Department of Forest and Environmental Economics

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Genotype and soil fertility interaction in the growth of black spruce progeny from a central New Brunswick population
(Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 1984) Maliondo, S. M.; Krause, H. H.
Seedlings representing 10 half-sib families from a black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) stand in central New Brunswick were raised in a greenhouse on three different soils, each with two levels of fertility. Seedling growth varied significantly with soil, fertility, and half-sib family. After 7 months mean dry weights, for example, ranged from 0.292 to 0.755 g with soil, 0.174 to 0.936 g with level of fertility, and 0.370 to 0.657 g with family. With soil and fertility considered fixed variables, the family and family–fertility interaction accounted for approximately 3 and 20% of the phenotypic variation in mean seedling dry weight, respectively. Similar variance components were observed for shoot and root weights, and root collar diameter. Based on the family – soil fertility interaction, the population was divided into groups of (i) broadly adapted families showing average performance through the full range of fertility environments, (ii) strong responders, i.e., families performing below average at low fertility, but showing a large fertilization response, and (iii) weak or nonresponders, i.e., families performing poorly in all fertility environments.
Basic density and tracheid length in juvenile and mature wood in pinus patula from southern Tanzania
(Sokoine Univesrity of Agriculture, 1984) Ringo,Winnyston n-jilekiro
Variations in basic density and tracheid length were investigated on wood samples from 27 year old Pinus patula trees grown in Sao Hill, Southern Tanzania. The main objectives of the study were: - to verify variations between and within trees to determine juvenile period and juvenile wood proportion in the stems - to elucidate variations between and within juvenile and mature wood - to relate juvenile wood basic density and tracheid length with those in mature wood. Fifteen sample trees were randomly selected in two similar compartments in Msiwazi sub-management block. 2.5 cm thick disks were extracted from each sample tree at 1.3 m, 4 m, 8 m and 12 m heights. Based on results from a preliminary investigation, data for the following variables were obtained for each second ring from pith to bark following one cardinal direction in each: - ring distance from pith - ring width - latewood band width - ring basic density - earlywood and latewood basic densities - earlywood and latewood tracheid lengths Basic density was computed from oven dry weight and green volume. Tracheid length was measured by the projection technique. Earlywood and latewood tracheid lengths were obtained separately as the mean length of 30 unbroken tracheids. The average of the early wood and latewood tracheid lengths constituted the ring tracheid length.
Gender roles in sustainable use and practices of medicinal plants in urban districts of Morogoro and Iringa Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2002) Augustino Suzana
This study was designed to assess the role played by gender in sustainable use and practices of medicinal plants, in urban districts of Morogoro and Iringa, Tanzania. Data were collected through social survey methods through interviews with herbalists (traditional healers and medicinal plant sellers) and key informants such as Forest extension officers and botanists. A list of medicinal plants given by each informant was compiled. The information gathered included local plant names, type of disease treated, parts of plant used, preparation methods, dosage and other aspects of medicinal plants including practices. The Statistical Package for Social Science Programme (SPSS) including content analysis, chi-square and logistic regression were used in data analysis. The results indicated that out of 246 and 177 medicinal plants recorded in Morogoro and Iringa urban districts respectively, only 108 and 88 were botanically identified. The recorded medicinal plants cure about 72 and 57 diseases and other complications in Morogoro and Iringa urban districts respectively. Male herbalists from the two districts prefer to use roots while female herbalists prefer to use barks. Most male and female herbalists usually harvest parts of medicinal plants outside their districts and traditionally prepare plant medicine using variety of methods like mixture of boiling and grinding. Dosages were not specific for most male and female herbalists and side effects were unknown. Significant differences were observed in the roles played by gender in sustainable use of medicinal plants. Most female than male supported much the idea of training in domestication of medicinal plants or establishment of community based woodlots and involvement in different research on medicinal plants. The medicinal plant practices were found to be gender dependent. While in Morogoro urban District men dominated the practice, in Iringa urban District women were dominantdependent. While in Morogoro urban District men dominated the practice, in Iringa urban District women were dominant. From the results it is concluded that male and female herbalists are very important people in providing primary health care to the urban societies. However, medicinal plant practices do not always depend on gender but are rather influenced much by social-economic and cultural factors that discourage women to participate fully. In order to integrate medicinal plants practices with the health care system in Tanzania it is recommended to; organize public awareness programmes to all herbalists to improve their understanding in aspects connected with medicinal plants and ensure sustainable use of the resources, sensitize most herbalists to change their altitude, start cooperating and pass their knowledge to young generations to sustain their traditional knowledge. Further studies are recommended to domesticate the potential medicinal plants in home gardens, determine their efficacy and safe ways of administering medicinal plant.
