Theses and Dissertations Collection

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Basic density and tracheid length in juvenile and mature wood in pinus patula from southern Tanzania
(Sokoine Univesrity of Agriculture, 1984) Ringo,Winnyston n-jilekiro
Variations in basic density and tracheid length were investigated on wood samples from 27 year old Pinus patula trees grown in Sao Hill, Southern Tanzania. The main objectives of the study were: - to verify variations between and within trees to determine juvenile period and juvenile wood proportion in the stems - to elucidate variations between and within juvenile and mature wood - to relate juvenile wood basic density and tracheid length with those in mature wood. Fifteen sample trees were randomly selected in two similar compartments in Msiwazi sub-management block. 2.5 cm thick disks were extracted from each sample tree at 1.3 m, 4 m, 8 m and 12 m heights. Based on results from a preliminary investigation, data for the following variables were obtained for each second ring from pith to bark following one cardinal direction in each: - ring distance from pith - ring width - latewood band width - ring basic density - earlywood and latewood basic densities - earlywood and latewood tracheid lengths Basic density was computed from oven dry weight and green volume. Tracheid length was measured by the projection technique. Earlywood and latewood tracheid lengths were obtained separately as the mean length of 30 unbroken tracheids. The average of the early wood and latewood tracheid lengths constituted the ring tracheid length.
Biomass, volume and nutrient accumulation by six-year old acacia albi da under agroforestry at Mafiga, Morogoro, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 1988) Okorio, John
The study was conducted to evaluate the suitability of Acacia al bi da for fuelwood and environment fodder at production using Mafiga, Morogoro. agroforestry in a semi-humid The trial was planted in February, 1980 and arranged in a split - plot design with three main plots: 1)Acacia intercropped with maize, 2)Acacia intercropped with beans, and 3)Acacia monoculture cleanweeded. Each mainplotincluded at4 x4 m, planted four tree 5 x spacing subplots, no trees, trees 5 m and 6 x 6 m. The experiment had four replications covering an area of 4.32 ha. In March 1986, thirty trees representing all the diameter classes in the trial content. root harvested and used to determine volume, biomass and nutrient were addition, In di stribution, biomass collected sampleswere macronutrients. eight root systems were excavated to determine and nutrient content. Seventy-two soil from the different treatments and analysed for Data on height, diameter growth and food crop yields (maize and beans) for the past six years was compiled from past records. At the age of the whole neither six years, the mean height and DBH for Acacia al bi da in trial was 8.41 m and 10.7 cm respectively. affected Height growth was by intercropping nor tree spacing, but.diameter growth was affected by tree spacing. Volumeproduction varied from 9.9 to valuesranged 19.6 to 43.1 from 24.9 m3 ha 1 and total biomass tons ha'1 . Intercropping did not (p < 0.05) influence the production of volume and biomass. significantly significantly Spacing,however, biomassproduction with (p < 0.05) influenced both volume and higher volume and biomass under lower spacing and the lowest volume and biomass under the highest spacing. Nutrient concentrations were high and comparable to other tree legumes. Generally,nutrient brushwood,and least concentrations were highest in the foliage and in the stem, with concentrations in the roots and branches being intermediate. for Except the nutrient N, and brushwood roots, The Thenutrient accumulation (4 x 4 m) in Kg ha spacing 57.6, with the Mg and were highest in the stem, least amounts found in the foliage and highest inventory of N was concentrated in the foliage. branches. total accumulations 73.8, Na. in the aerial biomass at the closest were 262.9, N; 39.4 P; 156.7, K; 97.4, Ca; Corresponding values for the below ground . -1 biomass were 85.0; 8.1; 54.3; 23.5; 18.1; and 8.1 Kg ha . Althoughthere were trends of increasing nutrients under the trees the presenceof Acacia trees did not significantly influence the nutrient status of the soil. Food to -1 crop yields varied from 143.2 to 409.7 Kg ha for beans and 343.8 956.0 Kg ha-l for maize. The yield of the food crops were not
Tropical rainforest deforestation, biodiversity benefits and sustainable landuse: analysis of economic and ecological aspects related to the Nguru mountains, Tanzania.
(Agricultural University of Norway, 1995) Monela, Gerald C.
