Theses and Dissertations Collection
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Item Adoption status and management of agroforestry systems and technologies by communities: a case study of Kasulu district, Kigoma, Tanzania(2013) Chija, Mary NdengaheThis study was done to assess and document the adoption status of Agroforestry systems and technologies in Kasulu District, Kigoma Region, Tanzania. Specifically, the study determined the current status of Agroforestry adoption by the communities in the district, identified agroforestry systems and technologies practiced, determined the factors influencing the adoption of agroforestry and the measures that would be required to improve its adoption in the district. Data collection methods involved reconnaissance, household and field surveys. Data collected were summarized and analysed using the SPSS and SAS Computer software. The findings show that by 2011, the adoption status of Agroforestry in Kasulu District was 91%. Three Agroforestry systems namely Agrosilviculture, Agrosilvopasture and Silvopasture are currently in use in the district with the Agrosilvicultural system (42%) being the most adopted system. Eight Agroforestry technologies were found to be adopted by the farmers of which the Homegardens (26%), Mixed intercropping (25%) and Integrated tree/pasture management (17%) technologies were the most adopted technologies. Brachystegia spiciforms and Pericopsis angolensis were the most preferred indigenous tree species whereas Senna siamea, Eucalyptus maidenii and Elais guinensis were the most preferred exotic species. Mangifera indica, Citrus sinensis and Persea americana were currently the most preferred fruit trees. Income generation, farmer’s awareness and access to extension services were some of the most critical factors that enhance farmers adoption of agroforestry, whereas lack of knowledge, land shortage and lack of monetary capital were the most limiting factors. Based on the results and discussion it was concluded that the extent of agroforestry adoption in the study area was high. It was then recommended to encourage farmers to maintain the existing agroforestry adoption reached, provide germplasm of the improved tree species, educate and sensitizing farmers to have individual or community tree nurseries that can be accessed easily by farmers.Item Analysis of charcoal market system in Handeni, Kinondoni and Magharibi "A" Districts, Tanzania(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2021) Marandu, William D.This study aims to analyse the charcoal market system in Handeni, Kinondoni and Magharibi A districts. Despite of the profits gained by charcoal actors in the value chain, the actors are not paying charcoal government fees and unregistered, thus making a significant loss of government revenues through royalties evasion. This study analysed the roles of each actor in value chain, examined the profits gained by each actor, analysed supporting functions and assessed enabling environments for charcoal business in study areas. A cross-sectional study was conducted to analyse the charcoal market system in study areas. Data were collected through questionnaire surveys, Indepth interviews and focus group discussion. Results from descriptive statistics show that among the interviewed respondents charcoal actors play a role of paying the charcoal government fees; Charcoal wholesalers were nearly three thirds (74.2%) while producers were less than half (47.1%) and one third (35.7%) were retailers. Charcoal transporters were more than half (52.8%) played a role of transporting charcoal with government payment documents while very few consumers (9.2%) had received charcoal receipts from sellers. There was a high statistical significant difference of profit gained between charcoal actors who were registered and those who are not registered by using Man- Whitney test (P <0.01). On supporting functions, descriptive analysis shows that about 23.5% of charcoal producers from Handeni district trained on charcoal business. Charcoal wholesalers (46.0%) from Magharibi A district accessed the bank loans. About 44.1% of charcoal producers from Handeni district urged roads were in good to support the business. All charcoal wholesalers from Magharibi A district used charcoal selling centres. All wholesalers found in Magharibi A district joined the charcoal groups. Most of charcoal wholesalers (92.3%) from Magharibi A district urged market information support charcoal business. All charcoal producers used earth mound kilns for charcoal productions. Thematic and descriptive analysis used to assess business enabling environments. Five themes emerged: Charcoal business registration, movement documents, revenue collection and records, agreement between TFS and DFNR- Zanzibar and unstainable charcoal production. Further, supporting functions are unavoidable to make charcoal actors to pay