Articles, Conference and Workshop Papers Collection

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Above- and belowground tree biomass models for three mangrove species in Tanzania: a nonlinear mixed effects modelling approach
(Springer, 2015-10) Njana, Marco Andrew; Bollandsås, Ole Martin; Eid, Tron; Malimbwi, Rogers Ernest; Zahabu, Eliakimu
& Key message Tested on data from Tanzania, both existing species-specific and common biomass models developed elsewhere revealed statistically significant large prediction errors. Species-specific and common above- and below- ground biomass models for three mangrove species were therefore developed. The species-specific models fitted bet- ter to data than the common models. The former models are recommended for accurate estimation of biomass stored in mangrove forests of Tanzania. & Context Mangroves are essential for climate change mitiga- tion through carbon storage and sequestration. Biomass models are important tools for quantifying biomass and car- bon stock. While numerous aboveground biomass models exist, very few studies have focused on belowground biomass, and among these, mangroves of Africa are hardly or not represented.
Adherence to Land use Zones in implementation of participatory Village Land use planning policy in Ulanga District in Tanzania
(AJEE, 2021) Naiposha, M. N.; Nzunda, E. F.
Proper implementation of land use planning may contribute to solving land use problems, including land use conflicts. Adherence to land plans depends on many factors which vary according to circumstances of a study area. The present study aims to contribute to knowledge needed to enhance adherence to zones in land use planning. Specifically, the study had two objectives, namely: (1) to examine extent of adherence to village land use plans and, (2) to assess factors that influence adherence to the village land use plans. Data were collected through household survey of 120 respondents from two villages, key informants, focus group discussions, field observation, review of guidelines for land use planning, village land use plans (VLUPs), district land use framework, books and journal articles. GPS points to examine adherence to VLUPs were analyzed using Kappa statistic. Factors influencing adherence to VLUPs were analysed using binary logistical regression and pair-wise ranking. There was moderate adherence with kappa coefficient of 0.47 and 0.49 for Iragua and Kichangani villages. Larger families with higher incomes were more likely not to adhere to land use plans. Immigrants were also more likely not to adhere to plans than residents. Corruption of village leaders, lack of follow up by village leaders on implementation, lack of awareness on land use plans and underestimated population growth were the key prioritised factors that resulted in non-adherence of land use plans. The study recommends a review of the zoning standards to enhance sufficiency of allocated zones; privatization of grazing land; establishment of communal grazing management plans; and involvement of communities in developing complete plans. The study also recommends close monitoring; reviewing of VLUPs; enforcement of good governance; establishing incentive schemes; offering continuous education and developing participatory implementation framework.
Allometric Biomass and Volume Models for Cashewnut Trees
(E&D Vision Publishing Ltd, 2018-05-12) Zahabu, E.; Mlagalila, H.; Katani, J. Z.
Allometric Biomass and Volume Models for Coconut Trees
(E&D Vision Publishing Ltd, 2018-05-12) Zahabu, E.; Mugasha, W. A.; Malimbwi, R. E.; Katani, J. Z.
Allometric Biomass and Volume Models for Tectona Grandis Plantations
(E&D Vision Publishing Ltd, 2018-05-12) Zahabu, E.; Mugasha, W. M.; Katani, J. Z.; Malimbwi, R. E.; Mwangi, J. R.; Chamshama, S. A. O.
Allometric models for prediction of above- and belowground biomass of trees in the miombo woodlands of Tanzania
(Elservier, 2013-08-02) Mugasha, W. A.; Mugasha, W. A.; Eid, T.; Bollandsås, O. M.; Malimbwi, R. E.; Chamshama, S. A. O.; Zahabu, E.; Katani, J. Z.
