Articles, Conference and Workshop Papers Collection

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Change and stability in the indigenous farming system of the Matengo
(FAO, 1999) Mattee, A. Z.
Mbinga District is one of the most densely populated areas in Tanzania. The indigenous system in the Matengo highlands is characterised by the Matengo pit system. This system is believed to have sustained land productivity for over 100 years. But it now faces problems related to environmental degradation caused by bush fires and deforestation. These problems have emerged due to population pressure and the growing human activities on the land. At the same time, it is now acknowledged that sustainable rural development is one that is based on indigenous knowledge systems and sustainable agricultural practices. But an important question is what contributes to the sustainability of indigenous agricultural systems such as that of the Matengo, and how does the indigenous system adapt to changing circumstances? This paper presents a summary of the findings of the Miombo Woodlands Agro-ecological Research Project which was carried out in Mbinga District by a team of Sokoine University of Agriculture and Japanese scientists from 1994 to 1997, with the support of JICA.
Contribution and potential of indigenous fruits to household food security in Uluguru Mountains areas in Morogoro District, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2002) Tiisekwa, Jasmine B.
Tanzanians in different parts of the country, experience various degrees of food insecurity. However, as in other tropical and sub tropical countries, exploiting fully indigenous fruit resources available in their areas can alleviate the situation. A study , / was therefore conducted to assess the food security situation, the contribution and potential of indigenous fruits to household food security in the Uluguru mountain areas in Tanzania. The attitudes towards utilization by traders, consumers in Morogoro Municipality and attitude of fruit processors based in Morogoro and Dar es Salaam were also assessed. Data were collected by using face-to-face interviews using 123 respondents. The respondents consisted of 87 farmers in six villages, 22 urban consumers of fresh fruits and fruit products, nine processors and five traders of IFs. Collected data were analysed using statistical Package for Social Science. In the study area some households were found to be food insecure, particularly during the rainy season. Families adjust down the meal portions, sell labour and obtain gifts as coping strategies. Thirty six different types of IFs were available in the study area, however, these were known to about one-third of the population. The five top-most popular fruits known to about 50% of the population are Saba florida (rubber vine) Vitex doniana (black plum), Tamarindus indica (tamarind), Sclerocarya birrea (marula) and Syzygium guineense (zambarau). IFs are used mainly as a snack and as part of the meal. Their contribution to household food availability and income is rated low (about 3%) probably due to lack of knowledge on value and handlingiii technologies. A small proportion (2.9 - 21.7%) of respondents (n = 87) in the villages were engaged in marketing different types of fruits, mainly due to lack of demand for the fruits. A very small proportion of households practiced limited processing and preservation of the identified fruits. The fruit processors, however, were willing to process the fruits if made available in adequate quantities. Similarly, consumers were willing to consume fresh or processed IFs if made available. Consumers preferred IFs to exotic ones because IFs are naturally produced i.e. without use of chemicals. The fact that local people, consumers as well as processors are ignorant on value and use of IFs, calls for intervention strategies that will create awareness among them.
Assessing Agricultural Productivity among Smallholder Coffee Farmers in Tanzania: Evidence from Rungwe District
(Institute of Continuing Education, 2005-01) Mwakalobo, A. B. S.
This paper presents empirical findings on resource productivity and allocation efficiency in smallholder coffee farmers in Rungwe district. The data used in this paper are based on a case study that involved interviewing 90 farmers. A Cobb- Douglas production function was used to estimate the production organization of the coffee farmers, and their efficiency in resource use. The results show that the farmers display a low level of efficiency in using available resources. The results indicate further that farmers would increase farm productivity by the using adequate capital-intensive input levels in order to maximize their efficiency. In order to achieve the use of capital-intensive inputs, farmers should take advantage of increasing their bargaining power in both input and output markets. Farmers' groups/associations further provide group liability in the procurement of credit from both formal and informal financial lending institutions. This in turn will improve farmers input purchasing power. The knowledge and skill on how to improve both the institutional and technical aspects of coffee production require regular updating so that farmers can optimize the use of available resources. Continuing education for farmers is therefore emphasized for promoting efficient resource utilization as well cis enhancing farm productivity.
Opportunities for upgrading the banana value chain in Uganda
(2005-06) Alex, A.; Makindara, J.; Tumwesigye, G.; Sikira, A.
