Department of Forest and Environmental Economics

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Genotype and soil fertility interaction in the growth of black spruce progeny from a central New Brunswick population
(Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 1984) Maliondo, S. M.; Krause, H. H.
Seedlings representing 10 half-sib families from a black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) stand in central New Brunswick were raised in a greenhouse on three different soils, each with two levels of fertility. Seedling growth varied significantly with soil, fertility, and half-sib family. After 7 months mean dry weights, for example, ranged from 0.292 to 0.755 g with soil, 0.174 to 0.936 g with level of fertility, and 0.370 to 0.657 g with family. With soil and fertility considered fixed variables, the family and family–fertility interaction accounted for approximately 3 and 20% of the phenotypic variation in mean seedling dry weight, respectively. Similar variance components were observed for shoot and root weights, and root collar diameter. Based on the family – soil fertility interaction, the population was divided into groups of (i) broadly adapted families showing average performance through the full range of fertility environments, (ii) strong responders, i.e., families performing below average at low fertility, but showing a large fertilization response, and (iii) weak or nonresponders, i.e., families performing poorly in all fertility environments.
Basic density and tracheid length in juvenile and mature wood in pinus patula from southern Tanzania
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1984) Ringo, Winnyston Njilekiro
Variations in basic density and tracheid length were investigated on wood samples from 27 year old Pinus patula trees grown in Sao Hill, Southern Tanzania. The main objectives of the study were: - to verify variations between and within trees to determine juvenile period and juvenile wood proportion in the stems - to elucidate variations between and within juvenile and mature wood - to relate juvenile wood basic density and tracheid length with those in mature wood. Fifteen sample trees were randomly selected in two similar compartments in Msiwazi sub-management block. 2.5 cm thick disks were extracted from each sample tree at 1.3 m, 4 m, 8 m and 12 m heights. Based on results from a preliminary investigation, data for the following variables were obtained for each second ring from pith to bark following one cardinal direction in each: - ring distance from pith - ring width - latewood band width - ring basic density - earlywood and latewood basic densities - earlywood and latewood tracheid lengths Basic density was computed from oven dry weight and green volume. Tracheid length was measured by the projection technique. Earlywood and latewood tracheid lengths were obtained separately as the mean length of 30 unbroken tracheids. The average of the early wood and latewood tracheid lengths constituted the ring tracheid length.
Biomass, volume and nutrient accumulation by six-year old acacia albi da under agroforestry at Mafiga, Morogoro, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 1988) Okorio, John
The study was conducted to evaluate the suitability of Acacia al bi da for fuelwood and environment fodder at production using Mafiga, Morogoro. agroforestry in a semi-humid The trial was planted in February, 1980 and arranged in a split - plot design with three main plots: 1)Acacia intercropped with maize, 2)Acacia intercropped with beans, and 3)Acacia monoculture cleanweeded. Each mainplotincluded at4 x4 m, planted four tree 5 x spacing subplots, no trees, trees 5 m and 6 x 6 m. The experiment had four replications covering an area of 4.32 ha. In March 1986, thirty trees representing all the diameter classes in the trial content. root harvested and used to determine volume, biomass and nutrient were addition, In di stribution, biomass collected sampleswere macronutrients. eight root systems were excavated to determine and nutrient content. Seventy-two soil from the different treatments and analysed for Data on height, diameter growth and food crop yields (maize and beans) for the past six years was compiled from past records. At the age of the whole neither six years, the mean height and DBH for Acacia al bi da in trial was 8.41 m and 10.7 cm respectively. affected Height growth was by intercropping nor tree spacing, but.diameter growth was affected by tree spacing. Volumeproduction varied from 9.9 to valuesranged 19.6 to 43.1 from 24.9 m3 ha 1 and total biomass tons ha'1 . Intercropping did not (p < 0.05) influence the production of volume and biomass. significantly significantly Spacing,however, biomassproduction with (p < 0.05) influenced both volume and higher volume and biomass under lower spacing and the lowest volume and biomass under the highest spacing. Nutrient concentrations were high and comparable to other tree legumes. Generally,nutrient brushwood,and least concentrations were highest in the foliage and in the stem, with concentrations in the roots and branches being intermediate. for Except the nutrient N, and brushwood roots, The Thenutrient accumulation (4 x 4 m) in Kg ha spacing 57.6, with the Mg and were highest in the stem, least amounts found in the foliage and highest inventory of N was concentrated in the foliage. branches. total accumulations 73.8, Na. in the aerial biomass at the closest were 262.9, N; 39.4 P; 156.7, K; 97.4, Ca; Corresponding values for the below ground . -1 biomass were 85.0; 8.1; 54.3; 23.5; 18.1; and 8.1 Kg ha . Althoughthere were trends of increasing nutrients under the trees the presenceof Acacia trees did not significantly influence the nutrient status of the soil. Food to -1 crop yields varied from 143.2 to 409.7 Kg ha for beans and 343.8 956.0 Kg ha-l for maize. The yield of the food crops were not
Tropical rainforest deforestation, biodiversity benefits and sustainable landuse: analysis of economic and ecological aspects related to the Nguru mountains, Tanzania.