Monela, G.C. 1995: Tropical rainforest deforestation, biodiversity benefits and sustainable landuse: Analysis of economic and ecological aspects related to the Nguru mountains, Tanzania. Doctor Scientiarum Theses 1995:27, ISSN 0802-3220. The threat to the rainforest in the Nguru mountains due to landuse problems is serious. Because of the strong link between agriculture and forest degradation, any attempt to alleviate ecological problems must to a large extent address agricultural-related landuse problems. The primary objective of this study is to analyze the possibilities for sustainable integrated management of land-based resources and ecological conservation in the Nguru mountains in order to improve the living standard of the people and preserve the tropical rainforest in the area. More specifically, landuse practices are analyzed and micro-economic analysis is used to evaluate the efficiency in resource use. Mathematical programming is applied in an empirical case study to examine the impact on deforestation pressure, of agriculture, population pressure and risk. It is also used to formulate economically efficient farm plans at household farm level in order to analyze the potential for improving people’s income and resource use. The study is presented in form of three reports titled as follows: Report 1. Rainforest degradation and landuse in the Nguru mountains, Tanzania: Analysis of socio-economic and ecological aspects. Report 2. Analysis of the use of tropical rainforest species and evaluation of buffer zones and other control mechanisms in preserving the tropical rainforest adjacent to Mhonda village in the Nguru Mountains, Tanzania. Report 3. Socio-economic analysis of deforestation of tropical rainforests as a consequence of agriculture productivity, risks and population growth: A case study of Mhonda village in the Nguru mountains, Tanzania. Results show that several interrelated factors are main driving forces for landuse problems which enhance deforestation pressure in the Nguru mountains. These include poverty, growing population, increased domestic demand, lack of knowledge, and risk. The effect of these factors is enhanced by market and government failures which are partly influenced by demands external to the country. These factors must be considered to improve farming practices and landuse, prevent excessive use of the rainforest, and reduce deforestation pressure and degradation. No single solution exist for these landuse problems, yet the insights gained through the analysis done provide information to alleviate the situation.
Mlimbiko as an indigenous sustainable woodland resource management system in Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 1999) Maenda, Elice Jonathan
A survey on woodland resource indigenous management system was carried out in lowland areas of Same District, Tanzania. Interest in this study was promoted by the recognition that although there is an increasing number of studies on indigenous silvo- pastoral agroforestry systems, no studies have concentrated on the role of mlimbiko in the development of the indigenous silvo-pastoral agroforestry systems. The purpose of this study was to assess the mlimbiko as a traditional knowledge that has maintained sustainable woodland resource management. Data and information for the study were collected through interviews of 90 households in six sub-villages. The study results reveal that the study area had two agro-ecological zones: the semi arid lowlands and the relatively high rainfall highlands. There are two main activities identified in the area which are livestock keeping in the semi-arid lowlands and farming in the humid highlands. In order to cope with environmental hostility the local people have developed survival strategies the key ones being the mlimbiko and the malambo. The major problems faced by local people were low rainfall, shortage of forest resources, fodder, and water. The mlimbiko seeks to conserve and maximise fodder supply, particularly during the dry season. The malambo is a water conservation technique. These strategies are based on well known strict rules. The mlimbiko and the malambo embody a wealth of indigenous knowledge, which has been passed from generation to generation together with woodland and water resources. The mlimbiko and the malambo, however, are facing a lot of challenges such as the increased human and livestock population, decreasing site productivity and uncertainty in land tenure. The conclusion drawn from this study was that the successful use of mlimbiko system in natural resource management will depend on clearly defined ownership pattern, beneficiaries, the specific period of time of conserving the area, and the intended end use of the resource.
Socio-economic analysis of pitsawing in traditional agroforestry systems: a case study of Moshi rural district
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 1999) Elimsu, Kway Sanford
A socio-economic analysis of pitsawing in the traditional agroforestry systems was conducted in Moshi Rural District of Kilimanjaro Region in Tanzania. The specific objectives were: to estimate the productivity of local pitsawyers; to estimate the cost and benefits involved in pitsawing; to assess reservation prices of trees in the farm lands; to assess contribution of pitsawing to local economies and to identify the constraints facing pitsawyers in the area. Data were collected from six randomly selected villages by administering both structured and semi-structured questionnaires and by physical measurements. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was the computer programme used to analyze the data. Results showed that majority of the pitsawyers originated within Kilimanjaro Region. Most of these pitsawyers had less than ten years of experience and they have-an additional income from agriculture, livestock and petty businesses. The average income for a pitsawyer amounted to 173 500 Tsh/month with 77 500 Tsh orginating from pitsawing (about 44.7%). The study revealed the total inputs of 70 609 Tsh/mJ and output of 109 750 Tsh/m3 with a profit of 39 141 Tsh/m3. an economic productivity (sales price/total costs) of 1.6 and sawnwood productivity of 0.1 m3/manday. However pitsawing was found to be profitable to both the pitsawyer and pitsawyers employers. On the basis of the synthesis of these findings it is recommended that: there is an urgent need to review pitsawing practices to make them compatible with sustainable management, the sawnwood from pitsawyers should be evaluated consistently to determine their long-term sustainability in supply to meet the ever increasing demands, encouragement of utilization of general utility sawntimber and lesser- utilized tree species such as Rauvolfia caffra and Persea americana, the Chagga agroforestry systems should be introduced to other suitable areas of the country and to other people. Also the following were recommended for further research: more research on the general properties and uses of various indigenous hardwood tree species to provide more information to the users, more research on traditional agroforetry systems which will include the ecological and silvicultural aspects such as planting techniques, regeneration and tree breeding of various indigenous tree species.