government fees and register their business. This study recommends that policy makers should develop charcoal trade guideline between Government of Tanzania mainland and Zanzibar.Item An assessment of diversity, abundance and distribution of herpetofauna in the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2014) Msindai, Izumbe MganaAn assessment of diversity, abundance and distribution of herpetofauna in grassland, kopjes, woodland, riverine forest and wetlands habitats of Serengeti National Park (SENAPA), Tanzania was conducted between December 2012 and March 2013. Drift fence with pitfall, wire mesh funnel traps, active search and visual encounter survey, road survey and purposive point count methods were used to obtain data for this study. Besides, focus group discussion and literature review were used to supplement the data collected in the field through the aforementioned methods. A total of 36 amphibian and 48 reptilian species were recorded to exist in SENAPA. Six amphibian species; namely Chiromantis xerampelina, Hemisus guineensis, Mentensophryne sp, Tomopterna cryptotis, Tomopterna turbeculosa and Phrynobatrachus scheffleri are reported for the first time for a handy checklist of herpetofauna in SENAPA. The most abundant amphibian species was Ptychadena mossambica while Agama mwanzae was the most dominant reptile species. The distribution of both amphibians and reptiles varied significantly among habitats. Bufo gutturalis, Ptychadena anchietae (amphibians) and Varanus niloticus (reptiles) were widely spread in all habitats. Species richness also varied among habitats. The highest species richness of amphibia was recorded in the grassland and riverine forests with thirteen and eight species respectively. The highest species richness of reptiles was recorded in woodland and kopjes with 26 and 21 species respectively. Species diversity of amphibians among habitats was highest in riverine forest (H' 1.63) and grassland (H' 1.45). Species diversity of reptilians among habitats was highest in woodland (H' 2.79) and grassland (H' 2.1). The lowest species diversity of amphibians was recorded in kopjes (H' 0.99) while that of reptiles was recorded in wetland (H' 0.69). The study recommends further herpotofauna survey for a complete description of the species within the expansive SENAPA.Item Assessment of floristic composition, stocking and disturbance in Mkulazi Catchment Forest Reserve in Morogoro District, Tanzania(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2018) John, C.This study attempted to assess floristic composition, stocking and disturbance in MCFR. Specifically, the study aimed to assess plant species richness and diversity, stem density, basal area and volume of the trees, intensity and distribution of disturbance and determine land cover changes for the past 41 years in MCFR. A total of 20 clusters with 100 concentric circular plots with radii 2,5,10 and 15m aligned in four transects across the entire forest of 65710ha were used for the study. Data collection involved recording information on species name, diameter at breast height, tree height with diameter ≥5cm, counts and records species of regenerants and human disturbance in each plot. Landsat MSS, TM and OLI image of the year 1975, 1995 and 2016 were used to quantify land cover changes for the past 41 years. Inventory data were analyzed by using MS excel and PAST while Landsat Image were analyzed using QGIS software version 2.8.1. A total of 57 plant species belonged to 23 families were identified.Shannon-Wiener index and Simpson Diversity Indices were 3.086 and 0.9436 respectively. The mean volume of 88.07±25.61m³/ha, stem density of 255.9±61.7 stem/ha, basal area 7.6±2.1m²/ha and volume of stumps 24.5±9.3m³/ha were obtained. Apart from disturbances frequently that affects forest, this study found that MCFR is disturbed by animal grazing 43.5%, footpath 21.7%, camping site 17.4%, car truck 15.2% and fire damage 2.2%. For the past 41 years land cover changed from closed woodland, bush land and riverine to open woodland and bare land by 44.71%, 37.59% and 1.08% respectively. Generally, MCFR has higher species richness and diversity. There were also consistently negative changes in forest cover, relatively to low stem density, mean tree height, and mean Dbh and basal area which were indications of the presence of human disturbance. Therefore, there is a need of resurvey, JFM, good governance and Management plan to be implemented by the MCFR.Item Assessment of socio-economic factors influencing women participation in environmental management in Dar es Salaam city, Tanzania(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2004) Natai, Margaret MtemiThis study was undertaken to assess the socio-economic factors influencing women participation in environmental management. Tree planting and solid waste management were taken as indicators of environmental