Department of Forest and Environmental Economics

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Genotype and soil fertility interaction in the growth of black spruce progeny from a central New Brunswick population
(Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 1984) Maliondo, S. M.; Krause, H. H.
Seedlings representing 10 half-sib families from a black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) stand in central New Brunswick were raised in a greenhouse on three different soils, each with two levels of fertility. Seedling growth varied significantly with soil, fertility, and half-sib family. After 7 months mean dry weights, for example, ranged from 0.292 to 0.755 g with soil, 0.174 to 0.936 g with level of fertility, and 0.370 to 0.657 g with family. With soil and fertility considered fixed variables, the family and family–fertility interaction accounted for approximately 3 and 20% of the phenotypic variation in mean seedling dry weight, respectively. Similar variance components were observed for shoot and root weights, and root collar diameter. Based on the family – soil fertility interaction, the population was divided into groups of (i) broadly adapted families showing average performance through the full range of fertility environments, (ii) strong responders, i.e., families performing below average at low fertility, but showing a large fertilization response, and (iii) weak or nonresponders, i.e., families performing poorly in all fertility environments.
Basic density and tracheid length in juvenile and mature wood in pinus patula from southern Tanzania
(Sokoine Univesrity of Agriculture, 1984) Ringo,Winnyston n-jilekiro
Variations in basic density and tracheid length were investigated on wood samples from 27 year old Pinus patula trees grown in Sao Hill, Southern Tanzania. The main objectives of the study were: - to verify variations between and within trees to determine juvenile period and juvenile wood proportion in the stems - to elucidate variations between and within juvenile and mature wood - to relate juvenile wood basic density and tracheid length with those in mature wood. Fifteen sample trees were randomly selected in two similar compartments in Msiwazi sub-management block. 2.5 cm thick disks were extracted from each sample tree at 1.3 m, 4 m, 8 m and 12 m heights. Based on results from a preliminary investigation, data for the following variables were obtained for each second ring from pith to bark following one cardinal direction in each: - ring distance from pith - ring width - latewood band width - ring basic density - earlywood and latewood basic densities - earlywood and latewood tracheid lengths Basic density was computed from oven dry weight and green volume. Tracheid length was measured by the projection technique. Earlywood and latewood tracheid lengths were obtained separately as the mean length of 30 unbroken tracheids. The average of the early wood and latewood tracheid lengths constituted the ring tracheid length.
Biomass, volume and nutrient accumulation by six-year old acacia albi da under agroforestry at Mafiga, Morogoro, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 1988) Okorio, John
The study was conducted to evaluate the suitability of Acacia al bi da for fuelwood and environment fodder at production using Mafiga, Morogoro. agroforestry in a semi-humid The trial was planted in February, 1980 and arranged in a split - plot design with three main plots: 1)Acacia intercropped with maize, 2)Acacia intercropped with beans, and 3)Acacia monoculture cleanweeded. Each mainplotincluded at4 x4 m, planted four tree 5 x spacing subplots, no trees, trees 5 m and 6 x 6 m. The experiment had four replications covering an area of 4.32 ha. In March 1986, thirty trees representing all the diameter classes in the trial content. root harvested and used to determine volume, biomass and nutrient were addition, In di stribution, biomass collected sampleswere macronutrients. eight root systems were excavated to determine and nutrient content. Seventy-two soil from the different treatments and analysed for Data on height, diameter growth and food crop yields (maize and beans) for the past six years was compiled from past records. At the age of the whole neither six years, the mean height and DBH for Acacia al bi da in trial was 8.41 m and 10.7 cm respectively. affected Height growth was by intercropping nor tree spacing, but.diameter growth was affected by tree spacing. Volumeproduction varied from 9.9 to valuesranged 19.6 to 43.1 from 24.9 m3 ha 1 and total biomass tons ha'1 . Intercropping did not (p < 0.05) influence the production of volume and biomass. significantly significantly Spacing,however, biomassproduction with (p < 0.05) influenced both volume and higher volume and biomass under lower spacing and the lowest volume and biomass under the highest spacing. Nutrient concentrations were high and comparable to other tree legumes. Generally,nutrient brushwood,and least concentrations were highest in the foliage and in the stem, with concentrations in the roots and branches being intermediate. for Except the nutrient N, and brushwood roots, The Thenutrient accumulation (4 x 4 m) in Kg ha spacing 57.6, with the Mg and were highest in the stem, least amounts found in the foliage and highest inventory of N was concentrated in the foliage. branches. total accumulations 73.8, Na. in the aerial biomass at the closest were 262.9, N; 39.4 P; 156.7, K; 97.4, Ca; Corresponding values for the below ground . -1 biomass were 85.0; 8.1; 54.3; 23.5; 18.1; and 8.1 Kg ha . Althoughthere were trends of increasing nutrients under the trees the presenceof Acacia trees did not significantly influence the nutrient status of the soil. Food to -1 crop yields varied from 143.2 to 409.7 Kg ha for beans and 343.8 956.0 Kg ha-l for maize. The yield of the food crops were not
Tropical rainforest deforestation, biodiversity benefits and sustainable landuse: analysis of economic and ecological aspects related to the Nguru mountains, Tanzania.