As one of the major staple foods in Uganda, the banana industry is important for providing . fi)od and income to producers and other value chain actors. However, the sector is vastly underdeveloped, hence limiting its contribution to the economic wellbeing of actors. This paper assesses opportunities for upgrading the banana value chain as a basis for identifYing the potential entry points for developing the banana sub-sector in Uganda. A cross-sectional research design was adopted where interviews with 240 value chain actors and focus group discussion were conducted. Additional information was collected from a desk review of relevant literature. The value chain analysis approach vi'as adopted for data analysis as a basis for identifying Opportunities for improvement and upgrading options. Results' Allowed that banana farmers apply inputs at the farm level and they are involved in value addition post harvest, but on a very low scale. On average 27% of the bananas produced by smallholder jiirmers were set aside.* value addition. The most common forms of value addition adopted by furriers and traders included ripening and roasting the bananas, brewing local alcohol (tont() and waragi), making crafts and juice. The study observed an increasing number of firms that are involved in modernized value addition techniques. However there was a poor link between value chain actors, especial/v banana producers. input suppliers and providers of financial services. The study identified numerous opportunities for product. process', functional, channel and inter-sectoral upgrading in the banana value chain as well as value chain governance as important entry points towards boosting the general performance of the banana value chain.
Women development credit facility fund and poverty reduction: case of women in Morogoro rural district .
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2006) Macha Grace Bernard
This study aimed to assess the contribution of Women Development Fund credit facility to poverty reduction in Morogoro rural district. The specific objectives of were to: examine the access to WDF credit facility; assess performance of income generating activities supported by Women Development Fund; assess repayment and default rales; assess the contribution of credit to reduce poverty in terms of income and food security. A cross sectional research design was adopted involving 120 respondents, where 60 were credit recipients of WDF and the other 60 were non-credit recipients. Multistage simple random sampling technique was used to select wards, while simple random sampling was adopted to select the respondents. Data were collected using structured questionnaire. .Cross tabulations and t-test methods were used to analyze data. The study revealed that income generating activities were performed by people of all ages but the largest age category was that of active and economically productive (18-45) years with low education level. The study identified the type micro-enterprises operated were retail stalls 'genge' food venders, dried maize selling, selling of used clothes ^mitu^nba, charcoal and fire wood selling, farming and selling of soft drinks which were undertaken as source of employment and income to sustain life. The findings indicated that income-generating activities were started using mean initial capital of 9 518 Tshs, which changed significantly to mean capital of 43 567 Tshs two years after obtaining credit. The study revealed that the respondents earned mean income of 6 075 Tshs before credit, which changed significantly to mean income of 18 283 Tshs per week two years after receiving credit. Result findings showed that most of the income accrued from the enterprises were used for household consumption and purchasing some household assets. These findings revealed that respondents acquired mean asset value of 69 993 Tshs before receiving credit, which iii changed significantly to 178 118 Tshs two years after credit. Study findings revealed that credit were always in short supply and business training was a limiting factor to do better. The study recommended that women who operate micro-enterprises for income generation need to have certain fundamental training so as to run profitably.
Processes, experiences and guidelines for the formation of sub-catchment water users associations in the great Ruaha river catchment area – Iringa and Mbeya regions, Tanzania
(2008) Kayunze, Kim Abel
The World Wide Fund for Nature-Tanzania Country Office (WWF-TCO), with financial support from the European Union (EU), is implementing a Ruaha Water Programme with the aim to ensure that by 2010 the people of the Great Ruaha River Catchment Area (GRRCA) are planning, managing and utilising their water and related natural resources in sustainable ways, alleviating poverty and improving livelihoods. • Accordingly, Water Users Associations (WUAs) have been established to empower communities to play more active roles in managing and using the water resources in sustainable ways through containing the problems related to the use of water resources. The problems include decline in water flow in rivers, destruction of catchment areas, cultivation up to river banks, diverting water without permission, and presence of water unfriendly plants at river sources, just to name a few. • However, there were no clear guidelines on how to form the WUAs, albeit the basis was the National Water Policy (NAWAPO) of 2002 statements including the ones that water resources management has to be participatory and that water staff will have the mandate to form water users associations where deemed necessary. • Therefore, WWF-TCO saw a need to document the processes through which the WUAs were formed, with intent to improve the steps of WUA formation in future. Therefore, it commissioned this study to be done, with the overall objective to document WWF’s and other stakeholders’/actors’ experiences in Sub-catchment Water Users Associations formation and develop guidelines that could be used to guide future formation of Sub- catchment WUAs in the GRRCA and in Tanzania at large.