management. The specific objectives were to; document on how urban women contribute to disposal of solid domestic waste and tree planting as indicators of environmental conservation, identify socio-economic factors influencing women participation in domestic waste management and tree planting and assess women’s knowledge and perception on environmental conservation issues. A survey was done in 12 wards of Dar es Salaam City where women from randomly selected households were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Focus group discussions done with government officials from solid waste management and forestry departments in all municipals, and women from private solid waste management associations in order to get the opinions and suggestions regarding tree planting and solid waste management in their localities. The data were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences Programme (SPSS), Chi-square tests, regression analysis and descriptive statistics. The study revealed that 97 percent of women in the city were involved in domestic solid waste management through collection, storage and disposal of solid waste, while 38 percent were involved in tree planting activities. Participation of women in tree nursery production was mainly motivated by economic gains though it contributes to environmental management through provision of tree seedlings to the community. Generally, household solid waste management was done exclusively by women. Poor storage facilities, poor collection and poor disposal methods were the major problems hampering the efficiency of women participation in domestic solid waste management. On the other hand small plot areas and land ownership were the factors that hinder women contribution to tree planting in the city. Education, land ownership, marital status and income were the most important socio- economic factors influencing women participation in environmental management especially tree planting. Participation in environmental management activities will likely depend on how aware the community is on environmental management issues. Education on the different facets of environmental management will boost women participation in environmental management.Item Assessment of the status of agroforestry practices in Mvomero district, Morogoro, Tanzania(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2022) Mwakalalile, Emmanuel M.The present study on assessment of the status of Agroforestry practices adoption in Mvomero District, Morogoro, Tanzania. The study was conducted during September 2020 to December 2021 at Dihombo, Hembeti and Mkindo villages in Mvomero ward. Mvomero with its three villages were purposively sampled, and then thirty households from each village were randomly selected to make a total sample of 90 households, Data collection was done through reconnaissance survey, questionnaires, checklist of probe questions and field survey. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and inferential statistics with the aid of Statistical package for Social Science (SPSS). The results indicated that Agriculture contributes more than Agroforestry in terms of food and income generation. Also when the Data analyzed descriptively on the contributions of Agriculture and Agroforestry on fire wood and charcoal to the people, it found that, there were very small differences in contribution between Agroforestry ad Natural forest, but on further inferential statistics it found that, there were no significance in differences contributions of fire wood and charcoal as a source of energy between Agroforestry and Natural forest, both used as sources of fire wood and charcoal. From results, it is important to increase efforts on the promotion of the Agroforestry so as to increase on the adoption of Agroforestry which then will help to increase the wide range of food production and will reduce the uses of the fire wood and charcoal from the Natural forestry which then reduces the environmental destruction by cutting down trees as a sources of firewood and charcoal. Also factors that can enhance adoption of agroforestry were analyzed descriptively, the results shows almost all factors were on the similar percentage, also factors which limit the adoption of the agroforestry ware in similar percentages, So all of the factors that enhance adoption of agroforestry and those which limit adoption of agroforestry should be taken in consideration in order for improvements of the agroforestryItem Assessment of trade flows of wildlife products: the case of Ruaha landscape, Tanzania(Sokoine university of agriculture, 2022) Mrosso, Hillary TWildlife species are utilized and traded in a wide range of items, including food, clothing, medicines, pets, ornaments, building and construction materials all over the world. However, in many parts of East Africa, the trade patterns of these products are inadequately documented, making