Assessment of land use conflicts and their management in mount Meru area, Arusha Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2004) Shio, Constantine John
The study was conducted to assess land use conflicts and their management in Mount Meru area of Arumeru District, Arusha Tanzania. The main objective was to study the nature and types of land use conflicts in order to discern the underlying causes and come up with appropriate management approaches to mitigate these conflicts. Primary data were obtained through PRA, discussion with key informants, questionnaire survey and field observations. Secondary data were obtained from the available archive. Multiple linear regression model was used as a tool for analysis. About 91.9% and 92.7% of respondents indicated that land is not enough for crop production and livestock grazing respectively. Moreover, 32.0% of respondents indicated that conflicts emanate from grazing illegally in the forest. Among the factors involved in regression model, big number of livestock had positive influence on illegally grazed livestock (p = 0.01). About 18.0% of respondents indicated conflicts emanating from farm boundaries, and 16.0% indicated conflict resulting on encroachment into forest and wildlife reserves. 14.0% indicted conflicts emanating from illegal tree cutting from forest reserves for household use and selling, while 11.0% and 9.0% indicated other sources of conflicts e.g. Poaching and illegal fuel wood collection respectively. Finally the study recommended that big herds, which are fed under free-range could be sold and replaced with few stall-fed improved cattle breed. Further, optimization of home gardens productivity can be achieved by planting as many crops in limited space available and use of improved good quality seeds and fertilizers. It is also recommended that formal education and promotion of environmental education be used to create resource conservation awareness. Where appropriate government should redistribute abandoned big farms to landless people and finance part of the establishment costs for people migrating to spacious districts. Further, Management Plans should address the concept of Joint Resource Management
Effect of human activities on composition and regeneration of woody species in Morogoro fuelwood reserve, Morogoro, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2007) Singo, Ijumaa Kombo Mcharo
Morogoro Fuelwood Reserve (MFR) is a productive forest under the management of Mvomero district and Morogoro Municipal Authority. The reserve has been modified through human activities. The aim of this study was to investigate effect of human activities on composition and regeneration of woody species in MFR. Seventy four plots each with an area of 0.07 hectare were systematically established in 10 transects. Socio- economic data obtained through household (5%) interviews using structured questionnaire, informal discussion and direct observations in the village of Wami Sokoine and Maili kumi na nane & Mawasiliano streets. Microsoft excel software was used to analyse the quantitative data for forest parameters, while SPSS program, content and structural-functional analytical tools applied on socio-economic data. A total of 52 woody species belonging to 18 families were identified. The three most dominant tree species in terms of their IVI were Combretum molle, Sclerocary birrea, and Pteleopsis myritifolia. Tree stocking was 403 stems ha –1 while basal area and volume were 2.12m 2 ha –1 and 9.58m 3 ha –1 respectively. On average there were 7 233 stems ha -1 of regenerants. Combretum molle had higher regeneration potential in the reserve. The Shannon Wierner (2.7293) and Simpson (0.0705) Indices were reasonably average. Chi- square test showed that charcoal making, firewood collection, livestock grazing and wild fire were the major human activities that cause significant degradation of forest resources in the MFR. Logistic regression analysis revealed that the socio-economic factors that significantly influence demand for forest resources and subsequent degradation of the MFR are household size, cropping system, mode of farm preparation, average income, mode of livestock keeping and distance to sources of forest products. The study concludes that, although tree species richness and diversity are on average high, the MFR has been affected by activities of the adjacent human communities, which is shown by reduced wood stocks, basal area and volume. It is recommended that there should be regular assessment and monitoring to maintain ecological and environmental integrity of this reserve.