(Agricultural University of Norway, 1995) Monela, Gerald C.
Monela, G.C. 1995: Tropical rainforest deforestation, biodiversity benefits and sustainable landuse: Analysis of economic and ecological aspects related to the Nguru mountains, Tanzania. Doctor Scientiarum Theses 1995:27, ISSN 0802-3220. The threat to the rainforest in the Nguru mountains due to landuse problems is serious. Because of the strong link between agriculture and forest degradation, any attempt to alleviate ecological problems must to a large extent address agricultural-related landuse problems. The primary objective of this study is to analyze the possibilities for sustainable integrated management of land-based resources and ecological conservation in the Nguru mountains in order to improve the living standard of the people and preserve the tropical rainforest in the area. More specifically, landuse practices are analyzed and micro-economic analysis is used to evaluate the efficiency in resource use. Mathematical programming is applied in an empirical case study to examine the impact on deforestation pressure, of agriculture, population pressure and risk. It is also used to formulate economically efficient farm plans at household farm level in order to analyze the potential for improving people’s income and resource use. The study is presented in form of three reports titled as follows: Report 1. Rainforest degradation and landuse in the Nguru mountains, Tanzania: Analysis of socio-economic and ecological aspects. Report 2. Analysis of the use of tropical rainforest species and evaluation of buffer zones and other control mechanisms in preserving the tropical rainforest adjacent to Mhonda village in the Nguru Mountains, Tanzania. Report 3. Socio-economic analysis of deforestation of tropical rainforests as a consequence of agriculture productivity, risks and population growth: A case study of Mhonda village in the Nguru mountains, Tanzania. Results show that several interrelated factors are main driving forces for landuse problems which enhance deforestation pressure in the Nguru mountains. These include poverty, growing population, increased domestic demand, lack of knowledge, and risk. The effect of these factors is enhanced by market and government failures which are partly influenced by demands external to the country. These factors must be considered to improve farming practices and landuse, prevent excessive use of the rainforest, and reduce deforestation pressure and degradation. No single solution exist for these landuse problems, yet the insights gained through the analysis done provide information to alleviate the situation.
Control of nitrogen mineralization from decomposing Gliricidia septum leaves to optimize nitrogen uptake by maize crop
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 1997) Baptiste, Nduwayezu Jean
Decomposition (mass loss) and Mineralization studies were Kitete Village z conducted at Kilosa District,Tanzania during the 1995/96 cropping season. The aim was to control rates the of decomposition Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) and Walp.Release nitrogen from leaves through widening their C/N ratios using Sawdust. Litter bags containing a fixed amount of Gliricidia leaves (150g/bag) and variable amounts of Sawdust (0, 25, 50, 75,100% of fixed Gliricidia) were used in the decomposition experiment. Different Gliricidia leaf rates (1.5, 1.15, 0.76 and 0.38 kg dry leaves/plot or 60 z 45, 30 and 15 kg respectively) N/ha and various Gliricidia and Sawdust mixtures containing a fixed amount of Gliricidia leaves (1.5 kg/plot) and variable amounts of Sawdust were used in the mineralization experiment conducted within a maize farm. The decomposition and mineralization studies revealed that, treatments with Gliricidia alone had significantly (P=0.002) higher mass loss percentage and nitrogen release but decreased with increasing C/N ratio Sawdust mixtures. in Gliricidia- Rates of mass loss were influenced by placement depth. Most of the nitrogen from the Gliricidia alone treatments was released within six weeks.In the mineralization experiment nitrate nitrogen was found to dominate the mineral nitrogen ranging from 67 to 81 percent. The nitrogen uptake by maize plantsz maize height increment and maize crop yields were significantly higher in plots with correspondingly higher C/N ratios with a positive correlation between nitrogen uptake and maize growth (r= 0.762) and maize yield (r= 0.858). A 3-8 weeks period is a critical period of high nutrients demand by the maize crop in the study area ・ It wasz therefore, concluded that the Gliricidia (1.5 kg) -Sawdust (1.0 and 1.25 kg) mixtures or 21:1 and 23:1 C/N ratios should be adopted in the study area for effective control of the rates of decomposition and nitrogen release and hence availability of nitrogen for crop growth and yield.