(Agricultural University of Norway, 1995) Monela, Gerald C.
Monela, G.C. 1995: Tropical rainforest deforestation, biodiversity benefits and sustainable landuse: Analysis of economic and ecological aspects related to the Nguru mountains, Tanzania. Doctor Scientiarum Theses 1995:27, ISSN 0802-3220. The threat to the rainforest in the Nguru mountains due to landuse problems is serious. Because of the strong link between agriculture and forest degradation, any attempt to alleviate ecological problems must to a large extent address agricultural-related landuse problems. The primary objective of this study is to analyze the possibilities for sustainable integrated management of land-based resources and ecological conservation in the Nguru mountains in order to improve the living standard of the people and preserve the tropical rainforest in the area. More specifically, landuse practices are analyzed and micro-economic analysis is used to evaluate the efficiency in resource use. Mathematical programming is applied in an empirical case study to examine the impact on deforestation pressure, of agriculture, population pressure and risk. It is also used to formulate economically efficient farm plans at household farm level in order to analyze the potential for improving people’s income and resource use. The study is presented in form of three reports titled as follows: Report 1. Rainforest degradation and landuse in the Nguru mountains, Tanzania: Analysis of socio-economic and ecological aspects. Report 2. Analysis of the use of tropical rainforest species and evaluation of buffer zones and other control mechanisms in preserving the tropical rainforest adjacent to Mhonda village in the Nguru Mountains, Tanzania. Report 3. Socio-economic analysis of deforestation of tropical rainforests as a consequence of agriculture productivity, risks and population growth: A case study of Mhonda village in the Nguru mountains, Tanzania. Results show that several interrelated factors are main driving forces for landuse problems which enhance deforestation pressure in the Nguru mountains. These include poverty, growing population, increased domestic demand, lack of knowledge, and risk. The effect of these factors is enhanced by market and government failures which are partly influenced by demands external to the country. These factors must be considered to improve farming practices and landuse, prevent excessive use of the rainforest, and reduce deforestation pressure and degradation. No single solution exist for these landuse problems, yet the insights gained through the analysis done provide information to alleviate the situation.
Gender roles in sustainable use and practices of medicinal plants in urban districts of Morogoro and Iringa Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2002) Augustino Suzana
This study was designed to assess the role played by gender in sustainable use and practices of medicinal plants, in urban districts of Morogoro and Iringa, Tanzania. Data were collected through social survey methods through interviews with herbalists (traditional healers and medicinal plant sellers) and key informants such as Forest extension officers and botanists. A list of medicinal plants given by each informant was compiled. The information gathered included local plant names, type of disease treated, parts of plant used, preparation methods, dosage and other aspects of medicinal plants including practices. The Statistical Package for Social Science Programme (SPSS) including content analysis, chi-square and logistic regression were used in data analysis. The results indicated that out of 246 and 177 medicinal plants recorded in Morogoro and Iringa urban districts respectively, only 108 and 88 were botanically identified. The recorded medicinal plants cure about 72 and 57 diseases and other complications in Morogoro and Iringa urban districts respectively. Male herbalists from the two districts prefer to use roots while female herbalists prefer to use barks. Most male and female herbalists usually harvest parts of medicinal plants outside their districts and traditionally prepare plant medicine using variety of methods like mixture of boiling and grinding. Dosages were not specific for most male and female herbalists and side effects were unknown. Significant differences were observed in the roles played by gender in sustainable use of medicinal plants. Most female than male supported much the idea of training in domestication of medicinal plants or establishment of community based woodlots and involvement in different research on medicinal plants. The medicinal plant practices were found to be gender dependent. While in Morogoro urban District men dominated the practice, in Iringa urban District women were dominantdependent. While in Morogoro urban District men dominated the practice, in Iringa urban District women were dominant. From the results it is concluded that male and female herbalists are very important people in providing primary health care to the urban societies. However, medicinal plant practices do not always depend on gender but are rather influenced much by social-economic and cultural factors that discourage women to participate fully. In order to integrate medicinal plants practices with the health care system in Tanzania it is recommended to; organize public awareness programmes to all herbalists to improve their understanding in aspects connected with medicinal plants and ensure sustainable use of the resources, sensitize most herbalists to change their altitude, start cooperating and pass their knowledge to young generations to sustain their traditional knowledge. Further studies are recommended to domesticate the potential medicinal plants in home gardens, determine their efficacy and safe ways of administering medicinal plant.