Assessment of land use conflicts and their management in mount Meru area, Arusha Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2004) Shio, Constantine John
The study was conducted to assess land use conflicts and their management in Mount Meru area of Arumeru District, Arusha Tanzania. The main objective was to study the nature and types of land use conflicts in order to discern the underlying causes and come up with appropriate management approaches to mitigate these conflicts. Primary data were obtained through PRA, discussion with key informants, questionnaire survey and field observations. Secondary data were obtained from the available archive. Multiple linear regression model was used as a tool for analysis. About 91.9% and 92.7% of respondents indicated that land is not enough for crop production and livestock grazing respectively. Moreover, 32.0% of respondents indicated that conflicts emanate from grazing illegally in the forest. Among the factors involved in regression model, big number of livestock had positive influence on illegally grazed livestock (p = 0.01). About 18.0% of respondents indicated conflicts emanating from farm boundaries, and 16.0% indicated conflict resulting on encroachment into forest and wildlife reserves. 14.0% indicted conflicts emanating from illegal tree cutting from forest reserves for household use and selling, while 11.0% and 9.0% indicated other sources of conflicts e.g. Poaching and illegal fuel wood collection respectively. Finally the study recommended that big herds, which are fed under free-range could be sold and replaced with few stall-fed improved cattle breed. Further, optimization of home gardens productivity can be achieved by planting as many crops in limited space available and use of improved good quality seeds and fertilizers. It is also recommended that formal education and promotion of environmental education be used to create resource conservation awareness. Where appropriate government should redistribute abandoned big farms to landless people and finance part of the establishment costs for people migrating to spacious districts. Further, Management Plans should address the concept of Joint Resource Management
The influence of economic reforms on utilisation of forest resources by the local communities in Tanzania: The case of Kitulanghalo forest reserve and its surrounding villages, Morogoro District, Tanzania
(2004-07-10) Ngaga, Y.M.; Kihiyo, V.B.; Kajernbe, G. C.
The economic reforms undertaken in Tanzania between 1981 and 1994 ill order to redress the deteriorating economy has caused retrenchment, closure or privatization of some of' the parastatals and many people who were formerly employed by these enterprises were forced to find alternative means of survival. A study was therefore conducted with the main objective of analyzing how economic reforms have influenced utilization and management of forest resources of Kitulanghalo forest reserve. The study was conducted between January and March 2000 in Gwata-Ujembe, Maseyu and Lubungo villages surrounding Kitulanghalo Forest Reserve which is located at about 50 kin east ofMorogoro Municipality along Morogoro - Dar es Salaam highway. The tools employed in primary data collection were Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) techniques and househo' ' surveys. About 60 households were sampled in the study villages. Data were analysed by using both PRA techniques and the Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS). The results indicated that agricultural activities and charcoal business are the main economic activities of the people surrounding the forest reserve. More that 75% of the households ill the study villages ranked charcoal making and selling as a first or second source of income after agriculture. The distance from homestead to areas where charcoal burning activities are carried was about /.8 to 18 k111. Furthermore, the results indicated that about 69%, 35% and 65% of the villagers interviewed for Gwata-Ujembe, Lubungo and Maseyu respectively were immigrants and have lived in the villages for 11-23 years. The population by year 2000 in Gwata-Ujembe village had increased by 57% compared to that of year 1980. The growing population has exerted pressure 011 resources due to increased demand for agricultural land, use and trade in forest products. About, 54%, 53% and 86% of the respondents in Gwata-Ujembe, Lubungo and Maseyu villages indicated respectively that there are possibilities of increasing the area owned by individual households by opening up virgin forests. A lso, traditional rules have been eroded (IS people of' different traditions and beliefs moved into the area.
Economics of Rainwater Harvesting for Crop Enterprises in Semi-Arid Areas: The Case of Makanya Watershed in Pangani River Basin, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2005) Mutabazi, K.D.; Senkondo, E. E.; Mbilinyi, B.P.; Tumbo, D.S.; Mahoo, H. F.