Miombo woodland is a significant forest type occupying about 9% of the African land area and forms a dominant vegetation type in many southeastern African countries including Tanzania. Quantification of the amount of carbon stored in forests presently is an important component in the implementation of the emerging carbon credit market mechanisms. This calls for appropriate allometric models predicting biomass which currently are scarce. The aim of this study was to develop above- and belowground allometric general and site-specific models for trees in miombo woodland. The data were collected from four sites in Tanzania and covers a wide range of conditions and tree sizes (diameters at breast height from 1.1 to 110 cm). Above- and belowground biomass models were developed from 167 and 80 sample trees, respectively. The model fitting showed that large parts of the variation (up to 97%) in biomass were explained by diameter at breast height and tree height. Since including tree height only marginally increased the explanation of the biomass variation (from 95% to 96–97% for aboveground biomass), the general recommendation is to apply the models with diameter at breast height only as an independent variable. The results also showed that the general models can be applied over a wide range of conditions in Tanzania. The comparison with previously developed models revealed that these models can probably also be applied for miombo woodland elsewhere in southeastern Africa if not used beyond the tree size range of the model data.
Analysis of Land-Cover Changes and Anthropogenic Activities in Itigi Thicket, Tanzania
(Scientific Research Publishing, 2016-12-01) Makero, J. S.; Kashaigili, J. J.
Assessing land cover changes from the 1991 to 2011 for Itigi thicket is imperative for determining changes between land cover types and understanding anthropogenic impact during this period. Remote sensing (RS) data, Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques and forest inventory data were used. ILWIS 3.3 Academic software was used to analyze the satellite imageries to determine the land use, land cover change; while data on anthropogenic activities were analysed in MS Excel software. The results showed that between 1991/2000 and 2000/2011, the areas of thicket declined by 6.23% while non-thicket areas increased by 3.92%. The decline in thicket areas was attributed to increase in anthropogenic activities such as wood extraction, clearing for agriculture, livestock grazing and fires. The study highlights the importance of integrating remote sensing and forest inventory in understanding the thicket resources dynamics and generating information that could be used to overcome the Itigi thicket problems for the sustainability of this unique vegetation
Assessing the Hydrology of a Data-Scarce Tropical Watershed Using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool: Case of the Little Ruaha River Watershed in Iringa, Tanzania
(Scientific Research Publishing, 2017-07) Mbungu, W. M.; Kashaigili, J. J.
The hydrology of the Little Ruaha River which is a major catchment of the Ihemi Cluster in the Southern Agricultural Growth Corridor of Tanzania (SAGCOT) has been studied. The study focused on the hydrological assessment through analysis of the available data and developing a model that could be used for assessing impacts of environmental change. Pressures on land and water resources in the watershed are increasing mainly as a result of human activities, and understanding the hydrological regime is deemed necessary. In this study, modeling was conducted using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) in which meteorological and streamflow data were used in the simulation, calibration and evaluation. Calibration and evaluation was done at three gauging stations and the results were deemed plausible with NSE ranging between 0.64 and 0.80 for the two stages. The simulated flows were used for gap filling the missing data and generation of complete daily time series of streamflow at three gauging stations of Makalala, Ihimbu and Mawande. Results of statistical trends and flow duration curves, revealed decline in magnitudes of seasonal and annual flows indicating that streamflows are changing with time and may have implications on envisioned development and the water dependent ecosystems.
Assessment of fire prevalence and reduction strategies in Miombo woodlands of Eastern Tanzania
(African Journals Online, 2014-12) Katani, J. Z.; Madoffe, S.S.; Amanzi, N. S.; Amanzi, N. S.; Rija, A. A.; Midtgaard, F.; Mbeyale, G. E.; Zahabu, E.; Tarimo, B. C.
An assessment of the proximate causes, effects and factors contributing to fire prevalence was conducted in three districts covered by miombo woodlands in Eastern Tanzania. Three miombo woodlands under different management regimes and governance structures (central government forest reserve, local government forest reserve and village land forest) each were investigated in Handeni, Kilosa and Kilwa districts. Data were collected from three villages selected in each District through household surveys, Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA), interviews of key informants and field observations. The analysis of data involved content analysis for documentary materials, descriptive statistical analysis for household surveys and Chi square was used to test whether there were differences in responses of local communities across forest management regimes. Results indicate that the major five human activities contributing to fire prevalence across the miombo woodlands include farm preparation (34.1%), hunting (28.5%), arson (21.5%), livestock grazing (9.3%) and charcoal making (0.7%). The causes were fairly the same across forest management regimes. August, September and October were the peak fire months and they were not influenced by different management regimes but by geographical locations within Eastern Tanzania. Results further show that fires in miombo woodlands usually start inside the woodland (67.2%), around residential area (22.9%) and from farms (9.9%). The origin of fire inside the woodland becomes more serious because it combines the hunting, arson, livestock grazing and charcoal making which are usually done inside the woodland. Chi-square test indicates significant difference on origin of fires across the forest management regimes (χ² = 13.341 and p = 0.031). The local communities acknowledged fires having both positive and negative effects and these effects were the same across the management regimes. Further, across the surveyed villages, strong social ties existed between fires and the daily life of local communities. Poverty, ignorance, weak law enforcement and climatic factors were identified as underlying factors contributing to fire prevalence. Fire incidences are predicted to increase given the increasing climate change. Potential strategies to reduce fires incidence identified were awareness creation, law enforcement, making fire breaks, introduction of alternative income generating activities, and improving agriculture practises. Furthermore, the use of prescribed burning to reduce effects of late fires and developing fire management plans to enhance miombo woodland management are among the strategies worth consideration by the local communities.