Mlimbiko as an indigenous sustainable woodland resource management system in Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 1999) Maenda, Elice Jonathan
A survey on woodland resource indigenous management system was carried out in lowland areas of Same District, Tanzania. Interest in this study was promoted by the recognition that although there is an increasing number of studies on indigenous silvo- pastoral agroforestry systems, no studies have concentrated on the role of mlimbiko in the development of the indigenous silvo-pastoral agroforestry systems. The purpose of this study was to assess the mlimbiko as a traditional knowledge that has maintained sustainable woodland resource management. Data and information for the study were collected through interviews of 90 households in six sub-villages. The study results reveal that the study area had two agro-ecological zones: the semi arid lowlands and the relatively high rainfall highlands. There are two main activities identified in the area which are livestock keeping in the semi-arid lowlands and farming in the humid highlands. In order to cope with environmental hostility the local people have developed survival strategies the key ones being the mlimbiko and the malambo. The major problems faced by local people were low rainfall, shortage of forest resources, fodder, and water. The mlimbiko seeks to conserve and maximise fodder supply, particularly during the dry season. The malambo is a water conservation technique. These strategies are based on well known strict rules. The mlimbiko and the malambo embody a wealth of indigenous knowledge, which has been passed from generation to generation together with woodland and water resources. The mlimbiko and the malambo, however, are facing a lot of challenges such as the increased human and livestock population, decreasing site productivity and uncertainty in land tenure. The conclusion drawn from this study was that the successful use of mlimbiko system in natural resource management will depend on clearly defined ownership pattern, beneficiaries, the specific period of time of conserving the area, and the intended end use of the resource.
Socio-economic analysis of pitsawing in traditional agroforestry systems: a case study of Moshi rural district
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 1999) Elimsu, Kway Sanford
A socio-economic analysis of pitsawing in the traditional agroforestry systems was conducted in Moshi Rural District of Kilimanjaro Region in Tanzania. The specific objectives were: to estimate the productivity of local pitsawyers; to estimate the cost and benefits involved in pitsawing; to assess reservation prices of trees in the farm lands; to assess contribution of pitsawing to local economies and to identify the constraints facing pitsawyers in the area. Data were collected from six randomly selected villages by administering both structured and semi-structured questionnaires and by physical measurements. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was the computer programme used to analyze the data. Results showed that majority of the pitsawyers originated within Kilimanjaro Region. Most of these pitsawyers had less than ten years of experience and they have-an additional income from agriculture, livestock and petty businesses. The average income for a pitsawyer amounted to 173 500 Tsh/month with 77 500 Tsh orginating from pitsawing (about 44.7%). The study revealed the total inputs of 70 609 Tsh/mJ and output of 109 750 Tsh/m3 with a profit of 39 141 Tsh/m3. an economic productivity (sales price/total costs) of 1.6 and sawnwood productivity of 0.1 m3/manday. However pitsawing was found to be profitable to both the pitsawyer and pitsawyers employers. On the basis of the synthesis of these findings it is recommended that: there is an urgent need to review pitsawing practices to make them compatible with sustainable management, the sawnwood from pitsawyers should be evaluated consistently to determine their long-term sustainability in supply to meet the ever increasing demands, encouragement of utilization of general utility sawntimber and lesser- utilized tree species such as Rauvolfia caffra and Persea americana, the Chagga agroforestry systems should be introduced to other suitable areas of the country and to other people. Also the following were recommended for further research: more research on the general properties and uses of various indigenous hardwood tree species to provide more information to the users, more research on traditional agroforetry systems which will include the ecological and silvicultural aspects such as planting techniques, regeneration and tree breeding of various indigenous tree species.