Assessment of land use conflicts and their management in mount Meru area, Arusha Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2004) Shio, Constantine John
The study was conducted to assess land use conflicts and their management in Mount Meru area of Arumeru District, Arusha Tanzania. The main objective was to study the nature and types of land use conflicts in order to discern the underlying causes and come up with appropriate management approaches to mitigate these conflicts. Primary data were obtained through PRA, discussion with key informants, questionnaire survey and field observations. Secondary data were obtained from the available archive. Multiple linear regression model was used as a tool for analysis. About 91.9% and 92.7% of respondents indicated that land is not enough for crop production and livestock grazing respectively. Moreover, 32.0% of respondents indicated that conflicts emanate from grazing illegally in the forest. Among the factors involved in regression model, big number of livestock had positive influence on illegally grazed livestock (p = 0.01). About 18.0% of respondents indicated conflicts emanating from farm boundaries, and 16.0% indicated conflict resulting on encroachment into forest and wildlife reserves. 14.0% indicted conflicts emanating from illegal tree cutting from forest reserves for household use and selling, while 11.0% and 9.0% indicated other sources of conflicts e.g. Poaching and illegal fuel wood collection respectively. Finally the study recommended that big herds, which are fed under free-range could be sold and replaced with few stall-fed improved cattle breed. Further, optimization of home gardens productivity can be achieved by planting as many crops in limited space available and use of improved good quality seeds and fertilizers. It is also recommended that formal education and promotion of environmental education be used to create resource conservation awareness. Where appropriate government should redistribute abandoned big farms to landless people and finance part of the establishment costs for people migrating to spacious districts. Further, Management Plans should address the concept of Joint Resource Management
The influence of economic reforms on utilisation of forest resources by the local communities in Tanzania: The case of Kitulanghalo forest reserve and its surrounding villages, Morogoro District, Tanzania
(2004-07-10) Ngaga, Y.M.; Kihiyo, V.B.; Kajernbe, G. C.
The economic reforms undertaken in Tanzania between 1981 and 1994 ill order to redress the deteriorating economy has caused retrenchment, closure or privatization of some of' the parastatals and many people who were formerly employed by these enterprises were forced to find alternative means of survival. A study was therefore conducted with the main objective of analyzing how economic reforms have influenced utilization and management of forest resources of Kitulanghalo forest reserve. The study was conducted between January and March 2000 in Gwata-Ujembe, Maseyu and Lubungo villages surrounding Kitulanghalo Forest Reserve which is located at about 50 kin east ofMorogoro Municipality along Morogoro - Dar es Salaam highway. The tools employed in primary data collection were Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) techniques and househo' ' surveys. About 60 households were sampled in the study villages. Data were analysed by using both PRA techniques and the Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS). The results indicated that agricultural activities and charcoal business are the main economic activities of the people surrounding the forest reserve. More that 75% of the households ill the study villages ranked charcoal making and selling as a first or second source of income after agriculture. The distance from homestead to areas where charcoal burning activities are carried was about /.8 to 18 k111. Furthermore, the results indicated that about 69%, 35% and 65% of the villagers interviewed for Gwata-Ujembe, Lubungo and Maseyu respectively were immigrants and have lived in the villages for 11-23 years. The population by year 2000 in Gwata-Ujembe village had increased by 57% compared to that of year 1980. The growing population has exerted pressure 011 resources due to increased demand for agricultural land, use and trade in forest products. About, 54%, 53% and 86% of the respondents in Gwata-Ujembe, Lubungo and Maseyu villages indicated respectively that there are possibilities of increasing the area owned by individual households by opening up virgin forests. A lso, traditional rules have been eroded (IS people of' different traditions and beliefs moved into the area.
Economics of Rainwater Harvesting for Crop Enterprises in Semi-Arid Areas: The Case of Makanya Watershed in Pangani River Basin, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2005) Mutabazi, K.D.; Senkondo, E. E.; Mbilinyi, B.P.; Tumbo, D.S.; Mahoo, H. F.