Contrary to irrigated agriculture that uses blue water, rainwater harvesting that uses green water as direct rain (in-field management) and runoff (spate irrigation) has been accorded little importance in terms of economic research, investment, technology transfer and management. This paper demonstrates the economic benefits of rainwater management for crop production in a semi-arid Makanya Watershed in the Pangani River Basin. The results from two seasons (2003 to 2004) of yield monitoring for maize and lablab show that rainwater harvesting for crop production has the potential for poverty reduction. During the short rainy season of 2004, which was good (above average) in terms of runoff access, maize enterprise under macro-catchment rainwater harvesting realized yield, returns to land and labour amounting to 2.9 ton/ha, US $718/ha and US $19.5/person-day respectively. For the long rainy season of 2003, which was bad (below average), the performance of maize in terms of yield, returns to land and labour improved appreciably with increasing frequency of runoff reception for spate irrigation. Performance of maize and maize-lablab intercrop improved with increasing frequency of runoff access. Respective returns to land and labour under rainfed (no runoff) were only US $122.5/ha and US $3.3/person-day compared to US $1,011.9/ha and US $26.9/person-day with three incidences of runoff reception. Seasonal returns to land and labour exceed the national annual per caput income of US $280 and the global poverty line of US $1/person/day. These findings justify investment and technology transfer in rainwater harvesting for crop production in the upper watersheds of our major river basins.
Economic assessment of ecosystem goods and services delivered by Pangani basin, Tanzania.
(2006) Lalika, Makarius C.S; Deckere, Eric; Ngaga, Yonika M
Ecosystem services are increasingly promoted as a means for documenting the values humans place on ecosystems and evaluating benefits derived from natural resources. However, one of the main reasons that scientists and decision-makers are worried about the current trend of ecosystem degradation is that ecosystems provide valuable services and there are strong indications that these services have been degraded considerably. This draft paper on economic assessment of goods and services delivered by Pangani Basin is part of a PhD study that focuses on Potential for Payment for Water Services in Pangani Basin Tanzania. Field surveys, structured questionnaires, interviews with key informants and literature reviews were the main tools for data collection. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was the main software for data analysis. Microsoft excel was used to produce figures and tables. Although the analysis is still going on, preliminary findings indicated that goods and services include water for power production, domestic uses, irrigation; aquaculture and small scale fishing nutrient regulation; commercial crops irrigation; enjoyment of scenic beauty and eco-tourism; just to name a few a just some of the ecosystem goods and services delivered by Pangani Basin. Commercial flower growers (mainly companies from Holland) are the water user stakeholders in Pangani Basin. These include: Dekker Tanzania-Arusha, Tanzania Flowers, Dekker Moshi, Kilflora Fower Cuttings, etc. The average value of water in Basin and Pangani Basin was Tanzania shilling 36, 769 and 52, 960 millions respectively where as the upper bound was 45, 962 and 66, 200 respectively. Also the average prices of water in villages were Tsh1.50/lt in the highlands, 1.25/lt in the Kirua Swamps area and Tsh1.20/lt at the coast. These prices, equivalent to Tsh 1500, Tsh 1250 and Tsh 1200 per m3 respectively. It can be concluded that, a thoroughly economic assessment of water values should be undertaken in Pangani Basin. The way forward is to finish data analysis for the data collected so far and collect more information for the study.
Effect of human activities on composition and regeneration of woody species in Morogoro fuelwood reserve, Morogoro, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2007) Singo, Ijumaa Kombo Mcharo
Morogoro Fuelwood Reserve (MFR) is a productive forest under the management of Mvomero district and Morogoro Municipal Authority. The reserve has been modified through human activities. The aim of this study was to investigate effect of human activities on composition and regeneration of woody species in MFR. Seventy four plots each with an area of 0.07 hectare were systematically established in 10 transects. Socio- economic data obtained through household (5%) interviews using structured questionnaire, informal discussion and direct observations in the village of Wami Sokoine and Maili kumi na nane & Mawasiliano streets. Microsoft excel software was used to analyse the quantitative data for forest parameters, while SPSS program, content and structural-functional analytical tools applied on socio-economic data. A total of 52 woody species belonging to 18 families were identified. The three most dominant tree species in terms of their IVI were Combretum molle, Sclerocary birrea, and Pteleopsis myritifolia. Tree stocking was 403 stems ha –1 while basal area and volume were 2.12m 2 ha –1 and 9.58m 3 ha –1 respectively. On average there were 7 233 stems ha -1 of regenerants. Combretum molle had higher regeneration potential in the reserve. The Shannon Wierner (2.7293) and Simpson (0.0705) Indices were reasonably average. Chi- square test showed that charcoal making, firewood collection, livestock grazing and wild fire were the major human activities that cause significant degradation of forest resources in the MFR. Logistic regression analysis revealed that the socio-economic factors that significantly influence demand for forest resources and subsequent degradation of the MFR are household size, cropping system, mode of farm preparation, average income, mode of livestock keeping and distance to sources of forest products. The study concludes that, although tree species richness and diversity are on average high, the MFR has been affected by activities of the adjacent human communities, which is shown by reduced wood stocks, basal area and volume. It is recommended that there should be regular assessment and monitoring to maintain ecological and environmental integrity of this reserve.