Gender roles in sustainable use and practices of medicinal plants in urban districts of Morogoro and Iringa Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2002) Augustino Suzana
This study was designed to assess the role played by gender in sustainable use and practices of medicinal plants, in urban districts of Morogoro and Iringa, Tanzania. Data were collected through social survey methods through interviews with herbalists (traditional healers and medicinal plant sellers) and key informants such as Forest extension officers and botanists. A list of medicinal plants given by each informant was compiled. The information gathered included local plant names, type of disease treated, parts of plant used, preparation methods, dosage and other aspects of medicinal plants including practices. The Statistical Package for Social Science Programme (SPSS) including content analysis, chi-square and logistic regression were used in data analysis. The results indicated that out of 246 and 177 medicinal plants recorded in Morogoro and Iringa urban districts respectively, only 108 and 88 were botanically identified. The recorded medicinal plants cure about 72 and 57 diseases and other complications in Morogoro and Iringa urban districts respectively. Male herbalists from the two districts prefer to use roots while female herbalists prefer to use barks. Most male and female herbalists usually harvest parts of medicinal plants outside their districts and traditionally prepare plant medicine using variety of methods like mixture of boiling and grinding. Dosages were not specific for most male and female herbalists and side effects were unknown. Significant differences were observed in the roles played by gender in sustainable use of medicinal plants. Most female than male supported much the idea of training in domestication of medicinal plants or establishment of community based woodlots and involvement in different research on medicinal plants. The medicinal plant practices were found to be gender dependent. While in Morogoro urban District men dominated the practice, in Iringa urban District women were dominantdependent. While in Morogoro urban District men dominated the practice, in Iringa urban District women were dominant. From the results it is concluded that male and female herbalists are very important people in providing primary health care to the urban societies. However, medicinal plant practices do not always depend on gender but are rather influenced much by social-economic and cultural factors that discourage women to participate fully. In order to integrate medicinal plants practices with the health care system in Tanzania it is recommended to; organize public awareness programmes to all herbalists to improve their understanding in aspects connected with medicinal plants and ensure sustainable use of the resources, sensitize most herbalists to change their altitude, start cooperating and pass their knowledge to young generations to sustain their traditional knowledge. Further studies are recommended to domesticate the potential medicinal plants in home gardens, determine their efficacy and safe ways of administering medicinal plant.
Assessment of land use conflicts and their management in mount Meru area, Arusha Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2004) Shio, Constantine John
The study was conducted to assess land use conflicts and their management in Mount Meru area of Arumeru District, Arusha Tanzania. The main objective was to study the nature and types of land use conflicts in order to discern the underlying causes and come up with appropriate management approaches to mitigate these conflicts. Primary data were obtained through PRA, discussion with key informants, questionnaire survey and field observations. Secondary data were obtained from the available archive. Multiple linear regression model was used as a tool for analysis. About 91.9% and 92.7% of respondents indicated that land is not enough for crop production and livestock grazing respectively. Moreover, 32.0% of respondents indicated that conflicts emanate from grazing illegally in the forest. Among the factors involved in regression model, big number of livestock had positive influence on illegally grazed livestock (p = 0.01). About 18.0% of respondents indicated conflicts emanating from farm boundaries, and 16.0% indicated conflict resulting on encroachment into forest and wildlife reserves. 14.0% indicted conflicts emanating from illegal tree cutting from forest reserves for household use and selling, while 11.0% and 9.0% indicated other sources of conflicts e.g. Poaching and illegal fuel wood collection respectively. Finally the study recommended that big herds, which are fed under free-range could be sold and replaced with few stall-fed improved cattle breed. Further, optimization of home gardens productivity can be achieved by planting as many crops in limited space available and use of improved good quality seeds and fertilizers. It is also recommended that formal education and promotion of environmental education be used to create resource conservation awareness. Where appropriate government should redistribute abandoned big farms to landless people and finance part of the establishment costs for people migrating to spacious districts. Further, Management Plans should address the concept of Joint Resource Management
Socio-economic factors influencing the adoption of agro-forestry practices in nyanja division, Musoma rural district, Mara region, Tanzania
(Sokoine Universty of Agriculture, 2004) James, Anastazia Bhoke Wambura
The recurrent food shortages in the lake shore zone of Musoma rural district led the catholic diocese of Musoma to stimulate the use of agro-forestry practices through Nyanja Agro-forestry Project. Evaluation findings revealed unsatisfactory performance of the project. Factors presented I nclude poor approach for both project design and implementation “top down approach”, lack of funds for some of the project activities, limited linkages with other forestry groups and inadequate extension staff and services. A study was carried out in Nyanja division, Musoma rural district, Mara region, with Bukumi, Rusoli, Chitale, Kome and Buanga as target villages from the four Western wards of Nyanja. The main objective of the study was to determine socio-economic factors that influence the adoption of agro-forestry practices in Nyanja division. The study involved social survey. The households were randomly sampled. Two steps were followed, pilot study and actual data collection. In the pilot study 6 households were sampled in each of 5 village while actual data collection involved 40 households in each village, which summed up to 200 households as an overall sample size. Secondary data was collected from various sources whereas primary data was collected using PRA (Participatory Rural Appraisal), household questionnaire and checklist. Data were analysed using content analysis and SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) program. Findings indicated that, from the year 1991 6% of the population decides to apply agro-forestry technology in the fields every year accounting to a rate of 46.2 trees/ household /ha. This rate with respect to linear regression analysis was evidenced to significantly be influenced by land size and knowledge. Sources of risk, mainly drought, fire incidences, livestock browsing as well as pests and diseases were most frequently mentioned by farmers as constraints to adoption. With an index of 50 trees as adoption at household level, only 33% of respondents were found to have adopted agro-forestry whereby 46.7% cultivable land was under agro forestry. From the logistic regression analysis, the significant factors that were found to influence the adoption of agro forestry practices were, labour at p=0.05, land size and knowledge at p< 0.01. It was therefore concluded that, the main constraint to adoption might be farmers tendency to averse risk resulted from drought, destruction by livestock, pests and diseases as well as fire incidences. The positive perception of economic profitability of the technology by farmers would be as equally important as adequate land, knowledge and labour . availability in enhancing the adoption of agro-forestry practices in Nyanja division. Management, research and policy recommendations have been presented.
