Department of Forest and Environmental Economics
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Item Adaptive capacity to climate change of pastoralists in Kilosa District, Tanzania(Tanzania Journal of Forestry and Nature Conservation, 2020) Kitasho, N; Abdallah, J.M; Zakayo, R.A study was conducted to investigate the adaptive capacity of pastoralists in Kilosa district to climate change. Specifically, the study assessed the trend and impact of climate change in the area, adaptive elements of pastoral communities against climate change and determined the contribution of state agencies in enhancing pastoral system’s resilience to climate variability in the district. Data were collected using household questionnaire survey, focus group discussions, key informant interviews and field observation. The data was analysed using Excel and SPSS computer software programs. Results revealed that in the period 1972-1974, there was a significant shift of rainfall in the study area from bi-modal to unimodal. This trend has been consistent with climate change scenarios in recent decades of lower rainfall and more severe droughts. Most pastoralists were aware of climate change impacts namely water scarcity, increase of livestock diseases and increased distance to grazing lands. The capacity of pastoralists to adapt to climate change stress depends largely on the number of livestock. Pastoralists owning more livestock are more likely to adapt to climate change. This study recommends that the community should diversify to other sustainable economic activities rather than relying on livestock only while climatic conditions are not favourable for this economic activity. The Government should put more effort on supporting pastoralists in their adaptive strategies as well as make regular review of policies to favour adaptation measures.Item Alternative pricing mechanism of teak forest plantation saw-logs in Tanzania(Sokoine University Of Agriculture., 2007) Chamuya, Nuru-Kauye AthumanThe main objective of the study was to analyze the various pricing mechanisms that can be used in setting prices for teak saw-logs and the prevailing market characteristics influencing prices in Tanzania. Primary data on the factors influencing auctioning and stumpage appraisal and, teak saw-logs production and trading costs were collected through questionnaires and field observations from Mtibwa and Longuza teak forest plantations, FBD head offices and inners of the various auctions conducted between 1998/1999 and 2005/2006 in the country. The visited stakeholders also provided data on the royalty fee and ublic auctioning stumpage values of the teak saw-logs. Secondary data were obtained from various reports and documents. From the data collected, the appraisal stumpage values of the teak saw-logs were calculated and, ompassions were made between royalty fee, public auctioning and appraisal stumpage value pricing mechanisms to know which one among the three generates more revenues to the teak saw-logs producers and, what market structure favours each pricing mechanism. The results of the study indicate that the Tanzania government’s effort to generate more revenues through selling her teak saw-logs by public auctioning instead of royalty fee has significantly increased revenues. However, conditions that favour pure competitive market structure, in which public auctioning operates effectively are lacking. The study further found out that there is a significant difference among the stumpage values of the logs obtained through royalty fee, public auctioning and appraisal stumpage value pricing mechanisms. For example, in the last auctioning (2005/2006) conducted at Mtibwa plantation forest the royalty fee and public auction stumpage values of the teak saw-logs were TAS 55 759/m3 and TAS 108 000/m3 respectively; while, the appraisal stumpage value of the same logs was TAS 219,000/m3. This shows that the royalty fee stumpage value was 51% of the public auctioning stumpage value and only 25% of the appraisal stumpage value. The auctioning stumpage value was only 41% of the appraisal stumpage value. However, the appraisal stumpage value was 73% of the FOB price (TAS 300 000/m3) of the 2005/2006 auctioned teak saw-logs. This information shows that the appraisal stumpage value of the teak saw-logs has the highest value compared to royalty fee and public auctioning pricing mechanisms and, it estimates the timber value at production site closer to its market value. Therefore, in order to generate more income through timber selling the government of Tanzania could consider charging her timber by applying the appraisal stumpage value pricing mechanism. It is ommended to use the appraisal stumpage values as a floor price when auctioning publicly timber and, a review of the training syllabus for certificate and diploma courses to incorporate the application of stumpage appraisal timber pricing echanism, which many foresters are not conversant with.Item Analysing ecosystem services at watershed scale: implications for conservation in Upper Kikuletwa Sub-Catchment, Tanzania(DAAD, 2014) Lalika, M. C.S.; Meire, P.; Ngaga, Y. M.; Ngowi, S. E.Catchment forests perform myriad ecological functions including provision of ecosystem services. They are, however, increasingly degraded due to anthropogenic activities in such a way their