Alternative pricing mechanism of teak forest plantation saw-logs in Tanzania
(Sokoine University Of Agriculture., 2007) Chamuya, Nuru-Kauye Athuman
The main objective of the study was to analyze the various pricing mechanisms that can be used in setting prices for teak saw-logs and the prevailing market characteristics influencing prices in Tanzania. Primary data on the factors influencing auctioning and stumpage appraisal and, teak saw-logs production and trading costs were collected through questionnaires and field observations from Mtibwa and Longuza teak forest plantations, FBD head offices and inners of the various auctions conducted between 1998/1999 and 2005/2006 in the country. The visited stakeholders also provided data on the royalty fee and ublic auctioning stumpage values of the teak saw-logs. Secondary data were obtained from various reports and documents. From the data collected, the appraisal stumpage values of the teak saw-logs were calculated and, ompassions were made between royalty fee, public auctioning and appraisal stumpage value pricing mechanisms to know which one among the three generates more revenues to the teak saw-logs producers and, what market structure favours each pricing mechanism. The results of the study indicate that the Tanzania government’s effort to generate more revenues through selling her teak saw-logs by public auctioning instead of royalty fee has significantly increased revenues. However, conditions that favour pure competitive market structure, in which public auctioning operates effectively are lacking. The study further found out that there is a significant difference among the stumpage values of the logs obtained through royalty fee, public auctioning and appraisal stumpage value pricing mechanisms. For example, in the last auctioning (2005/2006) conducted at Mtibwa plantation forest the royalty fee and public auction stumpage values of the teak saw-logs were TAS 55 759/m3 and TAS 108 000/m3 respectively; while, the appraisal stumpage value of the same logs was TAS 219,000/m3. This shows that the royalty fee stumpage value was 51% of the public auctioning stumpage value and only 25% of the appraisal stumpage value. The auctioning stumpage value was only 41% of the appraisal stumpage value. However, the appraisal stumpage value was 73% of the FOB price (TAS 300 000/m3) of the 2005/2006 auctioned teak saw-logs. This information shows that the appraisal stumpage value of the teak saw-logs has the highest value compared to royalty fee and public auctioning pricing mechanisms and, it estimates the timber value at production site closer to its market value. Therefore, in order to generate more income through timber selling the government of Tanzania could consider charging her timber by applying the appraisal stumpage value pricing mechanism. It is ommended to use the appraisal stumpage values as a floor price when auctioning publicly timber and, a review of the training syllabus for certificate and diploma courses to incorporate the application of stumpage appraisal timber pricing echanism, which many foresters are not conversant with.
The contribution of palm craft materials to household income in western lowland zone
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2007) Sekiete, Elinipa Mnzava
This study was designed to determine the contribution of palm craft materials to household income in Western lowland zone of Mwanga district. Data was collected by social economic survey and field inventory. The social economic survey involved interviewing sampled respondents in households, sellers and customers of palm craft materials and products in the market place and discussion with focus groups. Information gathered was type of species, quantity harvested, type of products produced, uses and marketing of palm craft materials and produced products. Field inventory was also conducted to get the estimates of the available palm craft materials in Kileo forest reserve and in general land. Data from social economic survey were analysed by using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) computer programme. Field inventory data were analysed using Microsoft Excel computer programme. The study has revealed that palm craft materials have significant contribution (P<0.01) to household income compared to other economic sources in the four villages of Kileo ward. Palm craft materials contributed 56 % of total household income while crops, business and livestock contribute 21 %, 15 % and 8 percent respectively. Market of palm craft products was not good. It was also observed that the amount of palm craft material harvested was lower than what both Kileo forest reserve and in general land could supply. It was recommended that; product development and marketing should be conducted in order to utilize the full potential of the forest reserve and general land, villagers in Kileo ward should be helped to organize themselves into economic groups dealing with plant craft materials, Forest Division should introduce quarter harvesting system of wild date palm in Kileo forest reserve and that Kileo forest reserve and the general land with doum palm should be managed in a sustainable manner through Participatory Forest Management.
Abundance and distribution of an alien plant, Panama rubber (castilla elastica) in Amani Nature Reserve, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2007) Richard,John
a potential invasive plant in Amani Nature Reserve (ANR). In order to provide information toward efforts to combat alien invasive plants in ANR, the research was undertaken to study the abundance and distribution of Castilla elastica in the Reserve. To locate definite plots in the Amani Botanical Garden originally planted with Castilla, reports The point-centred quarter method was used for the determination of the relative abundance of Castilla and other constituent species of the canopy in the study area. Furthermore, the population characteristics of Castilla were studied and its Weed Risk Assessment (WRA) was carried out. The distribution of Castilla in the reserve falls within the altitudinal range of 380 significant difference (F3.16 = 28.2, P< 0.001) in density of Castilla between the four levels of forest disturbance in the study area. The density of Castilla in areas of high disturbance was approximately 192 stems/ha, 98 stems/ha in moderately disturbed, 63 stems/ha in plantation forest and 26 stems/ha in areas of low disturbance. The diameter distribution of Castilla suggests an expanding population with 55% seedlings, 30% saplings, 10% juveniles, 3% young trees, and 2% mature trees. The individuals in a population does not significantly (Z-test, P 0.05) influence the number of regenerants produced. The total score obtained from the WRA of Castilla in ANR is 11 and this shows that Castilla has a risk of becoming invasive in the on the botanical survey in ANR by Greenway (1934) and Hones (1963) were used. sex ratio of Castilla in ANR is female-biased and presence or absence of male Castilla elastica an exotic tree species to Tanzania was reported as m to just over 600 m asl. There was reserve. Therefore, this calls for close monitoring and control of its population growth in ANR.