Alternative pricing mechanism of teak forest plantation saw-logs in Tanzania
(Sokoine University Of Agriculture., 2007) Chamuya, Nuru-Kauye Athuman
The main objective of the study was to analyze the various pricing mechanisms that can be used in setting prices for teak saw-logs and the prevailing market characteristics influencing prices in Tanzania. Primary data on the factors influencing auctioning and stumpage appraisal and, teak saw-logs production and trading costs were collected through questionnaires and field observations from Mtibwa and Longuza teak forest plantations, FBD head offices and inners of the various auctions conducted between 1998/1999 and 2005/2006 in the country. The visited stakeholders also provided data on the royalty fee and ublic auctioning stumpage values of the teak saw-logs. Secondary data were obtained from various reports and documents. From the data collected, the appraisal stumpage values of the teak saw-logs were calculated and, ompassions were made between royalty fee, public auctioning and appraisal stumpage value pricing mechanisms to know which one among the three generates more revenues to the teak saw-logs producers and, what market structure favours each pricing mechanism. The results of the study indicate that the Tanzania government’s effort to generate more revenues through selling her teak saw-logs by public auctioning instead of royalty fee has significantly increased revenues. However, conditions that favour pure competitive market structure, in which public auctioning operates effectively are lacking. The study further found out that there is a significant difference among the stumpage values of the logs obtained through royalty fee, public auctioning and appraisal stumpage value pricing mechanisms. For example, in the last auctioning (2005/2006) conducted at Mtibwa plantation forest the royalty fee and public auction stumpage values of the teak saw-logs were TAS 55 759/m3 and TAS 108 000/m3 respectively; while, the appraisal stumpage value of the same logs was TAS 219,000/m3. This shows that the royalty fee stumpage value was 51% of the public auctioning stumpage value and only 25% of the appraisal stumpage value. The auctioning stumpage value was only 41% of the appraisal stumpage value. However, the appraisal stumpage value was 73% of the FOB price (TAS 300 000/m3) of the 2005/2006 auctioned teak saw-logs. This information shows that the appraisal stumpage value of the teak saw-logs has the highest value compared to royalty fee and public auctioning pricing mechanisms and, it estimates the timber value at production site closer to its market value. Therefore, in order to generate more income through timber selling the government of Tanzania could consider charging her timber by applying the appraisal stumpage value pricing mechanism. It is ommended to use the appraisal stumpage values as a floor price when auctioning publicly timber and, a review of the training syllabus for certificate and diploma courses to incorporate the application of stumpage appraisal timber pricing echanism, which many foresters are not conversant with.
The contribution of palm craft materials to household income in western lowland zone
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2007) Sekiete, Elinipa Mnzava
This study was designed to determine the contribution of palm craft materials to household income in Western lowland zone of Mwanga district. Data was collected by social economic survey and field inventory. The social economic survey involved interviewing sampled respondents in households, sellers and customers of palm craft materials and products in the market place and discussion with focus groups. Information gathered was type of species, quantity harvested, type of products produced, uses and marketing of palm craft materials and produced products. Field inventory was also conducted to get the estimates of the available palm craft materials in Kileo forest reserve and in general land. Data from social economic survey were analysed by using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) computer programme. Field inventory data were analysed using Microsoft Excel computer programme. The study has revealed that palm craft materials have significant contribution (P<0.01) to household income compared to other economic sources in the four villages of Kileo ward. Palm craft materials contributed 56 % of total household income while crops, business and livestock contribute 21 %, 15 % and 8 percent respectively. Market of palm craft products was not good. It was also observed that the amount of palm craft material harvested was lower than what both Kileo forest reserve and in general land could supply. It was recommended that; product development and marketing should be conducted in order to utilize the full potential of the forest reserve and general land, villagers in Kileo ward should be helped to organize themselves into economic groups dealing with plant craft materials, Forest Division should introduce quarter harvesting system of wild date palm in Kileo forest reserve and that Kileo forest reserve and the general land with doum palm should be managed in a sustainable manner through Participatory Forest Management.