Assessment of forest cover change under different forest tenure regimes in Ngitili management systems in Meatu district, Tanzania
(Tanzania Journal of Forestry and Nature Conservation, 2022) Manyanda, B.J; Kashaigili, J.J
Deforestation and forest degradation are tied to a complex array of socioeconomic and political factors. Quantifying the amount of amount of forest is key to ensure that appropriate management practices and policies are in place to combat deforestation and forest degradation. Despite the fact that forestland tenure changes from private and communal to state ownership occurred in Ngitili management systems in Meatu district Tanzania, little has been done to evaluate its impacts on forest cover. The objective of this study was to assess the forest cover changes under different tenure regimes in Ngitili management system. Landsat imagery of 1986 and 2000 were used in this study and data were analyzed using QGIS software. Results show that open land, grassland, bushland and open forest were the dominant forest classes under private and communal tenure regime while semi closed forest dominated most of the Ngitili area under the state tenure regime. The study concludes by supporting the alternative hypothesis that, forest land tenure changes have significant impacts on forest cover. The study recommends that, a study is needed to assess the impact of devolution which occurred in 2002 on forest cover change.
Assessment of groundwater availability and its current and potential use and impacts in Tanzania
(IWMI, 2010) Kashaigili, J. J.
The International Water Management Institute (IWMI) commissioned this study to assess groundwater availability and its current and potential use and impacts at the national scale for Tanzania as part of a wider study that extends across many sub-Saharan African countries. The study was a desktop study of existing geological, hydrogeological and hydrological data and reports that cover both biophysical and socio-economic aspects of groundwater. The report is based on a thorough review of white and grey literature from various government departments, NGOs, donor reviews and reports, student theses and consultant reports. The study came up with a number of key findings, conclusions and recommendations as highlighted below. The general geology of Tanzania comprises mainly the Precambrian (Archaean, Proterozoic) and Phanerozoic (Upper Palaeozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic) formations. The Archaean rocks are characterized by a granite-greenstone terrain. The Tanzanian Craton covers the central part of the territory up to south and east part of Lake Victoria. The occurrence of groundwater is largely influenced by geological conditions. Hydrogeologically about 75% of Tanzania is underlain by crystalline basement complex rocks of variable composition and ages, but predominantly Precambrian, which form the basement aquifers (for example the Pangani and Makutopora basins). Other aquifer types include karroo (found in Tanga), coastal sedimentary formation of limestone and sandstone (e.g. Dar es Salaam), and the alluvial sedimentary sequence, which mostly include clay, silt, sand and gravel, and volcanic materials (e.g. Kahe -Pangani basin). The groundwater potential of every type of aquifer differs significantly at the local scale as well as at the basin scale. The hydrogeology of Tanzania has not been thoroughly studied and owing to that, the quantification of the groundwater resources of the country has not yet been possible because of a lack of requisite data. In most cases, the only available information has been compiled from existing borehole log data. Groundwater development has concentrated mainly on shallow wells for domestic purposes over a wide part of the country (mainly rural areas). They are also commonly used in the peri-urban fringes where there is no distribution network and places with unreliable supply. Most boreholes are located in the internal drainage basin. The basin is characterized by semi-arid to arid conditions with rainfall less that 550 mm annually, making the dwellers dependent mostly on groundwater as the main source for water supply. The review has revealed that in areas where the static water level is less than 8 meters, shallow hand dug well fitted with hand pumps is feasible, which on average is about 40% of the Tanzania mainland area. There are limited extensive studies on recharge in Tanzania and owing to that the recharge rates are not known. However, based on very approximate basin-scale water balance calculations, the total ground water recharge on annual basis is estimated at 3,725 MCM (0.4 %). A general outlook on the various recharge estimates indicates