capacity to regulate and supply watershed services is significantly dwindling. We carried out this study in order to identify and document ecosystem goods and services in Upper Kikuletwa Sub-Catchment, Tanzania. A structured questionnaire was administered so as to solicit socio-economic data. Qualitative data was collected through group focus discussions and formal and informal interviews. Statistical Package for Social Sciences was used to compare means and MS excel was applied to generate figures. T-test and one-way ANOVA was applied to test the variation between location and across villages. Wild fruits, vegetables, grasses, birds, mushrooms are the ecosystem goods available in the area. Ecosystem services encompass control of soil erosion, climate regulation, water flow regulation, production of hydroelectricity, water purification, etc. The reason for WTP was people’s reliance on irrigated agriculture. We concluded that sustainable supply of ecosystem goods and services in depends largely on how forests and watersheds are conserved. Therefore, we recommend designing of a feasible PWS scheme that could ensure increased and sustainable supply ecosystem goods and services especially water flow for irrigated agriculture.Item Analysis of climate variability, perceptions and coping strategies of Tanzanian coastal forest dependent communities(2013) Kashaigili, J. J.; Levira, P.; Liwenga, E.; Mdemu, M. V.Climate variability and change are among the biggest challenges of the 21st century. Like in many other areas globally, the coastal communities of Tanzania have always been facing climatic variability at various time scales. Using focus group discussion and a household survey, this study analyzes the perceptions of climate variability and change and the strategies for coping and adaptation by the selected coastal rural and peri-urban communities in Tanzania. The perception of climate variability and change is complemented with the time-series analysis of rainfall and temperature data from Julius Nyerere International Airport Met. station and Kisarawe using Instant Statistical Software. Results indicate that households are aware of climate variability and identify indicators of climate change and variability as being decreasing rainfall trends, increasing incidences of droughts, unpredictable rainfall patterns, disappearance of wetlands and failure to predict on-set of rainy season using traditional knowledge. Households primarily attribute reduced crop yields to changes in rainfall pattern and increasing incidences of drought leading to soil moisture stress. The implications are that the agriculture dependent households are now food insecure. As a way of coping to the observed changes, the coastal communities among others have shifted to production of high value horticultural crops and use of forest resources. Nevertheless, the increased use of forest resources is threatening the existence of coastal forests and contributes to the decline of forest resources and disappearance of wildlife in the forest reserves. It is concluded that the communities studied are aware of climate issues as revealed from perceived indicators of climate variability and changes. The results from statistical analysis of 30 years climatic data are consistent with community’s perception of climate variability and change. The study recommends examining the present coping strategies for the sustainability of the coastal forests and in designing of alternative adaptive strategies such as alternative energy options, crop diversification and environmental friendly activities such as beekeeping.Item Analysis of drivers and agents of deforestation and forest Degradation in masito forests, Kigoma, Tanzania(2016) Kessy, John Francis; Nsokko, Edwin; Kaswamila, Abiud; Kimaro, FreddyA study to assess the direct and indirect drivers and agents of deforestation and forest degradation was carried out in Masito forests in Kigoma Region. Several methodologies were deployed including review of key literature, focused group discussions, household level interviews and review of “smart phones” database of disturbance incidences in the forests. Results revealed that despite forest protection measures taken by the government and other actors for purposes of REDD+ carbon trade, deforestation and forest degradation are problems that are being experienced in the study area. Evidence of deforestation and degradation were provided through change detection data, forest disturbance incidences and community perception on the drivers of deforestation and degradation. The main drivers of deforestation and degradation were characterized to fall into direct drivers and indirect drivers. The demand for land and forests resources was responsible for a number of direct drivers. Indirect drivers were perceived to entail underlying causes of deforestation and degradation forming a complex interaction of socio- economic, political, cultural and technological variables that cause deforestation and degradation. Characterization of the main agents of deforestation and degradation revealed that human actors in various capacities and functions have served as agents. The assessment of leakage risks revealed that the risk of shifting destructive activities to non-REDD+ project villages was mitigated. In order to address the drivers and sustaining