Tobacco growers at the crossroads: towards a comparison of diversification and ecosystem impacts
(2009) Geist, Helmut J; tsung Chang, Kang-; Etges, Virginia; Abdallah, Jumanne M
An international Framework Convention on Tobacco Control has been in force since 2005, also aimed at regulating tobacco farming: FCTC article 17 on diversification, and FCTC article 18 on socio-ecological issues. Relating to the FCTC, information was gained and evaluated from tobacco farmers of growing areas sampled from major world regions (Rio Grande do Sul/Brazil, Tabora/Tanzania, Meinung/Taiwan, and Germany/Europe). A local farming survey was carried out in 2007, using a common data protocol, which covered, among others, questions on area and production development, energy used in curing, workforce, economic livelihood situation, and diversification opportunities. In addition to the survey, secondary (national-scale) statistics, public testimonies and other published data were explored. We analyzed these data using a portfolio approach, which combined statistical analysis, meta-analytical study and descriptive narratives. The projected trend of a global shift of tobacco cultivation into the developing world is confirmed, but also refined. Wood is used in Brazil and Tanzania for curing Virginia green leaf, thus contradicting the projected continuous reduction of this energy source. Child labour remains a major component of family farm tobacco operations in Brazil and Tanzania, while the cost and availability of seasonal labour turns into a bottleneck of production in Germany. More diversification opportunities exist than generally claimed, but no efforts are seen to address poor and vulnerable growers, in particular. German and Taiwanese tobacco growers can reasonably be predicted to discontinue farming in the near future, while tobacco cultivation in Brazil and Tanzania is seen to expand, mainly due to the political economy of low-cost production. Conclusions are drawn with respect to the work of the UN Study Group on Economically Sustainable Alternatives to Tobacco Growing (ESATG), effective since 2007.
Forest income and rural livelihoods under Suledo community based forest management in Kiteto district
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2009) Mwakasendo, Clemence Andagile
How forest income in Community Based Forest Management (CBFM), enters into peoples’ livelihood diversification strategies, income distributional profile, degree of dependency and variations due to contextual factors is unknown. This study was carried in Sunya, Lengatei and Dongo wards in Kiteto district from September to December 2008 to assess the impact of community based forest management on rural livelihoods. Livelihood framework was the main approach used. Data collection involved Participatory Rural Appraisal, household questionnaire survey, participant observation and focused group discussion. The study population was grouped into; poor, medium and less poor wealth groups. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for quantitative data using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS version 12) and Excel. The inferential statistic analysis was used to determine the influence of household socio-economic characteristics on household income and how environmental incomes influenced by other sources of household income. Forest resource use dominated by fodder and firewood, improved after CBFM. Household income contributions were as follows; Agriculture 96.3%, environmental income 2.8% and non-farm, off-farms and remittances contributed 0.9%. Livestock owning was potentially a variable with respect to household asset. Total household income increased with increase in number of cattle and the relationship was significant (P<0.001). Lower income households registered lower earnings in agriculture than environmental income. Environmental income reduced income inequality, the Gini coefficient without environmental income in respective study villages of Sunya, Asamatwa, Lesoit and Olkitikiti was increased to 0.01, 0.01, 0.03 and 0.00 units respectively. The overall Gini coefficient increased to 0.02 units. Community’s perception on CBFM towards livelihood was generally positive. The study recommends; use of forest resources in CBFM to identify actual needs of the local community in regard to existingiii income category and social groups’ needs, improvement of existing livelihood options and
Competition between maize and pigeonpea in semi-arid Tanzania: effect on yields And nutrition of crops
(Elservier, 2009) Kimaro, A.A; Timmer, V.R.; Chamshama, S.A.O; Ngaga, Y.N; Kimaro, D.A
Productivity of maize–pigeonpea cropping systems is dependent on facilitative and competitive interactive effects on resource availability. Controlling these interactions may benefit farmers through increased productivity associated with optimized crop yields. Previous research on maize–pigeonpea culture in Sub-Saharan Africa has focused on yield and soil fertility, but provided inadequate information on the mechanisms of possible interspecific competition. We employed a factorial field experiment to examine yield and nutritional responses of maize and pigeonpea to cropping systems (sole maize, intercropping, and improved fallow), N and P fertilizer additions, and cattle manure additions in Dodoma, Tanzania. The study objectives were to assess competition between crops and to determine how manure or fertilizer inputs may mitigate such interactions to improve yields. Intercropping enhanced maize yield over sole maize only when fertilized, reflecting probable nutrient competition. Improved fallows alone or with fertilizers (1.2–1.6 Mg ha 1 ) increased maize yields over sole maize (0.6 Mg ha 1 ). These increases were attributed to pigeonpea facilitation through soil nutrient replenishment, reduced competition associated with sequential cropping arrangements, and added nutrients from fertilization. Combined fertilizer and manure applications also improved maize and pigeonpea yields. Plant nutrient diagnosis indicated primary and secondary P and Ca deficiencies, respectively associated with P-fixation and leaching of cations due to high soil acidity and exchangeable Al. Maize competed strongly in mixture suppressing biomass and grain yields of the unfertilized pigeonpea by 60% and 33%, respectively due to limited soil nutrients and/or moisture. These yield reductions suggest that the intercropped pigeonpea did not recover from competition after maize harvesting that reduced competition. Optimizing yields of both maize and pigeonpea would require the addition of prescribed fertilizer when intercropped, but applications can be reduced by half under the improved fallow system due to alleviating interspecific competition.