that the values are greatly variable location- wise and are a function of the methods used. Low basin recharge rates implicate on groundwater development potential. Boreholes drilled for domestic water supplies indicate variable yields. Some boreholes in the Dodoma plain have exceptionally high yields of about 460m3hr-1. The average yield of boreholes (excluding Dar es Salaam and dry boreholes) is 11m3hr-1. The average static water level of productive boreholes is about 17 metres and the average total depth 62 metres. The cost for boreholes in Tanzania is about USD 6,000 for hand pumps and USD 12,000 for mechanised systems. These costs include the full facility, i.e. sitting, design, drilling, supervision, construction, and supply of equipment. The drilling cost contributes to only about 50% of the full facility cost. Groundwater has not been extensively used for irrigation largely due to the following reasons: • Detailed analysis on groundwater irrigation potential nation-wide has not been thoroughly explored. Most of the estimates are based on surface water information. • Tanzania still has enough areas that are potential for irrigation using surface water resources. Irrigation high potential area is estimated at 2.1 million ha in gross, as compared with 0.2 million ha currently irrigated. • There is scant information on the potential of aquifers and yields of individual boreholes. • Limited groundwater resources management plans. • The majority of people in the community have an inadequate understanding of groundwater resources and this has led to inappropriate development of groundwater. The national borehole database is maintained by the MoWI, Directorate of Water Resources in Dodoma. However, the data entry is not consistent; many boreholes have no data recorded and for others the data are incomplete and lack coordinates. This study recommends detailed groundwater studies be undertaken to assess the recharge and the sustainable groundwater yields, necessary to establish the groundwater potential for irrigation and for the other sectorial uses in Tanzania. Considering that groundwater in Tanzania is likely to be the key resource to improve the water supply coverage in many areas under the changing climate, the development of groundwater should be carefully managed to make full benefit of its potential, to protect its quality and to guard against over-exploitation of the aquifers. As a way of improving data management and information sharing, the existing database needs to be transformed into a Management Information Systems (MIS) that is integrated into a Geographic Information System (GIS). Key information like borehole location, groundwater quality, amounts of abstraction, and the hydrogeology should be maintained in the database.
Assessment of tree stocking and diversity for joint forest management (JFM) in Nkweshoo village forest management area, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania
(A B Academic Publishers, 2012) Luoga, E.J.; Kajembe, G.C.; Shemweta, D.T.K.; Zahabu, E.; Mwaipopo, C. S.; Kweka, D. L.
A village forest near the foot of Mount Kilimanjaro managed under Joint Forest Management (JFM) by the government and the local people was studied to assess its growing stock and to suggest interventions and management to promote its sustainable use. Data were collected using the methods of the International Forestry Resources and Institutions (IFRI) research programme. 19 tree species were identified and enumerated; the stocking was 714 trees/ha, basal area 27.5m2/ha and standing wood volume of 310 m3/ha. Almost half the standing volume was Macaranga kilimandscharica, a canopy tree species that was less desired for sawn timber and had not been over-harvested. Commercial timber production of other species that has been the dominant object of management is currently not sustainable. However, M. kilimandscharica is now the most preferred for firewood and light timber by the local user groups. Limited removal of over mature trees of this species by the local user groups for subsistence and community uses is recommended. The need for continued selective harvesting requires the determination of the sustainable allowable cut through recurrent resource assessment. Meanwhile the controlled harvesting will both demonstrate the value of the forest and motivate local people to protect it and, at the same time, increase its productivity and biodiversity.
Background on the Development of Biomass and Volume Models
(E&D Vision Publishing Ltd, 2018-05-12) Bollandsås, O. M.; Zahabu, E.; Katani, J. Z.
Beekeeping around Udzungwa Mountains National Park in Kilombero District, Tanzania
(African Journals Online, 2020-02-06) Katani, J.Z.; Ndelolia, D.