The influence of economic reforms on utilisation of forest resources by the local communities in Tanzania: The case of Kitulanghalo forest reserve and its surrounding villages, Morogoro District, Tanzania
(2004-07-10) Ngaga, Y.M.; Kihiyo, V.B.; Kajernbe, G. C.
The economic reforms undertaken in Tanzania between 1981 and 1994 ill order to redress the deteriorating economy has caused retrenchment, closure or privatization of some of' the parastatals and many people who were formerly employed by these enterprises were forced to find alternative means of survival. A study was therefore conducted with the main objective of analyzing how economic reforms have influenced utilization and management of forest resources of Kitulanghalo forest reserve. The study was conducted between January and March 2000 in Gwata-Ujembe, Maseyu and Lubungo villages surrounding Kitulanghalo Forest Reserve which is located at about 50 kin east ofMorogoro Municipality along Morogoro - Dar es Salaam highway. The tools employed in primary data collection were Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) techniques and househo' ' surveys. About 60 households were sampled in the study villages. Data were analysed by using both PRA techniques and the Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS). The results indicated that agricultural activities and charcoal business are the main economic activities of the people surrounding the forest reserve. More that 75% of the households ill the study villages ranked charcoal making and selling as a first or second source of income after agriculture. The distance from homestead to areas where charcoal burning activities are carried was about /.8 to 18 k111. Furthermore, the results indicated that about 69%, 35% and 65% of the villagers interviewed for Gwata-Ujembe, Lubungo and Maseyu respectively were immigrants and have lived in the villages for 11-23 years. The population by year 2000 in Gwata-Ujembe village had increased by 57% compared to that of year 1980. The growing population has exerted pressure 011 resources due to increased demand for agricultural land, use and trade in forest products. About, 54%, 53% and 86% of the respondents in Gwata-Ujembe, Lubungo and Maseyu villages indicated respectively that there are possibilities of increasing the area owned by individual households by opening up virgin forests. A lso, traditional rules have been eroded (IS people of' different traditions and beliefs moved into the area.
Economics of Rainwater Harvesting for Crop Enterprises in Semi-Arid Areas: The Case of Makanya Watershed in Pangani River Basin, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2005) Mutabazi, K.D.; Senkondo, E. E.; Mbilinyi, B.P.; Tumbo, D.S.; Mahoo, H. F.
Contrary to irrigated agriculture that uses blue water, rainwater harvesting that uses green water as direct rain (in-field management) and runoff (spate irrigation) has been accorded little importance in terms of economic research, investment, technology transfer and management. This paper demonstrates the economic benefits of rainwater management for crop production in a semi-arid Makanya Watershed in the Pangani River Basin. The results from two seasons (2003 to 2004) of yield monitoring for maize and lablab show that rainwater harvesting for crop production has the potential for poverty reduction. During the short rainy season of 2004, which was good (above average) in terms of runoff access, maize enterprise under macro-catchment rainwater harvesting realized yield, returns to land and labour amounting to 2.9 ton/ha, US $718/ha and US $19.5/person-day respectively. For the long rainy season of 2003, which was bad (below average), the performance of maize in terms of yield, returns to land and labour improved appreciably with increasing frequency of runoff reception for spate irrigation. Performance of maize and maize-lablab intercrop improved with increasing frequency of runoff access. Respective returns to land and labour under rainfed (no runoff) were only US $122.5/ha and US $3.3/person-day compared to US $1,011.9/ha and US $26.9/person-day with three incidences of runoff reception. Seasonal returns to land and labour exceed the national annual per caput income of US $280 and the global poverty line of US $1/person/day. These findings justify investment and technology transfer in rainwater harvesting for crop production in the upper watersheds of our major river basins.
Economic assessment of ecosystem goods and services delivered by Pangani basin, Tanzania.