the REDD+, the study recommends the need to address forest tenure; provision of alternatives to the agents of deforestation and degradation, extension support to non-REDD+ villages for capacity building in forest protection; and ensuring that the process of REDD+ piloting is finalized to the level that communities finally sell carbon to get tangible benefits.Item Analysis of drivers and economic consequences of wetland degradation along Ruvu Riverine in Coastal Tanzania(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2017) Liberath, G.The current study intended to analyse the drivers, communities’ awareness and economic consequences of wetland degradation to local population living along the Ruvu riverine in Morogoro rural and Kibaha districts. The study deployed a number of methodologies including household questionnaire survey, interview, focus group discussion and review of satellite images of land use change in the riverine to collect data. Data were analysed using Statistical Software for Social Science, content analysis, Land Ecosystem Disturbance Adaptive Processing System and ArcGIS 10 software. The findings from satellite imagery analysis indicate the prevalence of wetland degradation within the study area. Findings from field survey show that livestock grazing is the main cause of wetland degradation accounting for 53% (n=122) of the degradation, arable farming was ranked as the second most prominent driver accounting for 48% (n=122), brick making was ranked as the third significant driver contributing 46% (n=122) and fishing was ranked as the fourth prominent driver contributing 39%. The findings also revealed that the majority of the respondents were mostly aware of direct benefits of wetlands. About 75% of the respondents confirmed that floods are the main consequence of wetland degradation in the area. The findings show further, that the local community perceive wetland degradation as having great negative effects on their economic status especially with regards to accessing food and generating income. Furthermore, independent variable was able to explain about 33.2 % of the variation in the dependent variable. The study concludes that anthropogenic activities associated with low awareness on values of wetland significantly results to wetland degradation which has serious economic costs to the local communities and the government. The study recommends that awareness on the direct and indirect benefits of wetlands and proper land use practices should be raised among the communities to enable proper use of wetlands.Item Analysis of economic determinants for households involvement in fishing for livelihoods in Coastal villages of Bagamoyo district, Tanzania(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2014) Mfinanga, HeavensophyThis study was undertaken to analyse economic determinants for households involvement in fishing for livelihoods in coastal villages of Bagamoyo District. Specifically, trend in the number of fishers for ten years in coastal villages were determined, factors influencing household decision to be involved in fishing were examined and household income structure was analysed. Three villages were randomly selected and thirty households were randomly selected from each village. Primary data were collected through questionnaire, checklist and Focused Group Discussion. Qualitative data were analysed using content analysis while quantitative data were analysed by descriptive statistics, binary logistic model and ANOVA. Results indicate the trend on the number of fishers was increasing over the years. Binary logistic model result reveal significant factors that were negatively influencing households decision to be involved in fishing at p<0.05 are alternative income generating activities, access to credit, land size, organisation participation and education while household size had positive influence. Perceived influential factors were family business, available fish market, short time of earning income, small initial capital and free access of water bodies. Furthermore, results show that 72.2% of the households’ were involved in fishing. Results showed that fishing was the major source of income to household as it contributes (45.3%) to overall households income which is greater than income from other sources, which are wage labour agriculture and petty business. Overall annual average income was 1 065 420 per household whereby fishing had larger mean (TZS 482 220) than other income sources. ANOVA results indicate average annual income from fishing per household was statistically significant higher than other sources at p<0.05. The study concludes that alternative income sources, income from available sources and credit access are key areas for concern. The study recommends promotion of alternative income generating activities, accessible credit facilities and encourages organisations formation.Item Analysis of factors influencing the consumption of honey in Mwanza City, Tanzania(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2017) Okick, R.Beekeeping practice in Tanzania contributes to foreign earnings, employment, food and industrial raw materials. This study was stimulated by the increased tendency of honey consumption in urban centers of Tanzania. However there was little information on present quantity consumed and factors