The study assessed the practices, productivity and contribution of beekeeping to household income of communities adjacent to UMNP in Kilombero District. Data were collected through administration of questionnaires to households practicing beekeeping and interview of key informants. Means and percentages were calculated for practices, productivity and income. The study revealed that more than 30% of respondents undertake beekeeping in order to earn income. Traditional beehives were mostly used by respondents in Ifakara (46%) and Kidatu (62%) divisions while many (67%) respondents in Mang’ula division used both modern and traditional beehives. Lack of equipment and extension services were mentioned as the main challenges to beekeeping. Many respondents in Ifakara and Mang’ula divisions admitted that modern beehives have double productivity of bee products compared to traditional beehives. Contribution of beekeeping to household income is generally low in all divisions of Ifakara (4%), Mang’ula (13%) and Kidatu (8%) as compared to farming, petty trade and formal employment. It was concluded that the contribution of beekeeping to household income is low in the study area. Increased productivity could increase the contribution to household income. This could be through ensuring availability of extension services, modern beehives and equipment for harvesting and packaging materials.
Biomass and volume models for different vegetation types of Tanzania
(E&D Vision Publishing Ltd, 2016) Malimbwi, R. E.; Mauya, E. W.; Zahabu, E.; Katani, J. Z.; Chamshama, S. A. O.; Eid, T.; Bollandsås, O. M.; Maliondo, S. M. S.; Mugasha, W. A.; Masota, A. M.; Njana, M.; Makero, J. S.; Mshana, J. S.; Luganga, H.; Mathias, A.; Msalika, P.; Mwangi, J.; Mlagalila, H. E.
Climate change and high rates of global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions have increased the attention paid to the need for high-quality monitoring systems to assess how much carbon (C) is present in terrestrial systems and how these change over time. The choice of a system to adopt relies heavily on the accuracy of the method for quantifying biomass and volume as important primary variables for computing C stock and changes over time. Methods based on ground forest inventory and remote sensing data have commonly been applied in the recent decade to estimate biomass and volume in the tropical forests. However, regardless of the method, accurate tree level biomass and volume models are needed to translate field or remotely sensed data into estimates of forest biomass and volume. Therefore, the main goal of this study was to develop biomass and volume models for the forests, woodlands, thickets, agroforestry systems and some selected tree species in Tanzania. Data from destructively sampled trees were used to develop volume and above- and below-ground biomass models. Different statistical criteria, including coefficient of determination (R2), relative root mean square error (RMSE %) and Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), were used to assess the quality of the model fits. The models selected showed good prediction accuracy and, therefore, are recommended not only to support the ongoing initiatives on forest C Measurement, Reporting and Verificatio (MRV) processes but also for general forest management in Tanzania.
Carbon stocks for different land cover types in Mainland Tanzania
(2019-04) Malimbwi, Rogers; Zahabu, Eliakimu; Njana, Marco Andrew; Mugasha, Wilson Ancelm; Mauya, Ernest William
Background: Developing countries participating in the mitigation mechanism of reducing emissions from defor- estation and forest degradation (REDD+), are required to establish a forest reference emission level (FREL), if they wish to seek financial support to reduce carbon emissions from deforestation and forest degradation. However, establish- ment of FREL relies heavily on the accurate estimates of carbon stock as one of the input variable for computation of the emission factors (EFs). The product of an EF and activity data, such as the area of deforestation, results in the total emissions needed for establishment of FREL. This study presents the carbon stock estimates for different land cover classes based on an analysis of Tanzania’s national forest inventory data generated through the National Forest Resources Monitoring and Assessment (NAFORMA). Results: Carbon stocks were estimated in three carbon pools, namely aboveground, belowground, and deadwood for each of the three land cover classes (i.e. Forest, non-forest, and wetland). The weighted average carbon stock was 33.35 t C ha −1 for forest land, 4.28 t ha −1 for wetland and 5.81 t ha −1 for non-forest land. The uncertainty values were 0.9% for forest land, 11.3% for wetland and 1.8% for non-forest land. Average carbon stocks for land cover sub-classes, which make up the above mentioned major land cover classes, are also presented in our study. Conclusions: The values presented in this paper correspond to IPCC tier 3 and can be used for carbon estimation at the national scale for the respective major primary vegetation type for various purposes including REDD+. However, if local based estimates values are needed, the use of auxiliary data to enhance the precision of the area of interest is recommended. Keywords: Carbon stock, REDD+, FREL, Emission factor, Uncertainty