it difficult to build good strategic management and long-term conservation plans. The Ruaha landscape in southern Tanzania is home to a potential animal population and is one of the hotspot locations for wildlife trade. The purpose of this research in the Ruaha landscape was to (i) assess the wildlife poaching practices (ii) to assess the temporal variation of illegal hunting and (iii) Map illegal trade flow of wildlife products and facilitation methods in the Ruaha landscape Tanzania. A semi-structured interview was conducted using the Snowball method to gather the necessary information. The data was analysed using Chi-square tests, Social Network Analysis (SNA), and Generalized Linear Models (GLM) with Poisson and Binomial error distributions. Impala, did-dik, guinea fowls, kudu, and lions were found to be the most hunted species, and meat, skin, claws, fat, and ivory were the most often collected wildlife products. The majority of the products were utilized for food and as sources of revenue. Domestic dogs, spears, snares, and torches were found being used in hunting and this was frequently being done at night. Occupation, ethnic group, religion, residency time, number of individuals participated in each hunt, presence of moonlight, age, and education of respondents were the factors influencing the hunting. However, during the last five years, the overall tendency revealed a drop in hunting, while animal protection in protected areas increased. According to the findings, 70% of the wildlife products came from Ruaha National Park and MBOMIPA Wildlife Management Areas, with the other 30% coming from villages near these protected areas. Bicycles and walking were the primary modes of transportation for wildlife products. In addition, the findings suggest that respondents have long and deep relationships with their clients and merchants, the majority of whom are friends and relatives. It was also shown that the majority of poachers are motivated to engage in illegal wildlife trafficking by their friends and relatives. Furthermore, in circumstances where customers and sellers lacked cash, commodities such as corn and rice were traded for wildlife products. When it comes to illegal wildlife hunting the findings of this study provide critical information on the importance of taking species and ethnic group peculiarities into account. Wildlife protection, such as day and night patrols, is critical, particularly at night. In order to address illegal wildlife hunting in this landscape, sociological aspects must be taken into account. Increased law enforcement could have a positive impact on the declining trend of wildlife hunting. As a result, it is suggested that providing conservation education, in combination with an employment, may help to reduce illegal wildlife product off-take in the Ruaha landscape.Item Beekeping in magu district, tanzania: status, constraints and contributions to livelihoods(Sokoine University of Agriculture., 2011) Selele Igunda JohnThis study was conducted in six villages of Magu district, namely: Igekemaja. Lugeye, Nyalikungu, Ng'haya. Manala and Mkula. The aim was to assess status, constraints and contributions of beekeeping to household income. Data were collected from 180 respondents included both beekeepers and non-beekeepers through household questionnaire surveys, direct observations, interviews with key informants and two PRA techniques. The level of beekeeping community knowledge was analyzed using index scale of awareness. The mean difference in incomes between beekeepers and non-beekeepers was tested using Z-test. The significance of the constraints to beekeeping was analyzed using/5. The relationship between beekeeping education and honey hunting was examined using Pearson correlation. The relationship between socio-economic factors, the beekeeping extent and beekeeping community knowledge was analyzed using multinomial regression. Of the 180 respondents, only 13 were beekeepers with 74 beehives, whereas IO5were non-beekeepers. 62 were honey hunters and about 110 colonies were hunted in 2009. Respondents with beekeeping education were more likely to practice beekeeping and neither of them hunted honey. Four levels of beekeeping community knowledge were identified: 8 respondents (4.4%) were found with “high knowledge". 95 (52.8%) with "moderate knowledge”. 