - to elucidate variations between and within juvenile and mature wood - to relate juvenile wood basic density and tracheid length with those in mature wood. Fifteen sample trees were randomly selected in two similar compartments in Msiwazi sub-management block. 2.5 cm thick disks were extracted from each sample tree at 1.3 m, 4 m, 8 m and 12 m heights. Based on results from a preliminary investigation, data for the following variables were obtained for each second ring from pith to bark following one cardinal direction in each: - ring distance from pith - ring width - latewood band width - ring basic density - earlywood and latewood basic densities - earlywood and latewood tracheid lengths Basic density was computed from oven dry weight and green volume. Tracheid length was measured by the projection technique. Earlywood and latewood tracheid lengths were obtained separately as the mean length of 30 unbroken tracheids. The average of the early wood and latewood tracheid lengths constituted the ring tracheid length.
Biomass, volume and nutrient accumulation by six-year old acacia albi da under agroforestry at Mafiga, Morogoro, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 1988) Okorio, John
The study was conducted to evaluate the suitability of Acacia al bi da for fuelwood and environment fodder at production using Mafiga, Morogoro. agroforestry in a semi-humid The trial was planted in February, 1980 and arranged in a split - plot design with three main plots: 1)Acacia intercropped with maize, 2)Acacia intercropped with beans, and 3)Acacia monoculture cleanweeded. Each mainplotincluded at4 x4 m, planted four tree 5 x spacing subplots, no trees, trees 5 m and 6 x 6 m. The experiment had four replications covering an area of 4.32 ha. In March 1986, thirty trees representing all the diameter classes in the trial content. root harvested and used to determine volume, biomass and nutrient were addition, In di stribution, biomass collected sampleswere macronutrients. eight root systems were excavated to determine and nutrient content. Seventy-two soil from the different treatments and analysed for Data on height, diameter growth and food crop yields (maize and beans) for the past six years was compiled from past records. At the age of the whole neither six years, the mean height and DBH for Acacia al bi da in trial was 8.41 m and 10.7 cm respectively. affected Height growth was by intercropping nor tree spacing, but.diameter growth was affected by tree spacing. Volumeproduction varied from 9.9 to valuesranged 19.6 to 43.1 from 24.9 m3 ha 1 and total biomass tons ha'1 . Intercropping did not (p < 0.05) influence the production of volume and biomass. significantly significantly Spacing,however, biomassproduction with (p < 0.05) influenced both volume and higher volume and biomass under lower spacing and the lowest volume and biomass under the highest spacing. Nutrient concentrations were high and comparable to other tree legumes. Generally,nutrient brushwood,and least concentrations were highest in the foliage and in the stem, with concentrations in the roots and branches being intermediate. for Except the nutrient N, and brushwood roots, The Thenutrient accumulation (4 x 4 m) in Kg ha spacing 57.6, with the Mg and were highest in the stem, least amounts found in the foliage and highest inventory of N was concentrated in the foliage. branches. total accumulations 73.8, Na. in the aerial biomass at the closest were 262.9, N; 39.4 P; 156.7, K; 97.4, Ca; Corresponding values for the below ground . -1 biomass were 85.0; 8.1; 54.3; 23.5; 18.1; and 8.1 Kg ha . Althoughthere were trends of increasing nutrients under the trees the presenceof Acacia trees did not significantly influence the nutrient status of the soil. Food to -1 crop yields varied from 143.2 to 409.7 Kg ha for beans and 343.8 956.0 Kg ha-l for maize. The yield of the food crops were not
Challenges facing sugarcane supply to Mtibwa Factory: empirical evidence from Mtibwa Sugarcane Outgrowers Scheme, Morogoro, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2018) Bakari, H.
This study intended to assess challenges facing supply of outgrowers sugarcane to Mtibwa factory in Morogoro, Tanzania using a sample of 210 respondents. The main objective was to investigate problems leading to low supply of cane from outgrowers. Specifically the study aimed to (i) Investigate factors affecting farm level productivity,(ii) Analyze sugarcane outgrowers technical efficiency, (iii) Determine profitability of sugarcane production among outgrowers and (iv) Examine constraints facing sugarcane outgrowers. Cobb-Douglas stochastic frontier with technical efficiency effect was used to estimate factors affecting sugarcane productivity, technical efficiency and factors affecting efficiency. Outgrowers profitability was estimated by Net Present Value (NPV) analysis. Stochastic production function estimates showed that; factor affecting sugarcane productivity were 0.02, 1.2e-3, and 0.78 for capital, labour and land respectively. Findings also showed that the mean technical efficiency was 53.75%. Furthermore; the results showed that the factors affecting efficiency levels positively were age, farming experience, non-farm activities, marital status and household size. Profitability analysis from calculated values of NPV was positive thus it can be concluded that the business was profitable. Major problems faced by outgrowers included late payments, low price, high service charges and lack of transparency in calculating rendement and sugarcane weight.