The role of rural-urban migration on livelihood in Bugesera district, Rwanda
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2008) Gakwandi, Canisius
In 1994, the genocide had a devastating effect in Rwanda and particularly, for this study, It had worsened in Bugesera District by the exploding number of single-parent families (38% of women and several young orphans now head families). Worse still, the District has had to face prolonged and repeated drought since 1998, the direct consequences of which have been food insecurity and massive population movements. People are pursuing internal migration as a way of survival strategy. The general objective of this study was to determine the role of rural-urban in livelihood; specifically the study discussed the determinants of migration at the household level, the household wealth by migration status and the influence of rural-urban migration in development on the place of origin. The determinants of migration at household level provide a better understanding as to why some families participate in the migration process while others do not. The findings indicate that all the variables included in the analysis; age and the size of household have had significant relative risk on rural out-migration. Migration theories and livelihood approach were adopted to get insights on how poor migrants are making a living and how they have changed the access to assets as compared to the non-migrants’ households. These issues were explained on the basis of Principal Component Analysis, which was developed to construct wealth index by migration status according to the reported level of assets ownership and living conditions. The study found that migrants’ household were better off than non-migrants’ household. In this study, rural-urban migration influences the development of the place of origin through remittances, which contributes simultaneously to the growth processes of the economy and improves the livelihood security of those who remain resident in rural areas. In relation to migration of the poor, government policy should build on knowledge about the transfer mechanisms and uses of remittances to support community-based credit, savings, and transfer and investment initiatives.
Social ecology: a neew perspective to HIV/AIDS susceptibility and vulnerability analysis in Mkamba village, Morogoro Tanzania
(Institute of African Studies, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Seoul Korea, 2009) Nombo, C.; Muhanga, M.
Muhanga, M and C.I Nombo (2010) Local Government policy responses to informal sector in Morogoro, Tanzania: seeing problems in an opportunity or seeing an opportunity in problems?
(Institute of African Studies, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Seoul Korea, 2010) Muhanga, M.; Nombo, C.
This paper is a study conducted in selected wards in Morogoro Municipality in Tanzania which aims at assessing the Local Government Authorities' policy responses and supporting the informal sector. Both checklist and questionnaires were used to collect information. Data analysis entailed a number of descriptive statistics and cross tabs. The study revealed a low level of policy knowledge among those involved in the sector (only 1.3%) and 53.8% seemed to prefer to operate on informal basis and only 46.2% would go for formalization of their activities with an opportunity, with 48.1% of the respondent has the information that the Informal Sector is not receiving support at all from the government. The study recommends that: There is a need for LGAs to boost efforts on the informal sector, addressing needs for the Local Government Authority's intervention to the Informal Sector for regulating purposes. Overall the study asserts that the informal sector has a significant contribution to the urban dwellers in Tanzania.
Socio-cultural constraints to poverty reduction strategies in coast region, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2010) Elias, Livingstone
Coast Region is among the four poorest Regions in Tanzania with a variety of ethnic groups, habits, customs, and life styles. Though there have been a number of poverty reduction strategies implemented in the Region, poverty has continued to be stubborn. There is inadequate information on how culture impedes the poverty reduction strategies. hence the purpose of this study was to determine socio-cultural constraints towards poverty reduction strategies in Coast Region. It specifically focused on determining communities’ awareness and perceptions of their prevailing poverty, to identify major socio-cultural practices conducted in the study area at different seasons of the year, to examine the extent to which communities are aware of available resources and their accessibility and lastly to determine gender relations in decision-making, division of labour and ownership of resources. A cross-sectional research design was adopted while purposive sampling technique was used to select two Districts. Simple random sampling procedure was used to select wards, villages and heads of households. The quantitative data were analyzed using the SPSS computer software while qualitative data were analyzed by functional content analysis. Binary regression model was used to find relations between variables. The research findings revealed that marriage types, working hours, household size, religion, divorces, early marriages and cultural ceremonies were significant at P<0.05, hence they impact negatively on poverty reduction strategies. The study recommends that good cultural practices need to be maintained while old fashioned cultural practices should be abolished. The study calls for more enforcement of bylaws and involvement of women in decision making organs.