The impact of large-scale mining company on local communities’ social services: a case of Geita gold mines LTD Mwanza, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture., 2008) Msokwa John Faustine
This study was undertaken to assess the impact of large-scale mining on the local communities’ social services in Geita District with the Geita Gold Mines Ltd as a case example. The overall objective of the study was to assess the impacts of large- scale mining activities on local communities in Geita District. The specific objectives were to identify both negative and beneficial impact that significantly are a result of activities of private large-scale mining companies, to assess status of social services supported by private large-scale mining companies to local communities; and to examine perception of local communities on social services supported by large-scale mining companies in their area. Different methods were used in primary and secondary data collections, including questionnaire, checklist, focused group discussion, documentary search and field observations. Random sampling procedure was employed in which a total of 120 households from four villages were involved. About 79% of the respondents reported that, large-scale mining activities have impacts on social services in their area while 21% indicated that such activities have no significant impact. Furthermore, 47% of the respondents indicated to benefit differently from the presence of large-scale mining. However, 53% of respondents claim not benefit from such activities. The findings from this study have shown that large-scale mining activities have both negative and positive impacts on social services, household income, and environment whereby the negative impacts outweighed positive impacts. In additional, the statuses of social services supported by mining company were considered not to satisfy social needs of local communities. Therefore, communities should be involved directly in the planning as well as implementation of such projects. Mining and minerals sector should align its policies towards sustainable development and work out community based projects and priorities.
Forest income and rural livelihoods under Suledo community based forest management in Kiteto district
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2009) Mwakasendo, Clemence Andagile
How forest income in Community Based Forest Management (CBFM), enters into peoples’ livelihood diversification strategies, income distributional profile, degree of dependency and variations due to contextual factors is unknown. This study was carried in Sunya, Lengatei and Dongo wards in Kiteto district from September to December 2008 to assess the impact of community based forest management on rural livelihoods. Livelihood framework was the main approach used. Data collection involved Participatory Rural Appraisal, household questionnaire survey, participant observation and focused group discussion. The study population was grouped into; poor, medium and less poor wealth groups. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for quantitative data using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS version 12) and Excel. The inferential statistic analysis was used to determine the influence of household socio-economic characteristics on household income and how environmental incomes influenced by other sources of household income. Forest resource use dominated by fodder and firewood, improved after CBFM. Household income contributions were as follows; Agriculture 96.3%, environmental income 2.8% and non-farm, off-farms and remittances contributed 0.9%. Livestock owning was potentially a variable with respect to household asset. Total household income increased with increase in number of cattle and the relationship was significant (P<0.001). Lower income households registered lower earnings in agriculture than environmental income. Environmental income reduced income inequality, the Gini coefficient without environmental income in respective study villages of Sunya, Asamatwa, Lesoit and Olkitikiti was increased to 0.01, 0.01, 0.03 and 0.00 units respectively. The overall Gini coefficient increased to 0.02 units. Community’s perception on CBFM towards livelihood was generally positive. The study recommends; use of forest resources in CBFM to identify actual needs of the local community in regard to existingiii income category and social groups’ needs, improvement of existing livelihood options and
Economic contribution of private woodlots to the economy of Mufindi district – Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2010) Singunda, Widewell Timothy
The main objective of this study was to asses and quantify the contribution of private woodlots to the economy of Mufindi district in the Southern Highlands of Tanzania in year 2008. The specific objectives were, to examine and quantify the levels of woodlot ownership coupled with capital asset acquisition, to asses and quantify the rates of tree planting in relation to the utilization rate by value added activities, to asses and quantify the contribution of private woodlots to the communities in terms of employment and revenue generation, to determine the contribution of woodlots to timber supply in Mufindi district, and to examine the actual and potential revenue contribution of private woodlots to the district. Data was collected using semi structured questionnaires in which a random sample of 270 households out of 900 in six villages and 30 traders were interviewed. A checklist was used to interview the key informants who included the village leaders, district natural resources officer, district trade officer. Other methods used in gathering information were personal observation and focused group discussion. The data was analyzed using the SPSS programme version 12.11 and