Economic contribution of private woodlots to the economy of Mufindi district – Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2010) Singunda, Widewell Timothy
The main objective of this study was to asses and quantify the contribution of private woodlots to the economy of Mufindi district in the Southern Highlands of Tanzania in year 2008. The specific objectives were, to examine and quantify the levels of woodlot ownership coupled with capital asset acquisition, to asses and quantify the rates of tree planting in relation to the utilization rate by value added activities, to asses and quantify the contribution of private woodlots to the communities in terms of employment and revenue generation, to determine the contribution of woodlots to timber supply in Mufindi district, and to examine the actual and potential revenue contribution of private woodlots to the district. Data was collected using semi structured questionnaires in which a random sample of 270 households out of 900 in six villages and 30 traders were interviewed. A checklist was used to interview the key informants who included the village leaders, district natural resources officer, district trade officer. Other methods used in gathering information were personal observation and focused group discussion. The data was analyzed using the SPSS programme version 12.11 and EXCEL programme. Descriptive statistics such as frequencies, percentages and means were used to make inferences about the studied Woodlot owners. The study showed that 14.1 % of the woodlot owners were females, and 85.9% were males. Woodlots were planted on land acquired through inheritance, village allocation, and buying, and most of this land was former agriculture land. Average land size owned per household was 6.80 hectares and the average woodlot size was 2.60 hectares, thus, 36 % of the land was occupied with woodlots. Most of the woodlot owners started planting woodlots in years 1991 to 2008. Timber supplied from woodlots was 92% for the transmission poles while contribution of wood destined for sawn wood was less than 1% compared to Government plantation. However, the study revealed that the planting rate was higher compared to the utilization rate, implying that there was more young stock compared to old stock. Furthermore the study showed that woodlots had created on average 5414 employment opportunities at farm level, while 120 permanent and 600 part time employment opportunities were created by processing units. Furthermore, the survey showed that 90% of the traders sold their produce through middlemen and this was done at production sites. Timber was mainly destined for local markets and Kenya. The survey revealed that the average income derived from sale of woodlots was Tsh. 232 143 and Tsh.455 452 for years 2007 and 2008 respectively. Revenue to the district accrued from sale of sawn wood and transmission poles collected, as cess was less than 1% of the potential revenue. Given the potential that woodlots have in improving the economy in resource poor areas, this study recommends increased establishment of woodlots and improved management in Tanzania while observing the land use plans, in order to exploit market opportunities tenable, because products have a big market inside and outside the country
Stand structure and carbon storage in the Nilo nature reserve, East Usambara, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2011) Japhet, Emmanuel
Understanding forest stand structure is necessary for predicting losses and storage of carbon in forests. However, there is scanty knowledge on relationship between stand structure and carbon storage. This study assessed stand structure and its relationship with carbon storage in Nilo Nature Reserve. The specific objectives were to determine the forest stand structure, above ground and soil carbon stock and their relationship. The forest was stratified into four elevation bands. Four marked permanent sample plots of size 0.4 ha with 80 subplots of size 20 × 10 m one in each elevation band was established. In each plot, the following information was collected: tree diameter at breast height, wood cores, and soil samples. The data was used to determine species richness, stem density, basal area, volume and carbon stock. ANOVA was used to test variation in stand structure and carbon stock with elevation bands while regression analysis was used to determine their relationships. A total of 77 species of trees and shrubs belonging to 29 families were identified. Shannon index was 3.60 indicating high plant species diversity. The stand density, average diameter, basal area and volume were 299 ± 26 stems ha -1 , 26.07 ± 2.88 cm, 38.08 ± 3.61 m 2 ha -1 and 488.35 ± 56.32 m 3 ha -1 respectively. Above ground and soils carbon stocks were 291 ± 32.81 and 247.13 ± 73.38 t ha -1 respectively. There was significant correlation (P = 001) between carbon stocks and tree diameter, basal area and volume. Average diameter, basal area, volume and above ground carbon stock were significantly higher at high elevation than mid-high elevation band. It is concluded that stand structure correlated with carbon stocks and NNR has high potential for carbon storage in above ground biomass and soils. The stand structure parameters can be used adequately for prediction of carbon stock in similar forests.