Contrary to irrigated agriculture that uses blue water, rainwater harvesting that uses green water as direct rain (in-field management) and runoff (spate irrigation) has been accorded little importance in terms of economic research, investment, technology transfer and management. This paper demonstrates the economic benefits of rainwater management for crop production in a semi-arid Makanya Watershed in the Pangani River Basin. The results from two seasons (2003 to 2004) of yield monitoring for maize and lablab show that rainwater harvesting for crop production has the potential for poverty reduction. During the short rainy season of 2004, which was good (above average) in terms of runoff access, maize enterprise under macro-catchment rainwater harvesting realized yield, returns to land and labour amounting to 2.9 ton/ha, US $718/ha and US $19.5/person-day respectively. For the long rainy season of 2003, which was bad (below average), the performance of maize in terms of yield, returns to land and labour improved appreciably with increasing frequency of runoff reception for spate irrigation. Performance of maize and maize-lablab intercrop improved with increasing frequency of runoff access. Respective returns to land and labour under rainfed (no runoff) were only US $122.5/ha and US $3.3/person-day compared to US $1,011.9/ha and US $26.9/person-day with three incidences of runoff reception. Seasonal returns to land and labour exceed the national annual per caput income of US $280 and the global poverty line of US $1/person/day. These findings justify investment and technology transfer in rainwater harvesting for crop production in the upper watersheds of our major river basins.
Economic assessment of ecosystem goods and services delivered by Pangani basin, Tanzania.
(2006) Lalika, Makarius C.S; Deckere, Eric; Ngaga, Yonika M
Ecosystem services are increasingly promoted as a means for documenting the values humans place on ecosystems and evaluating benefits derived from natural resources. However, one of the main reasons that scientists and decision-makers are worried about the current trend of ecosystem degradation is that ecosystems provide valuable services and there are strong indications that these services have been degraded considerably. This draft paper on economic assessment of goods and services delivered by Pangani Basin is part of a PhD study that focuses on Potential for Payment for Water Services in Pangani Basin Tanzania. Field surveys, structured questionnaires, interviews with key informants and literature reviews were the main tools for data collection. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was the main software for data analysis. Microsoft excel was used to produce figures and tables. Although the analysis is still going on, preliminary findings indicated that goods and services include water for power production, domestic uses, irrigation; aquaculture and small scale fishing nutrient regulation; commercial crops irrigation; enjoyment of scenic beauty and eco-tourism; just to name a few a just some of the ecosystem goods and services delivered by Pangani Basin. Commercial flower growers (mainly companies from Holland) are the water user stakeholders in Pangani Basin. These include: Dekker Tanzania-Arusha, Tanzania Flowers, Dekker Moshi, Kilflora Fower Cuttings, etc. The average value of water in Basin and Pangani Basin was Tanzania shilling 36, 769 and 52, 960 millions respectively where as the upper bound was 45, 962 and 66, 200 respectively. Also the average prices of water in villages were Tsh1.50/lt in the highlands, 1.25/lt in the Kirua Swamps area and Tsh1.20/lt at the coast. These prices, equivalent to Tsh 1500, Tsh 1250 and Tsh 1200 per m3 respectively. It can be concluded that, a thoroughly economic assessment of water values should be undertaken in Pangani Basin. The way forward is to finish data analysis for the data collected so far and collect more information for the study.
Effect of human activities on composition and regeneration of woody species in Morogoro fuelwood reserve, Morogoro, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2007) Singo, Ijumaa Kombo Mcharo
Morogoro Fuelwood Reserve (MFR) is a productive forest under the management of Mvomero district and Morogoro Municipal Authority. The reserve has been modified through human activities. The aim of this study was to investigate effect of human activities on composition and regeneration of woody species in MFR. Seventy four plots each with an area of 0.07 hectare were systematically established in 10 transects. Socio- economic data obtained through household (5%) interviews using structured questionnaire, informal discussion and direct observations in the village of Wami Sokoine and Maili kumi na nane & Mawasiliano streets. Microsoft excel software was used to analyse the quantitative data for forest parameters, while SPSS program, content and structural-functional analytical tools applied on socio-economic data. A total of 52 woody species belonging to 18 families were identified. The three most dominant tree species in terms of their IVI were Combretum molle, Sclerocary birrea, and Pteleopsis myritifolia. Tree stocking was 403 stems ha –1 while basal area and volume were 2.12m 2 ha –1 and 9.58m 3 ha –1 respectively. On average there were 7 233 stems ha -1 of regenerants. Combretum molle had higher regeneration potential in the reserve. The Shannon Wierner (2.7293) and Simpson (0.0705) Indices were reasonably average. Chi- square test showed that charcoal making, firewood collection, livestock grazing and wild fire were the major human activities that cause significant degradation of forest resources in the MFR. Logistic regression analysis revealed that the socio-economic factors that significantly influence demand for forest resources and subsequent degradation of the MFR are household size, cropping system, mode of farm preparation, average income, mode of livestock keeping and distance to sources of forest products. The study concludes that, although tree species richness and diversity are on average high, the MFR has been affected by activities of the adjacent human communities, which is shown by reduced wood stocks, basal area and volume. It is recommended that there should be regular assessment and monitoring to maintain ecological and environmental integrity of this reserve.