Analysis of the agricultural science, Technology and Innovation System: banana (Musa spp.) case study in Tanzania
(ResearchGate, 2010-11) Maerere, A. P.; Rweyemamu, C. L.; Sibuga, K. P.; Mgembe, E. R.; Rwambali, E. G.; Nchimbi-Msolla, S.
This study was conducted to collect information on the agricultural science, technology and innovation (ASTI) system in the banana (Musa spp.) subsector in Tanzania. Major policies were reviewed with respect to their impact on the subsector. Linkages among key actors were identified and analyzed. Surveys were conducted in four agro-ecological zones that are major banana producers. The information was collected using two structured questionnaires: one for farmers and another for organizations. Generally, Tanzania was found to have well established agricultural and science and technology policies. However, implementation was hampered by low investment that did not match with government commitments. Main key actors, identified in the subsector, included smallholder farmers, private enterprises and various organizations that played major roles in creation, diffusion and utilization of knowledge. Research and training were found to be mainly under the control of the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Cooperatives and the Sokoine University of Agriculture. Results indicate that 60% of smallholder banana farmers had received primary education. Land is under family ownership, with an average 1.5 ha of which 25–53% was devoted to banana production. Most banana producers were found to operate on an individual basis, with collaboration mainly amongst themselves rather than with other actors. They lacked specialized training and operated at traditional level with very low use of innovations. It is recommended that all major areas of action require strengthening of existing information diffusion system, incentives for innovations, infrastructure, credit schemes, and recognition of banana as an important food and cash crop.
Hidden hunger in rural Tanzania: what can qualitative research tell us about what to do about chronic food insecurity?
(2011) Shepherd, Andrew; Kayunze, Kim; Vendelin, Simon; Darko, Emily; Evans, Alice
This paper is part of a series of working papers making use of a qualitative, life history dataset developed by the CPRC in Tanzania. It investigates the experience of hunger, its causes and consequences, the strategies people use to prevent it, and derives a set of policy implications. The most food insecure people depend on wage labour, so controlling food price inflation and improving wages and working conditions for poor casual labourers would be one priority. Buffers against hunger can easily erode for vulnerable older people, separated, divorced or widowed women, and such people need to be protected against the possible loss of their assets or access to resources. Knowledge is also a powerful tool against hunger – people at local level could use more and better information about nutrition, suggesting that a revival of the once successful community nutrition programme would help.
Agricultural growth and poverty reduction in Tanzania 2000- 2010: where has agriculture worked for the poor and what can we learn from this?
(2011) Mashindano, Oswald; Kayunze, Kim; Maro, Festo; Da Corta, Lucia
Agriculture is an economic activity important to achieving the poverty reduction strategy goals of Tanzania. Growth in agriculture has made contributions to GDP, foreign exchange earnings, and income poverty reduction. However, despite high growth, the growth pattern in agriculture (which employed about 70 percent of the population between 1998 and 2009) is not reflected in poverty reduction, particularly in rural areas. Using quantitative and qualitative data collected from rural farmers in Mwanza, Newala and Rukwa regions, this paper unpacks growth and poverty transmission routes, identifies growth barriers for agricultural incomes, and analyses where agricultural growth has occurred and if that growth has been transmitted into poverty reduction. Findings indicate that the pattern of economic growth in the past decade was largely influenced by the service and industry sectors; and less by agriculture where annual growth has been slow, following persistent low and declining productivity caused by low utilisation of fertiliser and improved seeds, and the low rate of mechanisation. Evidence gathered from our six research sites also noted barriers to production and markets. Trade and export of cashew nuts and non-traditional items like mango and cut flowers were important routes for income growth, but poor farmers had limited access compared to their richer counterparts. We conclude in this paper that further measures are needed to stimulate higher productivity and income growth associated with new technology, secure markets, mixed farming (diversification of crops and livestock) and efficient institutions (warehouse and credit schemes).