EXCEL programme. Descriptive statistics such as frequencies, percentages and means were used to make inferences about the studied Woodlot owners. The study showed that 14.1 % of the woodlot owners were females, and 85.9% were males. Woodlots were planted on land acquired through inheritance, village allocation, and buying, and most of this land was former agriculture land. Average land size owned per household was 6.80 hectares and the average woodlot size was 2.60 hectares, thus, 36 % of the land was occupied with woodlots. Most of the woodlot owners started planting woodlots in years 1991 to 2008. Timber supplied from woodlots was 92% for the transmission poles while contribution of wood destined for sawn wood was less than 1% compared to Government plantation. However, the study revealed that the planting rate was higher compared to the utilization rate, implying that there was more young stock compared to old stock. Furthermore the study showed that woodlots had created on average 5414 employment opportunities at farm level, while 120 permanent and 600 part time employment opportunities were created by processing units. Furthermore, the survey showed that 90% of the traders sold their produce through middlemen and this was done at production sites. Timber was mainly destined for local markets and Kenya. The survey revealed that the average income derived from sale of woodlots was Tsh. 232 143 and Tsh.455 452 for years 2007 and 2008 respectively. Revenue to the district accrued from sale of sawn wood and transmission poles collected, as cess was less than 1% of the potential revenue. Given the potential that woodlots have in improving the economy in resource poor areas, this study recommends increased establishment of woodlots and improved management in Tanzania while observing the land use plans, in order to exploit market opportunities tenable, because products have a big market inside and outside the country
Stand structure and carbon storage in the Nilo nature reserve, East Usambara, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2011) Japhet, Emmanuel
Understanding forest stand structure is necessary for predicting losses and storage of carbon in forests. However, there is scanty knowledge on relationship between stand structure and carbon storage. This study assessed stand structure and its relationship with carbon storage in Nilo Nature Reserve. The specific objectives were to determine the forest stand structure, above ground and soil carbon stock and their relationship. The forest was stratified into four elevation bands. Four marked permanent sample plots of size 0.4 ha with 80 subplots of size 20 × 10 m one in each elevation band was established. In each plot, the following information was collected: tree diameter at breast height, wood cores, and soil samples. The data was used to determine species richness, stem density, basal area, volume and carbon stock. ANOVA was used to test variation in stand structure and carbon stock with elevation bands while regression analysis was used to determine their relationships. A total of 77 species of trees and shrubs belonging to 29 families were identified. Shannon index was 3.60 indicating high plant species diversity. The stand density, average diameter, basal area and volume were 299 ± 26 stems ha -1 , 26.07 ± 2.88 cm, 38.08 ± 3.61 m 2 ha -1 and 488.35 ± 56.32 m 3 ha -1 respectively. Above ground and soils carbon stocks were 291 ± 32.81 and 247.13 ± 73.38 t ha -1 respectively. There was significant correlation (P = 001) between carbon stocks and tree diameter, basal area and volume. Average diameter, basal area, volume and above ground carbon stock were significantly higher at high elevation than mid-high elevation band. It is concluded that stand structure correlated with carbon stocks and NNR has high potential for carbon storage in above ground biomass and soils. The stand structure parameters can be used adequately for prediction of carbon stock in similar forests.
Management cost in government and private forest plantations in Tanzania: Case study of Sao hill and Mapanda plantations, Mufindi district, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2011) Malinga, Hamisi Iddi
A study on management cost in government and private forest plantations in Tanzania was carried out at Sao Hill Forest Plantation and Mapanda Forest Plantation. Specifically, the study identified management costs of Sao Hill and Mapanda forest plantations, examined factors influencing management costs of Sao Hill and Mapanda forest plantations and also assessed cost management strategies used by Sao Hill and Mapanda forest plantation all for the past five years. Socio-economic data were collected through checklists and structured questionnaires. Data were collected from the two projects treasurer’s offices of Sao Hill Forest Plantation and Mapanda Forest Plantation head offices in Mafinga. Qualitative data were analysed through content and structural-functional analysis. Quantitative socioeconomic data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods. The results show that average real management costs for Sao Hill Forest Plantation (SHFP) is TAS 520 000/ha/year and TAS 345 000/ha/year for Mapanda Forest Plantation (MFP) and is significantly influenced by salaries and wages (45.5%), soil ingredients (27.6%) and seed purchase (16.4%), fire protection( 23.1%), pitting and planting (14%), weeding (5%), pruning (0.9%) and beating up (0.6%). It was further revealed that the main factor contributed to higher management cost in Sao Hill forest plantation is lack of knowledge on cost management strategies. It is recommended that the government should use management costs as the basis for setting or changing royalty fees and also review the cost management strategies so that they can further attain the lowest unit real costs.