influencing the choice for honey consumption in Mwanza City. Specifically, the study determined the present quantity consumed, examined factors influencing the choice for consumption and forecasted the demand of honey for year 2020 through 2025. Purposive sampling was used to select three strata based on residential cost categories and random sampling technique was employed in selecting 120 households with 40 households from each stratum. Both descriptive and quantitative statistics were used. Binary Logistic Regression was used in modeling the choice for honey consumption, and income demand and population models were used in forecasting future demand of honey in the study area. The results show that total annual quantity of honey consumption was 423 871.8 kg and per capital consumption was 0.6 kg in 2014. Binary Logistic Regression results show that, taste and preference, natural healing characteristic and freeness of cholesterol and dangerous sugar contents and education level of household head were significant at 5% (P< 0.05) influencing the consumption of honey in the study area. The estimated consumption income elasticity was 0.312 and the forecasted market demand for honey is expected to reach approximately 824.4 and 1,742.5 tons in 2020 and 2025 per year, respectively. The study concludes that honey is consumed in the study area and adjustment in each one of the significant variables can significantly influence the probability of household choice for honey consumption in the study area. The study recommends awareness creation on the benefits of honey, develop mechanism for traceability and promote beekeeping activity.Item Analysis of potential socio-economic incentives for management of Kondoa rehabilitated areas Dodoma, Tanzania(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2015) Chami, Avit AlexCommunities need motivation in order to effectively participate in environmental conservation. However, potential socio-economic incentives for improving environmental conservation and livelihoods of communities surrounding Kondoa Rehabilitated Areas (KRA) are poorly known. The aim of this study was to analyze potential socio-economic incentives for effectively and sustainably improving environmental conservation and livelihoods of the communities surrounding KRA. The cross-sectional research design was employed. Simple random sampling technique was used to select 30 respondents from each of the four study villages, making a total of 120 respondent households. The study villages were Mafai, Ntomoko, Kalamba-Juu and Kalamba-Chini. Data were collected using questionnaires, focus group discussion and interviews. Ms-Excel and SPSS 20.0 computer programs were used to analyze data. Both descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were carried out. The findings revealed that 91% of respondents reported main socio-economic incentives available in KRA being provision of tree seedlings, fertilizer, improved seeds, beekeeping inputs and education programs. Binary logistic regression analysis indicated that statistically significant factors influencing adoption of socio-economic incentives in KRA are awareness (P < 0.01), land size owned (P < 0.05) and education level (P < 0.05). Roles of socio-economic incentives in improving conservation were improved afforestation, source of energy, controlled human activities and increased awareness. The study further revealed that 61% of the total annual household income was accrued from practicing activities related to socio-economic incentives. Chi-square test revealed that contribution of socio-economic incentive to total household income was statistically significant at P < 0.05. It was concluded that identified socio-economic incentives had a great potential of adoption in KRA. Beekeeping, tree seedlings and education programs were found to be statistically useful in both improving environmental conservation and livelihoods of KRA surrounding communities. The studyiii recommends capacity building interventions and incorporation of socio-economic incentives in national biodiversity strategies and environmental conservation policy frameworks.Item Analysis of socio-economic and environmental effects of urban fish farming in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2016) Kyelu, AnithaThis study was conducted to analyze socio-economic and environmental effects of urban fish farming in Dar es Salaam. Gross Margin was used to determine the profitability of urban fish farming. Results indicate that urban fish farming are operating profitably. The gross margin obtained by tilapia farmers ranges from TZS 658 000/= to 2 515 350/= per pond per production cycle. While gross margin obtained by African catfish farmers ranges from TZS 3 750 000/= to 9 590 000/=. Contribution of urban fish farming on household income was determined. Results indicated that urban fish farming had 7% contribution to total household income. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the effect of urban fish farming on employment creation. The findings showed that 86.7% of urban fish farming household reported to use hired labour for their fish production. Effects of urban fish farming on household food security were determined. Results indicated that urban fish farming play an important role to the household food security because of its provision of high-quality food, generation of household incomes for buying other kind of foods and available food supply to markets. Effect of urban fish farming on environment was assessed and the findings showed that threats and stress of the ecosystem caused by violation of environmental rules and values together with land and water pollution resulting from lack of proper drainage system are the two major effect of urban fish farming on the environment. In conclusion, urban fish farming in general face a number of constraints that hinder the development of sustainable and profitable fish farming. This study has recommended that the constraints need to be addressed by involving government, researchers and private parties in establishing sustainable and profitable urban fish farming in Dar es Salaam.Item Analysis of staffing and training needs for Effective delivery of extension service in Sustainable land management in Kilimanjaro region, Tanzania(Scientific Research Publishing, 2014) Kessy, John FAn assessment of staffing and training needs for effective delivery of extension services in main- streaming sustainable land management (SLM) practices in Kilimanjaro Region was conducted in June/July 2013. Data collection methods included discussions with key informants at the regional and district levels, consultations with village level stakeholders and potential collaborators, re- view of human resources data both at regional, district and ward levels and collection of individu- al staff bio-data including capacity deficiencies. The staffing situation at the regional and district levels was considered to be adequate for effective mainstreaming of SLM interventions in the re- gion. Staffing at ward and village levels was very poor and largely inadequate for sustainable ex- ecution of extension services. It is optimistically estimated that on average the staffing at ward level needs to be increased by at least 50%. In some districts the deficiency of extension staff at ward level was as high as 80%. Training needs exist at all levels from the region down to commu- nity level. At the regional and district levels both long and short term training programs were re- quired. At the community level required training is more practical and purely focused in main- streaming SLM interventions at individual households and community lands. Potential collabora- tors with local government were identified in four main categories namely, NGOs/CBOs, private sector, government departments and faith-based organizations. The study recommends a capacity building program on specific knowledge gaps identified at regional, district, ward and village le- vels. The study further recommends that immediate measures need to be taken by the district au- thorities to address the staffing problem at ward level including recruitment of volunteers and developing collaboration framework with identified potential partners.Item Assessing the influence of climate variability and land cover change on water resources in the Wami river catchment, Tanzania(SPRINGER, 2024-02-13) Lalika Christossy B. C.; Mujahid Aziz Ul Haq; Lalika Makarius C. S.Understanding the trend, extent, and effect of climate variability and land cover change are globally important for monitor- ing river catchments water resources. Due to the majority of river catchment from developing countries such as Tanzania experiencing insufficient time series data, the long-term ERA5-Land (1960–2021) reanalysis was used to assess the influence of climate variability and land cover change on water resource in the Wami river catchment. The Mann–Kendal–Sneyer test revealed a change that reflects the effect of land cover change on runoff in 1992, hence the mean annual runoff, precipitation, and actual evapotranspiration decreased by 19%, 9.7%, and 8.9%, respectively, while potential evapotranspiration increased by 5% after the change. Budyko decomposition and climate elasticity methods illustrated that variability change caused a notable contribution to the reduction of Wami River runoff. Hydrological sensitivity analysis revealed that variability of climate is a primary factor that reduced runoff with a contribution of 69%, while land cover change is 31%, this illustrates runoff in the Wami river catchment is more vulnerable to climate variability than land cover change by considering that most of the catchment are classified as arid or semi-arid. Thus, our study emphasizes the importance embracing climate adaptation strategies, particularly a nature-based solution (NbS), to ensure the sustainability of water resources within the Wami river catchment.Item Assessing the influence of climate variability and land cover change on water resources in the Wami river catchment, Tanzania(SPRINGER, 2023) Lalika Christossy B. C.; Mujahid Aziz Ul Haq; Lalika Makarius C. S.Understanding the trend, extent, and effect of climate variability and land cover change are globally important for monitor- ing river catchments water resources. Due to the majority of river catchment from developing countries such as Tanzania experiencing insufficient time series data, the long-term ERA5-Land (1960–2021) reanalysis was used to assess the influence of climate variability and land cover change on water resource in the Wami river catchment. The Mann–Kendal–Sneyer test revealed a