Alternative pricing mechanism of teak forest plantation saw-logs in Tanzania
(Sokoine University Of Agriculture., 2007) Chamuya, Nuru-Kauye Athuman
The main objective of the study was to analyze the various pricing mechanisms that can be used in setting prices for teak saw-logs and the prevailing market characteristics influencing prices in Tanzania. Primary data on the factors influencing auctioning and stumpage appraisal and, teak saw-logs production and trading costs were collected through questionnaires and field observations from Mtibwa and Longuza teak forest plantations, FBD head offices and inners of the various auctions conducted between 1998/1999 and 2005/2006 in the country. The visited stakeholders also provided data on the royalty fee and ublic auctioning stumpage values of the teak saw-logs. Secondary data were obtained from various reports and documents. From the data collected, the appraisal stumpage values of the teak saw-logs were calculated and, ompassions were made between royalty fee, public auctioning and appraisal stumpage value pricing mechanisms to know which one among the three generates more revenues to the teak saw-logs producers and, what market structure favours each pricing mechanism. The results of the study indicate that the Tanzania government’s effort to generate more revenues through selling her teak saw-logs by public auctioning instead of royalty fee has significantly increased revenues. However, conditions that favour pure competitive market structure, in which public auctioning operates effectively are lacking. The study further found out that there is a significant difference among the stumpage values of the logs obtained through royalty fee, public auctioning and appraisal stumpage value pricing mechanisms. For example, in the last auctioning (2005/2006) conducted at Mtibwa plantation forest the royalty fee and public auction stumpage values of the teak saw-logs were TAS 55 759/m3 and TAS 108 000/m3 respectively; while, the appraisal stumpage value of the same logs was TAS 219,000/m3. This shows that the royalty fee stumpage value was 51% of the public auctioning stumpage value and only 25% of the appraisal stumpage value. The auctioning stumpage value was only 41% of the appraisal stumpage value. However, the appraisal stumpage value was 73% of the FOB price (TAS 300 000/m3) of the 2005/2006 auctioned teak saw-logs. This information shows that the appraisal stumpage value of the teak saw-logs has the highest value compared to royalty fee and public auctioning pricing mechanisms and, it estimates the timber value at production site closer to its market value. Therefore, in order to generate more income through timber selling the government of Tanzania could consider charging her timber by applying the appraisal stumpage value pricing mechanism. It is ommended to use the appraisal stumpage values as a floor price when auctioning publicly timber and, a review of the training syllabus for certificate and diploma courses to incorporate the application of stumpage appraisal timber pricing echanism, which many foresters are not conversant with.
The contribution of palm craft materials to household income in western lowland zone
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2007) Sekiete, Elinipa Mnzava
This study was designed to determine the contribution of palm craft materials to household income in Western lowland zone of Mwanga district. Data was collected by social economic survey and field inventory. The social economic survey involved interviewing sampled respondents in households, sellers and customers of palm craft materials and products in the market place and discussion with focus groups. Information gathered was type of species, quantity harvested, type of products produced, uses and marketing of palm craft materials and produced products. Field inventory was also conducted to get the estimates of the available palm craft materials in Kileo forest reserve and in general land. Data from social economic survey were analysed by using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) computer programme. Field inventory data were analysed using Microsoft Excel computer programme. The study has revealed that palm craft materials have significant contribution (P<0.01) to household income compared to other economic sources in the four villages of Kileo ward. Palm craft materials contributed 56 % of total household income while crops, business and livestock contribute 21 %, 15 % and 8 percent respectively. Market of palm craft products was not good. It was also observed that the amount of palm craft material harvested was lower than what both Kileo forest reserve and in general land could supply. It was recommended that; product development and marketing should be conducted in order to utilize the full potential of the forest reserve and general land, villagers in Kileo ward should be helped to organize themselves into economic groups dealing with plant craft materials, Forest Division should introduce quarter harvesting system of wild date palm in Kileo forest reserve and that Kileo forest reserve and the general land with doum palm should be managed in a sustainable manner through Participatory Forest Management.