Adoption of cassava processing and utilization technologies: A case of Mtwara rural and Newala districts, Mtwara region
(Sokoine University of Agriculture., 2011) Shomari Mgeni Shamte
The study was conducted on adoption of cassava processing and utilization technologies in Mtwara region. The main objective of the study was to determine the status of cassava processing and utilization technologies in Mtwara region. Structured questionnaire and Focus Group Discussion (FGD) were used to collect information from cassava fanners. Random sampling was used to draw respondents for interview. Sample size was 120. Descriptive statistics, logistic regression and gross margin were used for data analysis. Results revealed that, both traditional and improved cassava processing technologies were used by respondents. It was found that 77% of the respondents used traditional cassava processing methods and about 17% were using both traditional and improved processing technologies. Also, the findings showed that, institutional support to farmers was an important factor in adopting improved cassava processing technologies by farmer groups. The coefficient of the institutional support was statistically significant at 0.05 probability level. Age of respondents, occupation and marital status of respondents were not statistically significant. Gross margin analysis showed that improved cassava processing technologies contributed relatively high to households income with a gross margin of Tsh 78 400 per tonne when compared to traditional processing methods with a gross margin of Tsh 11 774 per tonne of fresh roots processed to flour. This study recommends that, the government and other agricultural stakeholders need to promote and educate fanners on the importance of improved cassava processing and utilization technologies to human health, food security and poverty alleviation. In order to improve market of cassava products, the government should promote and encourage food processing industries to use cassava as an ingredient in some of food products to increase the demand for cassava products and accelerate the adoption of improved cassava processing technologies.
Wildlife-based domestic tourism in Tanzania: experiences from Northern Tourist Circuit
(Ethiopian Journal of Environmental Studies and Management, 2011-12) Mariki, S. B.; Hassan, S. N.; Maganga, S. L. S.; Modest, R. B.; Salehe, F. S.
It is believed that for tourism industry to become successful, domestic, and international tourism should complement each other. But domestic tourism in many developing countries is nearly non-existent, with local residents mainly visiting friends and relatives. The study to examine characteristics and factors affecting domestic tourism was carried out in northern Tanzania tourist circuit. Specifically the study sought to determine the characteristics of Tanzanians who mostly visit the protected areas; to identify and assess factors affecting domestic tourism; and different factors that hinder growth of domestic tourism. A sample of 322 respondents was interviewed. Primary data was collected through questionnaires, focus group discussions, informal discussion; and secondary data was obtained from tourists visiting reports, and statistics. Data was analysed for descriptive statistics. The results obtained revealed that: More men visited wildlife protected areas than women. The age group of 26 – 37 was the most active group in visiting protected areas. Low financial income was indicated as the main constraint (77.0%) affecting the growth of domestic tourism, followed by means of communication and inadequate information (71.8%). It is recommended that, the Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism need more plans, efforts, and combination of approaches in promoting and marketing domestic tourism.
‘One Health’ infectious diseases surveillance in Tanzania: are we all on board the same flight?
(OJVR, 2012) Mbugi, Erasto V; Kayunze, Kim A; Katale, Bugwesa Z; Kendall, Sharon; Good, Liam; Kibik, Gibson S; Keyyu, Julius D; Godfrey-Faussett, Peter; van Helden, Paul; Matee, Mecky I
Infectious diseases account for nearly 40% of the burden of human mortality and morbidity in low-income countries, of which 7% is attributable to zoonoses and 13% to recently emerging diseases from animals. One of the strategic approaches for effective surveillance, monitoring and control of infectious diseases compromising health in both humans and animals could be through a combination of multiple disciplines. The approach can be achieved through a joint effort from stakeholders comprising health professionals (medical and veterinary), social, economic, agricultural, environmental and other interested parties. With resource scarcity in terms of number of staff, skills and facility in low-income countries, participatory multi- sectoral and multidisciplinary approaches in limiting the burden of zoonotic diseases could be worthwhile. We review challenging issues that may limit the ‘One Health’ approach for infectious diseases surveillance in Tanzania with a focus on Health Policy and how best the human and animal health systems could be complemented or linked to suit the community in need for disease control under the theme’s context.
Studies on the influence of tree tenure on the adoption of agroforestry practices in Uluguru mountains, Tanzania
(Research Gate, 2012) Ruheza, Sosthenes; Tryphone, George Muhamba; Mbwambo, Jonathan Stephen; Khamis, Zuena K.; Swella, George; Mushobozy, Deus K.
On-farm tree retention formed the basis for the present day agroforestry systems in many traditions. In the present study, we assessed the influence of tree tenure on the adoption of agroforestry practices in Uluguru Mountains, Tanzania. Results showed that most of the farmers (92%) were involved in activities related to tree planting and/or tree retaining with the number of trees planted in existing farmlands ranging between 150 to more than 300. Young respondents planted more trees compared to middle and old age groups. Household labour unit level had an influence on the number and species of plant trees planted. The study revealed that men were significantly more involved in tree planting than women. It was also found by this study that most of the respondents (82.2%) were planting trees in their farms mainly for economic gains through timber production, while 13.3% and only 4.5% of the respondents were planting trees for soil conservation and for moisture conservation respectively. Therefore, more efforts need to be directed to planting tree species that have economic benefits to farmers in order to speed up the rate of agroforestry adoption. Perceived benefits of agroforestry practices in the study areas were for its easiness in the management of trees with other crops (59%), conservation of moisture (28%) and (13%) of the respondents said see no benefit of agroforestry system.