Land uses and livelihood options for shorobe and Sankuyo communities, Botswana
(2012) Nyamoga, Greyson Zabron
Sustainable utilization of natural resources in particular wildlife and forestry is a challenge not only for Botswana but for many other developing and developed countries. The formulation and implementation of policies that encourage sustainable utilization of these resources is also not easy especially when it has to deliver both developments to people as well as conservation objectives. Community Based Natural Resources Management (CBNRM) approach were established to involve local communities in managing and monitoring natural resources to ensure sustainability of the resources being monitored. This study aimed at comparing the livelihood options for Sankuyo and Shorobe communities, the former being a tourism/wildlife under CBNRM approach community while the later is an agricultural based community. Data were using questionnaires, focus group discussions, field visits and observations, key informants and stakeholders/situation analysis. Data were analyzed using excel program and results were summarized in table, figures and charts. Results show that, although these two communities are homogeneous in terms of ethnic group’s composition but they have different livelihood options and strategies. Sankuyo community relies heavily on tourism activities and most of the household members are employed in tourism related activities. Shorobe on the other hand derive their income from cattle and farming. Many of the interviewed household (66%) in Sankuyo are headed by female while in Shorobe (58%) are headed by males. These female headed households live with their grandchildren while their daughters and sons are working elsewhere. Sankuyo community seems to be more educated than Shorobe. In Shorobe 63% of the respondents reported to have no formal education while in Sankuyo no one reported to have no education. While in Sankuyo 28% had secondary education only 10% had secondary education in Shorobe. Results also show that hunting and other tourism activities in Sankuyo contributes about 67% of the total income in the community while other activities contribute only 33% while in Shorobe many household are accrued by selling cattle and some other crops. Other economic activities that contribute to the household income for Shorobe were selling local beer (Mochewa), fishing and petty businesses. It is concluded that the changes in policies for wildlife management have a great impact to the livelihood of people. It is therefore recommended that local communities should be involved in the decision making process to avoid the negative impacts that may be associated with the policy changes. Involving the local community will not only increase the sense of ownership but also build capacity to the members of these communities.
Forecasting consumption and substitution of sawnwood products in the building industry in Dar es salaam city,Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2013) Mgana, Joseph Exaud
The future consumption and substitution of wood products in the building industry is not well analyzed and examined hence demand for wood in the industry remain uncertain. The study on forecasting consumption and substitution of sawnwood in building industry was carried out in Dar es Salaam city. Consumption forecasts of sawnwood for years 2016, 2021 and 2026 were determined through income elasticity of demand forecasting model. The sampling unit was obtained from a list of wards, building contractors and architects in Dar es Salaam city. Random sampling with replacement was employed with an intensity of 20% - 100% depending on the population, availability of respondents and willingness to respond. Questionnaires were used to obtain data from interviewees. Statistical data of sawnwood and substitute building materials were recorded in data sheets. Data collected were analyzed using SPSS and MS Excel programmes. The consumption of sawnwood and substitute building materials were assessed in doors and windows. Buildings were categorized into Lower, Medium, and High categories. The lower category involved all none storey buildings and consumed an average of 2.69 m3 per building unit while medium category (1-3 storey) consumed 3.1 m3 of sawnwood per building unit. The last category involved buildings with 4 storeys and above which according to the results consumed an average of 5.3 m3 of sawnwood per building unit. The study show that in year 2011, Dar es Salaam consumed a total of 8,706.9 m3 of sawnwood for doors and window frames in about 2878 building units that were built in that same year. Kinondoni district consumed 42.2% of the total sawnwood while Ilala district consumed 34.8% of total sawnwood and Temeke district consumed 23% of the total sawnwood consumed in windows and doors in Dar es Salaam city in the year 2011. The per capita building consumption of sawnwood for Dar es Salaam in 2011 was estimated to be 2.7 m3 while for aluminium was 46.2 m2. Sawnwood substitution was highly observed in windows compared to doors with aluminium being the main substitute material. The per capita building consumption of sawnwood in 2026 is estimated to be 3.4 m3 which is an increase of 23.4% compared to 2.7 m3 observed in year 2011. For aluminium, per capita consumption for 2026 will be about 86.8 m2 which is an increase of 88% compared to 46.2 m2 which was observed in year 2011. Sawnwood consumption in none storey buildings will still grow fairly fast because majority of the buildings in urban centers particularly Dar es Salaam are being built by low and middle income people for residential purposes. Therefore, the commercially unknown and underutilized sawnwood species need to be publicized on their strength properties, resistance to weather and durability for future consumption in the building industry.