Abundance and distribution of an alien plant, Panama rubber (castilla elastica) in Amani Nature Reserve, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2007) Richard,John
a potential invasive plant in Amani Nature Reserve (ANR). In order to provide information toward efforts to combat alien invasive plants in ANR, the research was undertaken to study the abundance and distribution of Castilla elastica in the Reserve. To locate definite plots in the Amani Botanical Garden originally planted with Castilla, reports The point-centred quarter method was used for the determination of the relative abundance of Castilla and other constituent species of the canopy in the study area. Furthermore, the population characteristics of Castilla were studied and its Weed Risk Assessment (WRA) was carried out. The distribution of Castilla in the reserve falls within the altitudinal range of 380 significant difference (F3.16 = 28.2, P< 0.001) in density of Castilla between the four levels of forest disturbance in the study area. The density of Castilla in areas of high disturbance was approximately 192 stems/ha, 98 stems/ha in moderately disturbed, 63 stems/ha in plantation forest and 26 stems/ha in areas of low disturbance. The diameter distribution of Castilla suggests an expanding population with 55% seedlings, 30% saplings, 10% juveniles, 3% young trees, and 2% mature trees. The individuals in a population does not significantly (Z-test, P 0.05) influence the number of regenerants produced. The total score obtained from the WRA of Castilla in ANR is 11 and this shows that Castilla has a risk of becoming invasive in the on the botanical survey in ANR by Greenway (1934) and Hones (1963) were used. sex ratio of Castilla in ANR is female-biased and presence or absence of male Castilla elastica an exotic tree species to Tanzania was reported as m to just over 600 m asl. There was reserve. Therefore, this calls for close monitoring and control of its population growth in ANR.
The impact of large-scale mining company on local communities’ social services: a case of Geita gold mines LTD Mwanza, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture., 2008) Msokwa John Faustine
This study was undertaken to assess the impact of large-scale mining on the local communities’ social services in Geita District with the Geita Gold Mines Ltd as a case example. The overall objective of the study was to assess the impacts of large- scale mining activities on local communities in Geita District. The specific objectives were to identify both negative and beneficial impact that significantly are a result of activities of private large-scale mining companies, to assess status of social services supported by private large-scale mining companies to local communities; and to examine perception of local communities on social services supported by large-scale mining companies in their area. Different methods were used in primary and secondary data collections, including questionnaire, checklist, focused group discussion, documentary search and field observations. Random sampling procedure was employed in which a total of 120 households from four villages were involved. About 79% of the respondents reported that, large-scale mining activities have impacts on social services in their area while 21% indicated that such activities have no significant impact. Furthermore, 47% of the respondents indicated to benefit differently from the presence of large-scale mining. However, 53% of respondents claim not benefit from such activities. The findings from this study have shown that large-scale mining activities have both negative and positive impacts on social services, household income, and environment whereby the negative impacts outweighed positive impacts. In additional, the statuses of social services supported by mining company were considered not to satisfy social needs of local communities. Therefore, communities should be involved directly in the planning as well as implementation of such projects. Mining and minerals sector should align its policies towards sustainable development and work out community based projects and priorities.
Tobacco growers at the crossroads: towards a comparison of diversification and ecosystem impacts
(2009) Geist, Helmut J; tsung Chang, Kang-; Etges, Virginia; Abdallah, Jumanne M
An international Framework Convention on Tobacco Control has been in force since 2005, also aimed at regulating tobacco farming: FCTC article 17 on diversification, and FCTC article 18 on socio-ecological issues. Relating to the FCTC, information was gained and evaluated from tobacco farmers of growing areas sampled from major world regions (Rio Grande do Sul/Brazil, Tabora/Tanzania, Meinung/Taiwan, and Germany/Europe). A local farming survey was carried out in 2007, using a common data protocol, which covered, among others, questions on area and production development, energy used in curing, workforce, economic livelihood situation, and diversification opportunities. In addition to the survey, secondary (national-scale) statistics, public testimonies and other published data were explored. We analyzed these data using a portfolio approach, which combined statistical analysis, meta-analytical study and descriptive narratives. The projected trend of a global shift of tobacco cultivation into the developing world is confirmed, but also refined. Wood is used in Brazil and Tanzania for curing Virginia green leaf, thus contradicting the projected continuous reduction of this energy source. Child labour remains a major component of family farm tobacco operations in Brazil and Tanzania, while the cost and availability of seasonal labour turns into a bottleneck of production in Germany. More diversification opportunities exist than generally claimed, but no efforts are seen to address poor and vulnerable growers, in particular. German and Taiwanese tobacco growers can reasonably be predicted to discontinue farming in the near future, while tobacco cultivation in Brazil and Tanzania is seen to expand, mainly due to the political economy of low-cost production. Conclusions are drawn with respect to the work of the UN Study Group on Economically Sustainable Alternatives to Tobacco Growing (ESATG), effective since 2007.