(2006) Lalika, Makarius C.S; Deckere, Eric; Ngaga, Yonika M
Ecosystem services are increasingly promoted as a means for documenting the values humans place on ecosystems and evaluating benefits derived from natural resources. However, one of the main reasons that scientists and decision-makers are worried about the current trend of ecosystem degradation is that ecosystems provide valuable services and there are strong indications that these services have been degraded considerably. This draft paper on economic assessment of goods and services delivered by Pangani Basin is part of a PhD study that focuses on Potential for Payment for Water Services in Pangani Basin Tanzania. Field surveys, structured questionnaires, interviews with key informants and literature reviews were the main tools for data collection. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was the main software for data analysis. Microsoft excel was used to produce figures and tables. Although the analysis is still going on, preliminary findings indicated that goods and services include water for power production, domestic uses, irrigation; aquaculture and small scale fishing nutrient regulation; commercial crops irrigation; enjoyment of scenic beauty and eco-tourism; just to name a few a just some of the ecosystem goods and services delivered by Pangani Basin. Commercial flower growers (mainly companies from Holland) are the water user stakeholders in Pangani Basin. These include: Dekker Tanzania-Arusha, Tanzania Flowers, Dekker Moshi, Kilflora Fower Cuttings, etc. The average value of water in Basin and Pangani Basin was Tanzania shilling 36, 769 and 52, 960 millions respectively where as the upper bound was 45, 962 and 66, 200 respectively. Also the average prices of water in villages were Tsh1.50/lt in the highlands, 1.25/lt in the Kirua Swamps area and Tsh1.20/lt at the coast. These prices, equivalent to Tsh 1500, Tsh 1250 and Tsh 1200 per m3 respectively. It can be concluded that, a thoroughly economic assessment of water values should be undertaken in Pangani Basin. The way forward is to finish data analysis for the data collected so far and collect more information for the study.
Alternative pricing mechanism of teak forest plantation saw-logs in Tanzania
(Sokoine University Of Agriculture., 2007) Chamuya, Nuru-Kauye Athuman
The main objective of the study was to analyze the various pricing mechanisms that can be used in setting prices for teak saw-logs and the prevailing market characteristics influencing prices in Tanzania. Primary data on the factors influencing auctioning and stumpage appraisal and, teak saw-logs production and trading costs were collected through questionnaires and field observations from Mtibwa and Longuza teak forest plantations, FBD head offices and inners of the various auctions conducted between 1998/1999 and 2005/2006 in the country. The visited stakeholders also provided data on the royalty fee and ublic auctioning stumpage values of the teak saw-logs. Secondary data were obtained from various reports and documents. From the data collected, the appraisal stumpage values of the teak saw-logs were calculated and, ompassions were made between royalty fee, public auctioning and appraisal stumpage value pricing mechanisms to know which one among the three generates more revenues to the teak saw-logs producers and, what market structure favours each pricing mechanism. The results of the study indicate that the Tanzania government’s effort to generate more revenues through selling her teak saw-logs by public auctioning instead of royalty fee has significantly increased revenues. However, conditions that favour pure competitive market structure, in which public auctioning operates effectively are lacking. The study further found out that there is a significant difference among the stumpage values of the logs obtained through royalty fee, public auctioning and appraisal stumpage value pricing mechanisms. For example, in the last auctioning (2005/2006) conducted at Mtibwa plantation forest the royalty fee and public auction stumpage values of the teak saw-logs were TAS 55 759/m3 and TAS 108 000/m3 respectively; while, the appraisal stumpage value of the same logs was TAS 219,000/m3. This shows that the royalty fee stumpage value was 51% of the public auctioning stumpage value and only 25% of the appraisal stumpage value. The auctioning stumpage value was only 41% of the appraisal stumpage value. However, the appraisal stumpage value was 73% of the FOB price (TAS 300 000/m3) of the 2005/2006 auctioned teak saw-logs. This information shows that the appraisal stumpage value of the teak saw-logs has the highest value compared to royalty fee and public auctioning pricing mechanisms and, it estimates the timber value at production site closer to its market value. Therefore, in order to generate more income through timber selling the government of Tanzania could consider charging her timber by applying the appraisal stumpage value pricing mechanism. It is ommended to use the appraisal stumpage values as a floor price when auctioning publicly timber and, a review of the training syllabus for certificate and diploma courses to incorporate the application of stumpage appraisal timber pricing echanism, which many foresters are not conversant with.