The sustainable livelihood framework: a reconstruction
(The Development CAFÉ, 2012) Mensah, Emmanuel J.
This paper provides a new construction of the Sustainable Livelihood Framework. Underlying the need for this reconstruction is the persisting argument that the framework is too micro, too household focused, thereby limiting its utility as a micro-macro analytical tool for policy analysis and impact evaluation. In so doing, this paper elaborated assets in the framework on the basis of the degree of user rights that households are able to exercise rather than the form in which they exist. The paper also introduced the concept of relative cumulative effect to present more rigorous understanding of households’ influence on society’s sustainable development trajectory. On these bases, sustainable livelihood is theorized as endogenously determined by the balance between households’ livelihood expectations and the evolutionary path that institutions follow as they respond to households’ cumulative feedback. This framework thus provide a context for providing household-based understanding of institutional evolution and livelihood formation vis- à-vis micro/macro-interventions.
Gender and adaptation practices to the effects of climate change in Bahi and Kondoa Districts Dodoma Region, Tanzania
(Canadian Center of Science and Education, 2012) Swai, Okuli W.; Mbwambo, Jonathan S.; Magayane, Flavianus T.
Climate change has different effects between men and women, but disaggregated data by gender to realize specific adaptation practices undertaken by men and women in Tanzania are scarce. To fill part of the information gap, this study analyzed adaptation practices to the effects of climate change by gender in Bahi and Kondoa Districts Dodoma region, Tanzania. The study also analyzed perception of climate change and identified elements influencing adaptation practices. A sample of 360 respondents, 12 focus groups of discussants and 78 key informants were consulted. Analysis involved descriptive statistics for quantitative data and content analysis for qualitative data. Results showed that women were more devoted to adaptation practices that enabled them to adapt to or reduce hunger/food, water and firewood shortages while men were more devoted to adaptation practices that enabled them to adapt to or reduce effects of climate change on crops, livestock and environment. The corrected Rao-Scott chi-square (χ c2 ) test showed significant association between adaptation practices implemented by respondents and sex, revealing that undertaken adaptation practices varied by sex. Respondents perceived climate change and managed to identify adaptation practices undertaken to manage climate change effects. The findings can be used to improve/formulate appropriate adaptation practices to manage climate change problems in agriculture sector. The study recommends systematic collection of in-depth information of this kind at the community level in other areas of Dodoma Region, Tanzania and the LDCs in order for the policy makers to design and implement appropriate interventions to manage climate change problems.
The impact of land tenure and degradation on adoption of agroforestry in Uluguru mountains forest, Tanzania
(Research Gate, 2012) Ruheza, Sosthenes; Tryphone, George Muhamba; Khamis, Zuena K.
The influence of land tenure and land degradation on adoption of Agroforestry practices can not be overstated. A study was carried in Tandai village in Uluguru Mountains of Morogoro Rural District, Tanzania, to investigate on the impact of land tenure and degradation on the adoption of agroforestry methods and practices. A total of 50 heads of households, which is approximately 15% of the total number of farmers in the study area were respondents of the study. Questionnaire and checklist questions were used to collect primary data from farmers, government and Non-governmental officials respectively. Results show that although 98% of the respondents owned farmlands, 58% were not satisfied with their farm sizes. The study also revealed that 92% of the respondents said that the only way for acquiring extra farmland is through buying while 8% of the respondents said that they can inherit from their parents and/uncles. Of the respondents, 72% were aware of the causes to land degradation in their farmlands. From this study it is argued that low rate of adoption of agroforestry in Uluguru Mountains Forests might be not because of farmers’ resistance to change but due to a complex and sensitive land tenure systems which is one among other factors underpinning adoption of the practices. However, farmers’ awareness on intensity and causes of the land degradation on their farms, and their acknowledgement on the significance of agroforestry methods and practices for land conservation is a meaningful capital to facilitate adoption of the practices within the complex and sensitive land tenure system in Uluguru mountains forests.

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