Forest income and rural livelihoods under Suledo community based forest management in Kiteto district
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2009) Mwakasendo, Clemence Andagile
How forest income in Community Based Forest Management (CBFM), enters into peoples’ livelihood diversification strategies, income distributional profile, degree of dependency and variations due to contextual factors is unknown. This study was carried in Sunya, Lengatei and Dongo wards in Kiteto district from September to December 2008 to assess the impact of community based forest management on rural livelihoods. Livelihood framework was the main approach used. Data collection involved Participatory Rural Appraisal, household questionnaire survey, participant observation and focused group discussion. The study population was grouped into; poor, medium and less poor wealth groups. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for quantitative data using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS version 12) and Excel. The inferential statistic analysis was used to determine the influence of household socio-economic characteristics on household income and how environmental incomes influenced by other sources of household income. Forest resource use dominated by fodder and firewood, improved after CBFM. Household income contributions were as follows; Agriculture 96.3%, environmental income 2.8% and non-farm, off-farms and remittances contributed 0.9%. Livestock owning was potentially a variable with respect to household asset. Total household income increased with increase in number of cattle and the relationship was significant (P<0.001). Lower income households registered lower earnings in agriculture than environmental income. Environmental income reduced income inequality, the Gini coefficient without environmental income in respective study villages of Sunya, Asamatwa, Lesoit and Olkitikiti was increased to 0.01, 0.01, 0.03 and 0.00 units respectively. The overall Gini coefficient increased to 0.02 units. Community’s perception on CBFM towards livelihood was generally positive. The study recommends; use of forest resources in CBFM to identify actual needs of the local community in regard to existingiii income category and social groups’ needs, improvement of existing livelihood options and
Competition between maize and pigeonpea in semi-arid Tanzania: effect on yields And nutrition of crops
(Elservier, 2009) Kimaro, A.A; Timmer, V.R.; Chamshama, S.A.O; Ngaga, Y.N; Kimaro, D.A
Productivity of maize–pigeonpea cropping systems is dependent on facilitative and competitive interactive effects on resource availability. Controlling these interactions may benefit farmers through increased productivity associated with optimized crop yields. Previous research on maize–pigeonpea culture in Sub-Saharan Africa has focused on yield and soil fertility, but provided inadequate information on the mechanisms of possible interspecific competition. We employed a factorial field experiment to examine yield and nutritional responses of maize and pigeonpea to cropping systems (sole maize, intercropping, and improved fallow), N and P fertilizer additions, and cattle manure additions in Dodoma, Tanzania. The study objectives were to assess competition between crops and to determine how manure or fertilizer inputs may mitigate such interactions to improve yields. Intercropping enhanced maize yield over sole maize only when fertilized, reflecting probable nutrient competition. Improved fallows alone or with fertilizers (1.2–1.6 Mg ha 1 ) increased maize yields over sole maize (0.6 Mg ha 1 ). These increases were attributed to pigeonpea facilitation through soil nutrient replenishment, reduced competition associated with sequential cropping arrangements, and added nutrients from fertilization. Combined fertilizer and manure applications also improved maize and pigeonpea yields. Plant nutrient diagnosis indicated primary and secondary P and Ca deficiencies, respectively associated with P-fixation and leaching of cations due to high soil acidity and exchangeable Al. Maize competed strongly in mixture suppressing biomass and grain yields of the unfertilized pigeonpea by 60% and 33%, respectively due to limited soil nutrients and/or moisture. These yield reductions suggest that the intercropped pigeonpea did not recover from competition after maize harvesting that reduced competition. Optimizing yields of both maize and pigeonpea would require the addition of prescribed fertilizer when intercropped, but applications can be reduced by half under the improved fallow system due to alleviating interspecific competition.