70 (38.9%) with "low knowledge” and 7 (3.9%) with "no knowledge". Alternative sources of income attributed to low community participation in beekeeping. The annual household income for beekeepers was TAS I 023 000±17l 484.69 (Mean±Standard Deviation) and TAS 835 700±l 011 058.71for non-beekeepers. Eight constraints to beekeeping were identified with lack of beekeeping knowledge, fear of honeybee sting and shortage of bee fodder being three top most. Others were lack of capital, alternative income sources and shortage of colonies.The study concludes that for honeybee resources to be utilized fully and sustainably, the community must be provided with beekeeping education and facilitated to obtain modem beekeeping equipment.Item Carbon stock and emission difference by woodland degradation around a REDD+ pilot site in Kilosa, Morogoro Tanzania(2015) Mangowi, Albert LeonardAmong the major issues in the implementation of REDD+ activities is leakage or displacement‟ resulting from activity shifting associated with the process. This study aimed at assessing potential leakage in terms of carbon stock and emission difference by degradation in REDD+ pilot site and areas around REDD+ pilot project in Kilosa. Data were collected from 84 rectangular plots measuring 20×10m established within the REDD+ pilot site and around REDD+ pilot sites. The numbers of stumps, stump diameter, diameter at breast height (DBH) for trees ≥5cm diameter and species local and botanical names were recorded. The above ground carbon stocks were estimated to be 31.5 tCha -1 in the REDD+ pilot site and 3 tCha -1 around REDD+ pilot sites. The genera Brachystegia contributed the highest amount in both sites with 70% of total above ground carbon in REDD+ pilot site and 55% around REDD+ pilot site. Areas around the REDD+ pilot site had higher stump density of 70 stumps ha -1 than those in the REDD+ pilot site with 12 stumps ha -1 of which majority were Brachystegia microphylla and Brachystegia boehmii. The estimated carbon loss was 1.17 tCha -1 (4.29 tCO 2 e ha -1 ) in REDD+ pilot site and 1.92 tCha -1 (7.05 tCO 2 e ha -1 ) around the REDD+ pilot sites. This is an indication of shifts in utilization resulting from the implementation of REDD+ activity in Kilosa. Such anomalies should be addressed before one can judge the success of the REDD+ project in the area. Key words: Carbon emission, degradation, leakage, REDD+ pilot siteItem Carbon stocks in the Mangrove ecosystem of Rufiji river delta, Rufiji district, Tanzania(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2014) Lupembe, Innocent BernardOne of the most important ecosystem services provided by mangrove ecosystems is to act as a carbon sink. Despite this role, most carbon storage studies in Tanzania have concentrated on terrestrial ecosystems. In this study, carbon and volume prediction models were developed for the mangrove ecosystem in Rufiji River Delta, Tanzania. The models developed were used to estimate carbon. Soil organic carbon as an important carbon reservoir was also assessed at different depths. Biomass and volume prediction models were developed using linear regression from a destructive sample of 50 trees spanning a wide range of DBH size classes. Soil organic carbon was analyzed by wet oxidation method. Biomass models were developed for stems, branches, roots, leaves and twigs and volume prediction models for total volume. All linear and power form models developed were significant at P<0.05 and P<0.001, respectively. The organic carbon was 39.61 t ha-1, 28.04 t ha-1 and 32.85 t ha-1 at 0-15 cm, 15-30 cm and 30-60 cm, respectively. The Rufiji River Delta mangrove ecosystem was estimated to have 40.5 t ha-1 of aboveground carbon, 21.08 t ha-1 of belowground carbon (roots) and 98.57 t ha-1 of soil organic carbon. The soil organic carbon (39.61 t ha-1) at surface layer (0-15 cm) was significantly higher than at 15-30 cm (28.04 t ha-1) and 30-60 cm depth (32.85 t ha-1) (P<0.05). Rhizophora mucronata contributed the highest (39.87%) biomass C, followed by Avicennia marina (28.06%). Sonneratia alba (2.58%) and Lumnitzera racemosa contributed the least (1.98%). Volume was estimated at 168.85 m3 ha-1 with Rhizophora mucronata contributing 39.3% and Avicennia marina 27.1% of the total volume. Overall, soil organic C (61.6%) was almost twice that of vegetation carbon contributing 38.4% emphasizing the role of soil as an important carbon reservoir in mangrove ecosystems. The Rufiji River Delta mangrove ecosystem has a high potential as an important carbon sink useful for climate change mitigation through sustainable management.Item Carbon storage potential of grassland ecosystems in the eastern ARC mountains: a case study of Udzungwa mountains, Tanzania(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2011) Laswai, Francis FaustineGrasslands are believed to store carbon in below and above ground. However, little is known on the actual proportion amount of carbon stored in the different carbon pools in the grassland ecosystems. This study aimed at quantifying below and above ground carbon stocks of floodplain and upland grasslands. Quadrants measuring 1 m2 were established systematically along transects in the floodplain and upland grasslands. Above ground vegetation and litter were sampled in 1 m x 1 m plots and below ground roots and soils were sampled in pits of 0.5 m x 0.5 m x 0.6 m. Soil samples were taken from 0 – 15 cm, 15 – 30 cm, 30 – 45 cm and 45 – 60 cm depth. Carbon in shoots, litter and roots was determined by Loss on Ignition method. Carbon in soils was determined by Walkley Black method. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA. The above ground carbon in upland grassland was 12.60 } 0.50 t ha-1 and 3.09 } 0.11 t ha-1 for vegetation and litter respectively. Below ground carbon was 7.82 } 0.57 t ha-1 for roots and 40.26 } 1.17 t ha-1 for soils. In the floodplain grasslands above ground carbon was 33.04 } 1.18 t ha-1 for vegetation and 1.89 } 0.08 t ha-1 for litter. On the other hand below ground carbon was 6.22 } 0.25 t ha-1 and 24.63 } 0.88 t ha-1 for roots and soil respectively. In total upland grasslands has potential to store 63.77 } 2.35 t ha-1 of carbon while the floodplain grasslands storage was 65.78 } 2.39 t C ha-1. With exception of roots all other pools showed a significant difference in carbon storage between floodplain and upland grasslands (P = 0.000). Both upland and floodplain grasslands have high potential for carbon storage and emission mitigation.Item Contribution of agroforestry homegardens to household food security and income generation among communities in Mbeya rural district, Tanzania(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2013) Nzilano, Billes LukaThe present study was conducted in Mbeya Rural District during December 2011 to April 2012 with the main objective of assessing the contribution of Agroforestry homegardens to household food security and income generation among communities. The study involved four randomly selected wards, one village per selected ward and thirty households from each village, all selected randomly. Data collection was done through field surveys using relevant social survey methods. The findings indicate that 99% of the communities in Mbeya Rural District practice Agroforestry Homegardens as one of their main sources of household food security and income generation. Six sources of household food security and income generation were identified in the study area with Agroforestry homegardens and agriculture being the main sources of life sustenance. Of the Agroforestry Homegardens contribution, seventeen percent (17%) is towards household food security and twenty five percent (25%) towards income generation. According to the communities studied, food security and income generation over the year form 78% of the motivating factors to adopt the Agroforestry homegardens. Crop competition, low capital and unreliable markets, were together the main factors (by 77%) which negatively affected the contribution of Agroforestry homegardens to household food security and income generation in the area. Sixty seven percent (67%) of the communities indicated that credit facilities, knowledge on components arrangements and market availability for homegardens products, were the main interventions required in improving the contribution of Agroforestry homegardens adoption. Based on these findings, Agroforestry homegardens is a major source of food and income generation in Mbeya Rural District. Therefore, there is a need for enhancing and reviving further the Agroforestry homegardens technologies for the benefits of the wider communities beyond the District. This should go hand in hand with the provision of sufficient credit facilities, extension services together with marketing arrangements.Item The contribution of mama lishe activities towards household poverty alleviation in Morogoro municipality, Tanzania(Sokoine university of agriculture, 2011) Milanzi, Amina HashimMama Lishe makes one of the largest sources of employment for women in the informal sector. Like other women, they contribute significantly to the capacity of the male members of their households to function effectively in the labour force. Women undertake Mama Lishe activities so as to supplement household income to meet family needs, the income generated from women income generated activities in most cases is small, but it plays a significant role in buying clothes for babies and children, paying school fees and health care. This study was conducted to determine the contribution of Mama Lishe’s income to household poverty alleviation. Specifically, the study identified the nature of Mama Lishe activities in Morogoro Municipality, assessed the income generated from these activities and identified factors limiting these activities. The study was conducted in Morogoro Municipality; about 15 places where Mama Lishe carry their activities were selected. From each area six women were selected randomly (simple random sampling) for the study and hence 90 women were interviewed. Also more detailed information was obtained by interviewing selected key informants such as the Municipal Economist, Health Officer, Tax Officer, Trade Officers, Town Planners and Ward Executive Officers. Data were collected using structured questionnaire, Focused Group Discussions and by reviewing