Institutional and socio-economic factors influencing adoption of conservation agriculture with trees in Karatu and Mwanga districts, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2013) Nassari, Elisaria Samwel
A study was carried out to assess institutional and socio-economic factors influencing adoption of Conservation Agriculture with Trees (CAWT) in Karatu and Mwanga districts in Tanzania. Ten (10) villages practicing CAWT were purposively sampled 5 from each district and a total of 100 respondents were randomly selected for household survey from village register. In addition Focus Group Discussions in PRA and desk reviewing of major policies related to CAWT were employed. Logistic regression model was used to determine the influence of socio-economic factors on CAWT adoption and results indicate farmer‟s age influences CAWT packages adoption. Age was found statistically significant (P<0.05) on Minimum Tillage/No soil Turning signaling an indicator that socioeconomic factors contribute to slow CAWT adoption rate. Sex and education level were found to be statistically insignificant (P<0.05) but significant (P<0.1) for Cover Crop and Crop Rotation implying less influence to CAWT adoption. Education level and farm size did not vary much from one household to another due to elite rural-urban migration and women are highly dominated by men. Content analysis and in-depth review of the major policies showed that, Agricultural and Livestock Policy 1997, Livestock Policy 2006, National Land Policy 1997 and National Forest Policy 1998 do not have provisions on CAWT. Implementation of policy provisions however, mention pillars of CAWT as Minimum Tillage, Use of cover Crops, Crop Rotation and Farm-Trees integration in their statements. Policy analysis shows few SSFs with title deed, weak market links with less access to CAWT inputs which are not affordable. Institutional frameworks analysis shows poor coordination of CAWT amongst stakeholders and political support. The study recommends that, policy improving interventions be made, formation of CAWT coordinating body at national level, and farmers and extension officers be trained to increase awareness and knowledge on CAWT for speeding up its adoption rate.
Economic valuation of selected non-timber forest products in Chiwale general land forest: a case study of Masasi district, Mtwara region-Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2013) Elikana, James
The study was conducted to assess the economic valuation of selected Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) around Chiwale General Land Forest (CGLF) in Masasi District-Mtwara. The value of NTFPs is not well known in other forest including CGLF as case study, since few studies have been done mainly on the economic value of firewood, food security, medicinal plants and poles in the Eastern Arc Mountains forest (Udzungwa), North Ruvu Forest Reserve, Zaraninge forest in Bagamoyo. This study intended to identify main NTFPs extracted from the study area, estimating the quantity of NTFPs extracted from the forest, assessing the monetary value of NTFPs and analyze the factors influencing its extraction. The study was conducted through Households questionnaire, Focus group discussion, Key informant interviews and Market Survey in three villages surrounding CGLF. Data were analyzed by using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) where both quantitative and qualitative information’s were captured. The study identified different valuable NTFPs like firewood, bamboo, thatch grass, poles, fruits and charcoal. It was observed that socio economic factors like sex of respondent, education level and household size was statistically significant at p <0.01 influenced extraction and use of NTFPs. The average quantity per household per year of firewood was 96 head loads with a value of TZS 96 000; the average quantity of Bamboo per household per year was 288 head loads with a value of TZS 288 000; thatch grasses with average quantity of 216 bundles with monetary value estimated at TZS 108 000 per household per annum, 10 poles were observed to be harvested per household per year with average value of TZS 10 000, the quantity of charcoal harvested per household per year was 1104 (20kg) bags valued to TZS 2 208 000 and the quantity of fruits harvested per household per year was 270kg valued to TZS 135 000. From the sample of 90 households it was estimated that the community earns about TZS 42 383 000 and the value of NTFPs for the whole population was ranging between 6 895 432 500 and 8 204 674 500 per annual. It is recommended that for sustainability of NTFPs in CGLF, the Government has to initiate and support community with education emphasizing on sustainable use of NTFPs.
Effects of rotational woodlots on households’ livelihood in Meatu district, Tanzania
(2013) Ruboya, Agnes Alphonse
Meatu district in Simiyu region is one of the most degraded areas in Tanzania where the effects of deforestation were vivid resulting from increased population of both humans and livestock. The problem extends to the effect of soil degradation, poor crop yield, shortage of fuel wood, building materials and fodder. Rotational Woodlot (RWL) was the most promising tested technology to solve the problem. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of rotational woodlots on households‟ livelihood. The study was carried out in two wards, two villages per ward and thirty households from each study village. Both primary and secondary data were collected to address the objectives. Methods used for primary data collection included household survey, key informant interviews using a checklist and direct observation. Literature survey was done to obtain secondary data. Qualitative data was analyzed using content analysis while quantitative data was analyzed through a Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) computer software version 12. Result indicated that 44.4% of total household income and 62.0% of the total household food produced was obtained from rotational woodlots. Socio-economic factors which enhanced household incomes were: age of household head, land ownership, food produced from rotational woodlots while constrained factors were: sex and education level of the head of the household, land under RWL and household size. Socio-economic factors which enhanced household food security were: sex and occupation of the head of the household, size of the household, land under RWL and income from RWL. The constraining factors were: age, education level of the head of household, the rights to land. The study concludes that, RWL has positive effect on household‟s income and food security. Based on the socio-economic findings it is recommended that RWL be up scaled through establishing tree nurseries in the villages, as well as recruiting more extension staff and conducting frequent monitoring and evaluation in the villages practicing rotational woodlots. Moreover, there is need of taking into consideration socio-economic factors that enhance and constrain RWL based on income and food security.

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