change that reflects the effect of land cover change on runoff in 1992, hence the mean annual runoff, precipitation, and actual evapotranspiration decreased by 19%, 9.7%, and 8.9%, respectively, while potential evapotranspiration increased by 5% after the change. Budyko decomposition and climate elasticity methods illustrated that variability change caused a notable contribution to the reduction of Wami River runoff. Hydrological sensitivity analysis revealed that variability of climate is a primary factor that reduced runoff with a contribution of 69%, while land cover change is 31%, this illustrates runoff in the Wami river catchment is more vulnerable to climate variability than land cover change by considering that most of the catchment are classified as arid or semi-arid. Thus, our study emphasizes the importance embracing climate adaptation strategies, particularly a nature-based solution (NbS), to ensure the sustainability of water resources within the Wami river catchment.Item Assessment of community’s participation in conservation of open spaces in Dar es salaam city, Tanzania(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2015) Hassan, AhmadOpen spaces in cities like Dar es Salaam are facing problem of encroachments and conversion for residential and or commercial land uses. Many studies have been done to address the failure of the “top-down approach” by the government authorities and recommended participation and empowerment of local community around the open spaces. However, the state of awareness, perceptions and willingness of local community towards participation in conservation of open spaces (COSP) was still not known. This study therefore intended to assess households’ awareness and perceptions towards COSP, with a particular focus on their willingness to participate in COSP. Data was collected using structured households’ survey questionnaire, key informants interviews, focus group discussions and participatory observation at Mkunguni, Minazini, Sharifushamba and Charambe mitaa in Kinondoni and Ilala municipalities, Dar es Salaam city. Quantitative data were analysed using Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) while qualitative data were analysed using content analysis. Results show that majority of the respondent were aware on the types and functions of recreational parks, sports grounds and playing fields compared to other types of open spaces. Majority (67.5%) were aware of Urban Planning Act as enforcing tool while about 94% denied collaboration from statutory bodies in COSP. About 95% and 70.8% perceived that, conservation of open spaces is costing but also beneficent respectively while 73.3% perceived that, existing open spaces have poor quality. Using cross tabulations and regression analysis the result revealed that, 55.8% of the respondents were willing to participate in COSP. Perceived quality, perceived benefits, education and duration of residence were the factors positively influenced households willingness in conservation of open spaces. It is recommended that the modalities should be sought to empower and take into consideration the local community’s interest in conservation of open spaces.Item Assessment of edible wild mushrooms value chain and its contribution to livelihoods improvement in Mbinga and Songea districts, Tanzania(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2021) Mavindi, Dorice ClementTanzania is one of the countries endowed with high forest diversity in the world. Miombo woodland which influence availability of wild mushroom makes up 90% of all forested land in Tanzania. Despite advantages of edible wild mushroom in contribution to individual livelihoods there is insufficient information on actors and their linkages in edible wild mushroom value chain, and contribution of edible wild mushroom to livelihood improvement. This study assessed edible wild mushrooms value chain and its contribution to livelihoods improvement in Songea and Mbinga disricts, Tanzania. The study identifies species of wild mushroom available in study area, mapped actors along edible wild mushroom value chain, roles of actors in value addition and assessed contribution of edible wild mushroom to livelihood improvement in the study area. Six sampled plots were used for inventory. 30 collectors as sample were randomly selected for the study. Data were collected through questionnaire survey, focus group discussions, mushrooms’ inventory, and direct observation. Data were analyzed by descriptive and content analysis. In study total of 42 wild mushroom species were recorded and edible wild mushroom weighted. On average about 4.13 kg of mushroom were collected per plot in 1 hector which means individuals are able to generate income of 4130 up to 10 352 TZS per plot. The prices per kg ranged from 1000 to 2500 for fresh mushroom while for dried mushroom 10 000 up to 12 000 TZS. The value chain of edible wild mushroom in study areas consists collectors and consumers as key actors. Generally, value chain is dominated by women (73.3%) while men comprise of only 26.7%. Collectors collects mainly Amanita, Russula, Cantharellus and Lactarius species. Collection of edible wild mushrooms is done one day up to seven days per week, selection of species to be collected depending on availability, preferences, and storage possibility. The