Management cost in government and private forest plantations in Tanzania: Case study of Sao hill and Mapanda plantations, Mufindi district, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2011) Malinga, Hamisi Iddi
A study on management cost in government and private forest plantations in Tanzania was carried out at Sao Hill Forest Plantation and Mapanda Forest Plantation. Specifically, the study identified management costs of Sao Hill and Mapanda forest plantations, examined factors influencing management costs of Sao Hill and Mapanda forest plantations and also assessed cost management strategies used by Sao Hill and Mapanda forest plantation all for the past five years. Socio-economic data were collected through checklists and structured questionnaires. Data were collected from the two projects treasurer’s offices of Sao Hill Forest Plantation and Mapanda Forest Plantation head offices in Mafinga. Qualitative data were analysed through content and structural-functional analysis. Quantitative socioeconomic data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods. The results show that average real management costs for Sao Hill Forest Plantation (SHFP) is TAS 520 000/ha/year and TAS 345 000/ha/year for Mapanda Forest Plantation (MFP) and is significantly influenced by salaries and wages (45.5%), soil ingredients (27.6%) and seed purchase (16.4%), fire protection( 23.1%), pitting and planting (14%), weeding (5%), pruning (0.9%) and beating up (0.6%). It was further revealed that the main factor contributed to higher management cost in Sao Hill forest plantation is lack of knowledge on cost management strategies. It is recommended that the government should use management costs as the basis for setting or changing royalty fees and also review the cost management strategies so that they can further attain the lowest unit real costs.
Land uses and livelihood options for shorobe and Sankuyo communities, Botswana
(2012) Nyamoga, Greyson Zabron
Sustainable utilization of natural resources in particular wildlife and forestry is a challenge not only for Botswana but for many other developing and developed countries. The formulation and implementation of policies that encourage sustainable utilization of these resources is also not easy especially when it has to deliver both developments to people as well as conservation objectives. Community Based Natural Resources Management (CBNRM) approach were established to involve local communities in managing and monitoring natural resources to ensure sustainability of the resources being monitored. This study aimed at comparing the livelihood options for Sankuyo and Shorobe communities, the former being a tourism/wildlife under CBNRM approach community while the later is an agricultural based community. Data were using questionnaires, focus group discussions, field visits and observations, key informants and stakeholders/situation analysis. Data were analyzed using excel program and results were summarized in table, figures and charts. Results show that, although these two communities are homogeneous in terms of ethnic group’s composition but they have different livelihood options and strategies. Sankuyo community relies heavily on tourism activities and most of the household members are employed in tourism related activities. Shorobe on the other hand derive their income from cattle and farming. Many of the interviewed household (66%) in Sankuyo are headed by female while in Shorobe (58%) are headed by males. These female headed households live with their grandchildren while their daughters and sons are working elsewhere. Sankuyo community seems to be more educated than Shorobe. In Shorobe 63% of the respondents reported to have no formal education while in Sankuyo no one reported to have no education. While in Sankuyo 28% had secondary education only 10% had secondary education in Shorobe. Results also show that hunting and other tourism activities in Sankuyo contributes about 67% of the total income in the community while other activities contribute only 33% while in Shorobe many household are accrued by selling cattle and some other crops. Other economic activities that contribute to the household income for Shorobe were selling local beer (Mochewa), fishing and petty businesses. It is concluded that the changes in policies for wildlife management have a great impact to the livelihood of people. It is therefore recommended that local communities should be involved in the decision making process to avoid the negative impacts that may be associated with the policy changes. Involving the local community will not only increase the sense of ownership but also build capacity to the members of these communities.