Challenges facing a community structure to implement CBNRM in the Eastern Cape, South Africa
(African Studies Quarterly, 2001) Dold, Anthony; Cocks, Michelle; Grundy, Isla
In most developing countries, community based natural resource management (CBNRM) initiatives have been adopted in an attempt to address the issue of environmental sustainability. This has largely come about due to an increasing recognition of the ineffectiveness of the state to achieve such sustainability. Within the South African context, recent policies have been drafted that aim to achieve these outcomes, which strongly articulate the need for the participation of local people in the management of natural resources both within communal areas and on state-owned land. The objectives of new policies, however, are not being met in the Eastern Cape of South Africa for the following key reasons: the insufficient recognition of the impact of past historical and political upheavals experienced within the former homelands’ situation; the government’s inability to process land applications; the government’s lack of ability and capacity to implement these policies; and frustratingly high levels of hierarchy at both the local and national level. The Masakane community, a group of former farm workers from the former Ciskei homeland in South Africa, are attempting to implement CBNRM initiatives. The Masakane case study reveals the urgent need to develop, implement and enforce new institutional and managerial arrangements, because without such arrangements state policies are unlikely to be implemented at the grassroots level.
Changing access to forest resources in Tanzania
(Environment for Development., 2009) Robinson, Elizabeth J.Z.; Kajembe, George C.
This paper provides an empirical exploration of the dependence of villagers on non-timber forest products in the Morogoro region in Tanzania, the decision rules that villagers use concerning where and how much they collect, how their collection changes with degradation, and the implications of introducing more restrictive access rules of participatory forest management. Villagers’ responses to increased degradation vary by forest product: fuelwood collection tends to be displaced to other forests in response to degradation, fewer forest fruits and vegetables are collected, and collection times increase considerably for weaving and building materials.
Climate change and the water–energy–food nexus: insights from policy and practice in Tanzania
(Climate Policy, 2017-12-05) Pardoe, J.; Conway, D.; Namaganda, E.; Vincent, K.; Dougill, A. J.; Kashaigili, J. J.
The threat of climate change is emerging at a time of rapid growth for many economies in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Dominant narratives comprising ambitious development plans are common and often based around sectors with strong inter-dependencies that are highly exposed to climate variability. Using document analysis and key informant interviews, this article examines how climate change is addressed in policy, how it is being mainstreamed into water, energy and agriculture sector policies and the extent to which cross-sectoral linkages enable coordinated action. These questions are addressed through a case study of Tanzania, highlighting broader lessons for other developing countries, particularly those in SSA facing similar challenges. The article finds that, while the agriculture and water sectors are increasingly integrating climate change into policies and plans in Tanzania, practical coordination on adaptation remains relatively superficial. Publication of the Tanzania National Adaptation Plan of Action (NAPA) in 2007 marked a step change in the integration of climate change in sectoral policies and plans; however, it may have reinforced a sectoral approach to climate change. Examining the policies for coherence highlights overlaps and complementarities which lend themselves to a coordinated approach. Institutional constraints (particularly structures and resources) restrict opportunities for inter-sectoral action and thus collaboration is confined to ad hoc projects with mixed success to date. The results highlight the need for institutional frameworks that recognize and address these constraints to enable development goals to be pursued in a more sustainable and climate-resilient manner.
Community monitoring in REDD+
(ResearchGate, 2014-03-27) Skutsch, Margaret M; van Laake, Patrick E; Zahabu, Eliakimu M; Karky, Bhaskar S; Phartiyal, Pushkin
• Communities in forest areas can be trained to map and inventory forests although they may need technical support for some tasks. • The cost of community carbon monitoring is likely to be much less than for professional surveys and accuracy is relatively good. The degree of precision depends on the size of the sample. There is a tradeoff between the cost of increasing the sample size and the amount of carbon that communities could claim. • Entrusting forest inventory work to communities could have other advantages for national REDD+ programmes, such as transparency and recognition of the value of community forest management in providing carbon services.

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