Effect of human activities on composition and regeneration of woody species in Morogoro fuelwood reserve, Morogoro, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2007) Singo, Ijumaa Kombo Mcharo
Morogoro Fuelwood Reserve (MFR) is a productive forest under the management of Mvomero district and Morogoro Municipal Authority. The reserve has been modified through human activities. The aim of this study was to investigate effect of human activities on composition and regeneration of woody species in MFR. Seventy four plots each with an area of 0.07 hectare were systematically established in 10 transects. Socio- economic data obtained through household (5%) interviews using structured questionnaire, informal discussion and direct observations in the village of Wami Sokoine and Maili kumi na nane & Mawasiliano streets. Microsoft excel software was used to analyse the quantitative data for forest parameters, while SPSS program, content and structural-functional analytical tools applied on socio-economic data. A total of 52 woody species belonging to 18 families were identified. The three most dominant tree species in terms of their IVI were Combretum molle, Sclerocary birrea, and Pteleopsis myritifolia. Tree stocking was 403 stems ha –1 while basal area and volume were 2.12m 2 ha –1 and 9.58m 3 ha –1 respectively. On average there were 7 233 stems ha -1 of regenerants. Combretum molle had higher regeneration potential in the reserve. The Shannon Wierner (2.7293) and Simpson (0.0705) Indices were reasonably average. Chi- square test showed that charcoal making, firewood collection, livestock grazing and wild fire were the major human activities that cause significant degradation of forest resources in the MFR. Logistic regression analysis revealed that the socio-economic factors that significantly influence demand for forest resources and subsequent degradation of the MFR are household size, cropping system, mode of farm preparation, average income, mode of livestock keeping and distance to sources of forest products. The study concludes that, although tree species richness and diversity are on average high, the MFR has been affected by activities of the adjacent human communities, which is shown by reduced wood stocks, basal area and volume. It is recommended that there should be regular assessment and monitoring to maintain ecological and environmental integrity of this reserve.
Abundance and distribution of an alien plant, Panama rubber (castilla elastica) in Amani Nature Reserve, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2007) Richard,John
a potential invasive plant in Amani Nature Reserve (ANR). In order to provide information toward efforts to combat alien invasive plants in ANR, the research was undertaken to study the abundance and distribution of Castilla elastica in the Reserve. To locate definite plots in the Amani Botanical Garden originally planted with Castilla, reports The point-centred quarter method was used for the determination of the relative abundance of Castilla and other constituent species of the canopy in the study area. Furthermore, the population characteristics of Castilla were studied and its Weed Risk Assessment (WRA) was carried out. The distribution of Castilla in the reserve falls within the altitudinal range of 380 significant difference (F3.16 = 28.2, P< 0.001) in density of Castilla between the four levels of forest disturbance in the study area. The density of Castilla in areas of high disturbance was approximately 192 stems/ha, 98 stems/ha in moderately disturbed, 63 stems/ha in plantation forest and 26 stems/ha in areas of low disturbance. The diameter distribution of Castilla suggests an expanding population with 55% seedlings, 30% saplings, 10% juveniles, 3% young trees, and 2% mature trees. The individuals in a population does not significantly (Z-test, P 0.05) influence the number of regenerants produced. The total score obtained from the WRA of Castilla in ANR is 11 and this shows that Castilla has a risk of becoming invasive in the on the botanical survey in ANR by Greenway (1934) and Hones (1963) were used. sex ratio of Castilla in ANR is female-biased and presence or absence of male Castilla elastica an exotic tree species to Tanzania was reported as m to just over 600 m asl. There was reserve. Therefore, this calls for close monitoring and control of its population growth in ANR.
The contribution of palm craft materials to household income in western lowland zone
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2007) Sekiete, Elinipa Mnzava
This study was designed to determine the contribution of palm craft materials to household income in Western lowland zone of Mwanga district. Data was collected by social economic survey and field inventory. The social economic survey involved interviewing sampled respondents in households, sellers and customers of palm craft materials and products in the market place and discussion with focus groups. Information gathered was type of species, quantity harvested, type of products produced, uses and marketing of palm craft materials and produced products. Field inventory was also conducted to get the estimates of the available palm craft materials in Kileo forest reserve and in general land. Data from social economic survey were analysed by using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) computer programme. Field inventory data were analysed using Microsoft Excel computer programme. The study has revealed that palm craft materials have significant contribution (P<0.01) to household income compared to other economic sources in the four villages of Kileo ward. Palm craft materials contributed 56 % of total household income while crops, business and livestock contribute 21 %, 15 % and 8 percent respectively. Market of palm craft products was not good. It was also observed that the amount of palm craft material harvested was lower than what both Kileo forest reserve and in general land could supply. It was recommended that; product development and marketing should be conducted in order to utilize the full potential of the forest reserve and general land, villagers in Kileo ward should be helped to organize themselves into economic groups dealing with plant craft materials, Forest Division should introduce quarter harvesting system of wild date palm in Kileo forest reserve and that Kileo forest reserve and the general land with doum palm should be managed in a sustainable manner through Participatory Forest Management.