mushrooms that were sold are fresh and dried, 60.0% of respondents sold fresh mushrooms, 33.3% both dried and fresh and 6.7% dried. Edible wild mushroom contributes to livelihood for those engaged in collections and trade as it provides alternative income for accessing social services but also can boost others productive activities. Edibility of the mushroom was identified mainly using local indicators. Training on domestication and preservation was identified as key for increasing commercialization of the product.Item Assessment of land use conflicts and their management in mount Meru area, Arusha Tanzania(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2004) Shio, Constantine JohnThe study was conducted to assess land use conflicts and their management in Mount Meru area of Arumeru District, Arusha Tanzania. The main objective was to study the nature and types of land use conflicts in order to discern the underlying causes and come up with appropriate management approaches to mitigate these conflicts. Primary data were obtained through PRA, discussion with key informants, questionnaire survey and field observations. Secondary data were obtained from the available archive. Multiple linear regression model was used as a tool for analysis. About 91.9% and 92.7% of respondents indicated that land is not enough for crop production and livestock grazing respectively. Moreover, 32.0% of respondents indicated that conflicts emanate from grazing illegally in the forest. Among the factors involved in regression model, big number of livestock had positive influence on illegally grazed livestock (p = 0.01). About 18.0% of respondents indicated conflicts emanating from farm boundaries, and 16.0% indicated conflict resulting on encroachment into forest and wildlife reserves. 14.0% indicted conflicts emanating from illegal tree cutting from forest reserves for household use and selling, while 11.0% and 9.0% indicated other sources of conflicts e.g. Poaching and illegal fuel wood collection respectively. Finally the study recommended that big herds, which are fed under free-range could be sold and replaced with few stall-fed improved cattle breed. Further, optimization of home gardens productivity can be achieved by planting as many crops in limited space available and use of improved good quality seeds and fertilizers. It is also recommended that formal education and promotion of environmental education be used to create resource conservation awareness. Where appropriate government should redistribute abandoned big farms to landless people and finance part of the establishment costs for people migrating to spacious districts. Further, Management Plans should address the concept of Joint Resource ManagementItem Assessment of socio - economic and ecological values of halfmile strip buffer zone to the adjacent communities of Kilimanjaro National Park(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2018) Aloyce, B. T.In many developing countries people have viewed buffer zones as a way to accommodate the needs of national parks and other categories of wildlife protected areas and in sustaining livelihoods of the local communities living adjacent to these protected areas. This study was done from September 2015 to April 2016 in eight villages adjacent to Kilimanjaro National Park in order to assess the impacts of annexing Kilimanjaro Half Mile Forest Strip (HMFS) to KINAPA. Household survey questionnaires, key informants interview, focus groups discussion, field observations and secondary data from different sources were used to collect information. The data were analyzed using SPSS computer programme, Graph Pad InStat and descriptive statistics. The findings revealed that 64% of respondents reported that they get firewood from their own home gardens and only 25% from HMFS. It was further observed that collection of fodder and firewood is performed by women while beekeeping activities are undertaken by men. Further, approximately 35% of respondents mentioned water to be the most significant ecological value and the forest cover has declined from 47.14% to 12.14% the period between year 2001 to 2014. Nearly 63% of respondents revealed poor relationship with the park management. Local community’s livelihoods were perceived to be affected by the new management of HMFS, which denied them accessibility to forest products and water services. Thus, from this study, annexation of HMFS had a positive impact to KINAPAs ecosystem and negatively affected neighbouring local community socio-economically. The study recommend communities to be allied with eco-tourism to minimize dependence on natural resources only.Item Assessment of the contribution of non-timber forest products to household food security and income around Baga catchment forest in Lushoto district, Tanzania(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2015) Shemnga, Twaha AbeidA study was carried out to assess the contribution of Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) to household food security and income generation in villages surrounding Baga catchment forest in Lushoto District, Tanzania. Specifically, the study aimed at assessing the common NTFPs utilized by households in the study area, examining socio-economic factors influencing household members accessibility to NTFPs, evaluating the contribution of