Forecasting consumption and substitution of sawnwood products in the building industry in Dar es salaam city,Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2013) Mgana, Joseph Exaud
The future consumption and substitution of wood products in the building industry is not well analyzed and examined hence demand for wood in the industry remain uncertain. The study on forecasting consumption and substitution of sawnwood in building industry was carried out in Dar es Salaam city. Consumption forecasts of sawnwood for years 2016, 2021 and 2026 were determined through income elasticity of demand forecasting model. The sampling unit was obtained from a list of wards, building contractors and architects in Dar es Salaam city. Random sampling with replacement was employed with an intensity of 20% - 100% depending on the population, availability of respondents and willingness to respond. Questionnaires were used to obtain data from interviewees. Statistical data of sawnwood and substitute building materials were recorded in data sheets. Data collected were analyzed using SPSS and MS Excel programmes. The consumption of sawnwood and substitute building materials were assessed in doors and windows. Buildings were categorized into Lower, Medium, and High categories. The lower category involved all none storey buildings and consumed an average of 2.69 m3 per building unit while medium category (1-3 storey) consumed 3.1 m3 of sawnwood per building unit. The last category involved buildings with 4 storeys and above which according to the results consumed an average of 5.3 m3 of sawnwood per building unit. The study show that in year 2011, Dar es Salaam consumed a total of 8,706.9 m3 of sawnwood for doors and window frames in about 2878 building units that were built in that same year. Kinondoni district consumed 42.2% of the total sawnwood while Ilala district consumed 34.8% of total sawnwood and Temeke district consumed 23% of the total sawnwood consumed in windows and doors in Dar es Salaam city in the year 2011. The per capita building consumption of sawnwood for Dar es Salaam in 2011 was estimated to be 2.7 m3 while for aluminium was 46.2 m2. Sawnwood substitution was highly observed in windows compared to doors with aluminium being the main substitute material. The per capita building consumption of sawnwood in 2026 is estimated to be 3.4 m3 which is an increase of 23.4% compared to 2.7 m3 observed in year 2011. For aluminium, per capita consumption for 2026 will be about 86.8 m2 which is an increase of 88% compared to 46.2 m2 which was observed in year 2011. Sawnwood consumption in none storey buildings will still grow fairly fast because majority of the buildings in urban centers particularly Dar es Salaam are being built by low and middle income people for residential purposes. Therefore, the commercially unknown and underutilized sawnwood species need to be publicized on their strength properties, resistance to weather and durability for future consumption in the building industry.
Challenges and opportunities for sustaining the Usangu wetland in Tanzania
(2013) Njau, P. H.; Munishi, P. K. T.; Mbije, N. E.; Kadigi, R .M. J.
Despite the many benefits that wetlands provide, the same resources constitute one of the most threatened, degraded and lost habitats in the world. Sustaining them and restoring the lost ones require a thorough understanding of the roots of the problem and the means to overcome it. Based on this ground, a study was conducted in Usangu Plains in the southwestern part of Tanzania using various Participatory Rural Approaches (PRAs) and a semi structured questionnaire so as to explore the challenges and opportunities for achieving sustainable management of the Usangu wetland. The following major challenges were identified: a) the challenge of ensuring a year round environmental water flow to the Usangu wetlands, b) the challenge of resolving the “paradigm dichotomy” between the natural resource conservationists and local communities (i.e. the conservation dilemma of whether to adapt a complete preservation approach or a flexible conservation approach to wetland resources, by allowing multiple uses of wetland resources), c) the challenge of winning the support of the local communities or actively involving them in ensuring sustainable management of wetlands, and d) the challenge of ensuring a thorough understanding of the trade-offs between utilization and sustainability of wetland resources, given the current rate of degradation and losses. Community-based conservation was perceived as the most preferable wetland conservation approach, which seeks to co-opt the managerial capacities of the wetland resources to the local people themselves, who have been very often by-passed in the conventional approaches.
Institutional and socio-economic factors influencing adoption of conservation agriculture with trees in Karatu and Mwanga districts, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2013) Nassari, Elisaria Samwel
A study was carried out to assess institutional and socio-economic factors influencing adoption of Conservation Agriculture with Trees (CAWT) in Karatu and Mwanga districts in Tanzania. Ten (10) villages practicing CAWT were purposively sampled 5 from each district and a total of 100 respondents were randomly selected for household survey from village register. In addition Focus Group Discussions in PRA and desk reviewing of major policies related to CAWT were employed. Logistic regression model was used to determine the influence of socio-economic factors on CAWT adoption and results indicate farmer‟s age influences CAWT packages adoption. Age was found statistically significant (P<0.05) on Minimum Tillage/No soil Turning signaling an indicator that socioeconomic factors contribute to slow CAWT adoption rate. Sex and education level were found to be statistically insignificant (P<0.05) but significant (P<0.1) for Cover Crop and Crop Rotation implying less influence to CAWT adoption. Education level and farm size did not vary much from one household to another due to elite rural-urban migration and women are highly dominated by men. Content analysis and in-depth review of the major policies showed that, Agricultural and Livestock Policy 1997, Livestock Policy 2006, National Land Policy 1997 and National Forest Policy 1998 do not have provisions on CAWT. Implementation of policy provisions however, mention pillars of CAWT as Minimum Tillage, Use of cover Crops, Crop Rotation and Farm-Trees integration in their statements. Policy analysis shows few SSFs with title deed, weak market links with less access to CAWT inputs which are not affordable. Institutional frameworks analysis shows poor coordination of CAWT amongst stakeholders and political support. The study recommends that, policy improving interventions be made, formation of CAWT coordinating body at national level, and farmers and extension officers be trained to increase awareness and knowledge on CAWT for speeding up its adoption rate.

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