The economic impacts of mangrove management project in Tanga, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2007) Mbwambo, Zawadi Daudi
This study whose aim was to assess the economic impact of the Mangrove management project in Tanga Tanzania was based on questionnaire survey to households head, informal survey and secondary data. Data were collected from a random sample of 104 household heads. PRA., questionnaire survey and checklist was the main tools used in collection of socio-economic data. Data from household survey were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). Cross tabulations were performed to establish significant relationships between villages responses. Content analysis was also used for qualitative data. The result of the study demonstrste the importance of the mangrove ecosystem resources to the livelihood of the local communities. About 40% of people interviewed depend on fisheries as main source of income and fisheries contributes about 48% of the total family income in the study area. Out of 104 respondents about 84% of them indicated that there is a direct relationship between the restoration of the mangrove and increase in fish catch. A total of 1500ha of degraded mangrove area have been restored through replanting while about 80 ha of farmland have been planted w'ith non-mangrove poles and fuelwood trees species. About 68% of the residential houses in the study area were constructed using mangrove poles. Evidence indicates that mangroves poles will continue to be the main construction material due to the prevailing economic hardship in the study area. Majority of the respondents (82%) indicated increased demand in quantity and quality of mangrove poles. Using Net Present Value (NPV) as a criterion the project was found to be economically efficient at a rate of discount of 10% for a 20 years time horizon. The net present value was about TAS 618.7 millions at the discount rate of 10% for a 20 years time horizon but dropped by 76.5% when the discount rate was increased to 20%. The internal rate of return was about 33%. Sensitivity analysis indicated that the projects NPV would fall to zero if the project benefit were reduced by 54.3%.
The impact of large-scale mining company on local communities’ social services: a case of Geita gold mines LTD Mwanza, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture., 2008) Msokwa John Faustine
This study was undertaken to assess the impact of large-scale mining on the local communities’ social services in Geita District with the Geita Gold Mines Ltd as a case example. The overall objective of the study was to assess the impacts of large- scale mining activities on local communities in Geita District. The specific objectives were to identify both negative and beneficial impact that significantly are a result of activities of private large-scale mining companies, to assess status of social services supported by private large-scale mining companies to local communities; and to examine perception of local communities on social services supported by large-scale mining companies in their area. Different methods were used in primary and secondary data collections, including questionnaire, checklist, focused group discussion, documentary search and field observations. Random sampling procedure was employed in which a total of 120 households from four villages were involved. About 79% of the respondents reported that, large-scale mining activities have impacts on social services in their area while 21% indicated that such activities have no significant impact. Furthermore, 47% of the respondents indicated to benefit differently from the presence of large-scale mining. However, 53% of respondents claim not benefit from such activities. The findings from this study have shown that large-scale mining activities have both negative and positive impacts on social services, household income, and environment whereby the negative impacts outweighed positive impacts. In additional, the statuses of social services supported by mining company were considered not to satisfy social needs of local communities. Therefore, communities should be involved directly in the planning as well as implementation of such projects. Mining and minerals sector should align its policies towards sustainable development and work out community based projects and priorities.
Tobacco growers at the crossroads: towards a comparison of diversification and ecosystem impacts
(2009) Geist, Helmut J; tsung Chang, Kang-; Etges, Virginia; Abdallah, Jumanne M
An international Framework Convention on Tobacco Control has been in force since 2005, also aimed at regulating tobacco farming: FCTC article 17 on diversification, and FCTC article 18 on socio-ecological issues. Relating to the FCTC, information was gained and evaluated from tobacco farmers of growing areas sampled from major world regions (Rio Grande do Sul/Brazil, Tabora/Tanzania, Meinung/Taiwan, and Germany/Europe). A local farming survey was carried out in 2007, using a common data protocol, which covered, among others, questions on area and production development, energy used in curing, workforce, economic livelihood situation, and diversification opportunities. In addition to the survey, secondary (national-scale) statistics, public testimonies and other published data were explored. We analyzed these data using a portfolio approach, which combined statistical analysis, meta-analytical study and descriptive narratives. The projected trend of a global shift of tobacco cultivation into the developing world is confirmed, but also refined. Wood is used in Brazil and Tanzania for curing Virginia green leaf, thus contradicting the projected continuous reduction of this energy source. Child labour remains a major component of family farm tobacco operations in Brazil and Tanzania, while the cost and availability of seasonal labour turns into a bottleneck of production in Germany. More diversification opportunities exist than generally claimed, but no efforts are seen to address poor and vulnerable growers, in particular. German and Taiwanese tobacco growers can reasonably be predicted to discontinue farming in the near future, while tobacco cultivation in Brazil and Tanzania is seen to expand, mainly due to the political economy of low-cost production. Conclusions are drawn with respect to the work of the UN Study Group on Economically Sustainable Alternatives to Tobacco Growing (ESATG), effective since 2007.

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