NTFPs to household food security and income. The study used a sample size of 120 respondents selected randomly from Mziasaa, Sagara, Baga and Malomboi villages. A structured questionnaire was administered for primary data collection. Secondary data of NTFPs collection and crop production were collected from District Forest Office and District Agricultural Office respectively. Data analyzed by using SPSS software. Descriptive and inferential statistics were determined. Inferential statics were employed whereas linear regression analysis was used to determine the socio-economic factors influencing collection of NTFPs and pair t test were used to compare various income from NTFPs and other sources Results showed that: there was significant increase of NTFPs collection in the villages which surround Baga catchment forest over the period. Results also showed that there was positive relationship between collection of NTFPs and some socio-economic variable including household size, age, education, occupation and duration in years of staying in the area. Non-Timber Forest Products accounted for 100.0% of all respondents in the villages; however they also engaged in other production activities. It also indicates that NTFPs are utilized either directly or indirectly as solution to food insecurity and low incomes among the households. Results further showed that income from selling NTFPs is higher than from other sources such as selling agricultural produce, selling livestock, business, labour wages and employment in the study area. The study recommends that the government should employ more forest officers and provide education on direct economic importance of NTFPs.Item Assessment of volume, biomass and carbon stock of cashewnuts trees in Liwale District, Tanzania(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2016) Mlagalila, Humphrey E.Estimation of individual tree volume and biomass is important for assessing removal of green house gases potential of the cashew trees and therefore provide a useful tool for the emerging carbon credit market mechanisms. The aim of this study was to estimate volume and biomass stocks of Anacardiumoccidentale L. grown in Coast Regions, Tanzania. Woodlots inventory data were collected from Liwale and Kisarawe districsts in Lindi and Coast regions respectively. A total of 45 cashew trees of varying dimensions were sampled for the study, covering a Dbh range between 2 and 89 cm. Non-linear models were used to regress observed biomass of stems, branches, twigs, total aboveground and below ground against Dbh or a combination of Dbh and total tree height, similar approach was applied to estimate cashew tree volume. Farm area was measured with the aid of GPS, and in the established plot of 0.008ha, tallest tree, medium and shortest tree heights were measured, for other trees only Dbh was measured. Four model forms (MFs) were fitted using data from 45 trees. MF 1 and 2 with one parameter variable (Dbh and Dbh2) were recommended. Biomass stocks for aboveground was estimated using equation AGB = Exp(-0.1684+0.8873lnDbh2) where R2, RMSE, RSE was 82.68%, 359.2 and 0.4738 respectively. Below ground, BBG=Exp(-2.3765 + 0.9394lnDbh2) where R2, RMSE and RSE was 85.53%, 54.7319, 0.4675 respectively; and total tree volume was estimated using equation V= Exp(-9.4111 + 2.6044lnDbh) where R2, RMSE and RSE was 84.35%, 3.593, and 0.6477 respectively. Biomass stocks from these tree components were converted to C stocks assuming 47% of biomass is C. Carbon stock was 34.41 4.96tC/ha, and the stand volume was found to be 48.88 11.67m3/ha. Developed models are recommended for use in similar site, conditions and species.Item Assessment of woody resource and management potentials for improved livelihood in Kitumbi village lands forest resource, Tanga, Tanzania(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2021) Mwilenga, Anthony BonifasiThis study aimed at assessing the contribution of woody resource and its management in improving the livelihood of community surrounding Kitumbi VLFR in Tanga, Tanzania. Specifically, the study aimed at assessing the woody resources available in Kitumbi VLFR; the effectiveness of the governance structure in managing Kitumbi VLFR and contribution of wood lands in improving livelihood of the surrounding communities of Kitumbi VLFR. Forest inventory was done to collect data on forest stock while data related to socio-economics and forest governance were obtained through household survey and key informant interviews. The results showed the stand parameters in terms of the number of stems per ha (N), basal area per ha (G) and tree volume per ha (V) of woody resource available in Kitumbi VLFR were 395±88, 5.11 ± 0.65 m 2 /ha and 45.14 ± 7.04 m 3 /ha respectively of 54 tree species belonging to 20 plant families. The forest was typical miombo but unhealthy. In 10 years, Kitumbi VLFR has contributed revenue estimated to amount to TZS 5 782 407 from 1140 pcs equivalent to 55.03 m 3 of timber of various species. The study established further that there are large woodland areas within the village, which are used as agricultural expansion areas, these woodlands within agricultural land contributed 27 percent to the total household income in the study area. Also, the result revealed the existence of ineffective forest governance with governance.