Economic contribution of private woodlots to the economy of Mufindi district – Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2010) Singunda, Widewell Timothy
The main objective of this study was to asses and quantify the contribution of private woodlots to the economy of Mufindi district in the Southern Highlands of Tanzania in year 2008. The specific objectives were, to examine and quantify the levels of woodlot ownership coupled with capital asset acquisition, to asses and quantify the rates of tree planting in relation to the utilization rate by value added activities, to asses and quantify the contribution of private woodlots to the communities in terms of employment and revenue generation, to determine the contribution of woodlots to timber supply in Mufindi district, and to examine the actual and potential revenue contribution of private woodlots to the district. Data was collected using semi structured questionnaires in which a random sample of 270 households out of 900 in six villages and 30 traders were interviewed. A checklist was used to interview the key informants who included the village leaders, district natural resources officer, district trade officer. Other methods used in gathering information were personal observation and focused group discussion. The data was analyzed using the SPSS programme version 12.11 and EXCEL programme. Descriptive statistics such as frequencies, percentages and means were used to make inferences about the studied Woodlot owners. The study showed that 14.1 % of the woodlot owners were females, and 85.9% were males. Woodlots were planted on land acquired through inheritance, village allocation, and buying, and most of this land was former agriculture land. Average land size owned per household was 6.80 hectares and the average woodlot size was 2.60 hectares, thus, 36 % of the land was occupied with woodlots. Most of the woodlot owners started planting woodlots in years 1991 to 2008. Timber supplied from woodlots was 92% for the transmission poles while contribution of wood destined for sawn wood was less than 1% compared to Government plantation. However, the study revealed that the planting rate was higher compared to the utilization rate, implying that there was more young stock compared to old stock. Furthermore the study showed that woodlots had created on average 5414 employment opportunities at farm level, while 120 permanent and 600 part time employment opportunities were created by processing units. Furthermore, the survey showed that 90% of the traders sold their produce through middlemen and this was done at production sites. Timber was mainly destined for local markets and Kenya. The survey revealed that the average income derived from sale of woodlots was Tsh. 232 143 and Tsh.455 452 for years 2007 and 2008 respectively. Revenue to the district accrued from sale of sawn wood and transmission poles collected, as cess was less than 1% of the potential revenue. Given the potential that woodlots have in improving the economy in resource poor areas, this study recommends increased establishment of woodlots and improved management in Tanzania while observing the land use plans, in order to exploit market opportunities tenable, because products have a big market inside and outside the country
Stand structure and carbon storage in the Nilo nature reserve, East Usambara, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2011) Japhet, Emmanuel
Understanding forest stand structure is necessary for predicting losses and storage of carbon in forests. However, there is scanty knowledge on relationship between stand structure and carbon storage. This study assessed stand structure and its relationship with carbon storage in Nilo Nature Reserve. The specific objectives were to determine the forest stand structure, above ground and soil carbon stock and their relationship. The forest was stratified into four elevation bands. Four marked permanent sample plots of size 0.4 ha with 80 subplots of size 20 × 10 m one in each elevation band was established. In each plot, the following information was collected: tree diameter at breast height, wood cores, and soil samples. The data was used to determine species richness, stem density, basal area, volume and carbon stock. ANOVA was used to test variation in stand structure and carbon stock with elevation bands while regression analysis was used to determine their relationships. A total of 77 species of trees and shrubs belonging to 29 families were identified. Shannon index was 3.60 indicating high plant species diversity. The stand density, average diameter, basal area and volume were 299 ± 26 stems ha -1 , 26.07 ± 2.88 cm, 38.08 ± 3.61 m 2 ha -1 and 488.35 ± 56.32 m 3 ha -1 respectively. Above ground and soils carbon stocks were 291 ± 32.81 and 247.13 ± 73.38 t ha -1 respectively. There was significant correlation (P = 001) between carbon stocks and tree diameter, basal area and volume. Average diameter, basal area, volume and above ground carbon stock were significantly higher at high elevation than mid-high elevation band. It is concluded that stand structure correlated with carbon stocks and NNR has high potential for carbon storage in above ground biomass and soils. The stand structure parameters can be used adequately for prediction of carbon stock in similar forests.
Management cost in government and private forest plantations in Tanzania: Case study of Sao hill and Mapanda plantations, Mufindi district, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2011) Malinga, Hamisi Iddi
A study on management cost in government and private forest plantations in Tanzania was carried out at Sao Hill Forest Plantation and Mapanda Forest Plantation. Specifically, the study identified management costs of Sao Hill and Mapanda forest plantations, examined factors influencing management costs of Sao Hill and Mapanda forest plantations and also assessed cost management strategies used by Sao Hill and Mapanda forest plantation all for the past five years. Socio-economic data were collected through checklists and structured questionnaires. Data were collected from the two projects treasurer’s offices of Sao Hill Forest Plantation and Mapanda Forest Plantation head offices in Mafinga. Qualitative data were analysed through content and structural-functional analysis. Quantitative socioeconomic data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods. The results show that average real management costs for Sao Hill Forest Plantation (SHFP) is TAS 520 000/ha/year and TAS 345 000/ha/year for Mapanda Forest Plantation (MFP) and is significantly influenced by salaries and wages (45.5%), soil ingredients (27.6%) and seed purchase (16.4%), fire protection( 23.1%), pitting and planting (14%), weeding (5%), pruning (0.9%) and beating up (0.6%). It was further revealed that the main factor contributed to higher management cost in Sao Hill forest plantation is lack of knowledge on cost management strategies. It is recommended that the government should use management costs as the basis for setting or changing royalty fees and also review the cost management strategies so that they can further attain the lowest unit real costs.

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