secondary data from several sources. Descriptive and multiple response statistics such as mean, frequencies and percentages were used. Qualitative data from Mama Lishe and key informants were summarized and reported. The findings indicate that 57.8% of respondents contributed between 3 000 – 4 000 Tshs and food from their business per day to the household, 22.2% of respondents contributed between 5 000 – 6 000 Tshs and food per day, 15.6% of respondents contributed between 1 000 – 2 000 Tshs and food per day, 1.1% of respondents contributed between 7 000 – 8 000 Tshs and food per day and 3.3% of respondents contributed food only from their business to the household. It was noted that Mama Lishe business has an important contribution to the household; the findings fromiii study shows the generated income from these business helps the household to buy and pay for their different needs such as food, clothes, school fees and other needs. Moreover the factors that hinder the performance of Mama Lishe businesses are lack of enough capital, business record keeping, lack of entrepreneurship skills and lack of business license. The study recommended improvement in the capacity of the women to run business by training Mama Lishe on the financial management, quality of the services they provide and business opportunity. Government should encourage Non-Governmental Organizations and micro-finance institutions to provide capital to these women with low interest rate.Item Deforestation in the deforestation in the Himalayas: Mainstream views, institutional failure and 'alternative system'. a case study from Northern Pakistan.(Norwegian University of Life Science, 2009-06) Ali, JawadThe sustainable management of forests is of central concern to the local people who depend on forest resources for their livelihood, to international conservation agencies, and to the legal custodians of the forests, the forest services. This study explores the roles of these actors in forest management in the Northern Areas of Pakistan, particularly in the Basho Valley in the Baltistan region. During the last three decades, the mainstream view of deforestation in the Hindukush-Himalayan region attributed the phenomenon to increased local use due to population growth. This view has been contested in recent years by those who see deforestation rather as a result of complex changes in the socio economic conditions of the region. This study contributes to this debate by means of providing empirical data from Basho. The study consists of three papers and an introductory chapter. The introductory chapter discusses some of the key approaches to studying common property management, including political ecology, property rights, and co-management. It describes the local and policy context, the implications of the study for the Protected and Private Forests in the NAs and summarizes the main conclusions. Paper 1 uses local data on firewood consumption and timber extraction from the Basho Valley to investigate whether the general perception regarding forest depletion due to population growth is supported by empirical data. The results of Paper 1 indicate that local firewood collection is not the main cause of deforestation. Instead, deforestation has occurred due to commercial harvesting and mismanagement by the government Forest Department. Paper 2 investigates the extent and time period of deforestation in the Basho Valley. Using oral sources as well as satellite imagery, Paper 2 estimates a 50 percent loss of forest cover over the last 30 years, while population growth has been relatively low. Therefore the theory of massive deforestation due to population growth is not supported by the data collected and analyzed in Paper 2. Instead, it was found that large quantities of timber and firewood were removed on the basis of informal permits called chits during a period of commercial harvesting in the 1970s and 80s. The results show that most of the iiiwood was taken out by contractors and members of what is called the ‘timber mafia’, after the construction of the Basho link road in 1968. Paper 3 explores institutional aspects of forest management, exposing the limitations of conventional ideas regarding corruption in the forestry services. The data gathered for Paper 3 show that, faced with a severe shortage of resources. Forest Department officials engage in what is called ‘alternative systems’, in order to perform their official tasks. Through such ‘alternative systems’, they generate extra-legal resources to finance official tasks. Conventional analyses focus only on the deficiencies of forest services, and fail to offer constructive, realistic assessments of the potential positive role the forest services could play in community-based resource management. The paper identifies possible areas of intervention in order to improve the functioning of the Forest Department of the Northern Areas (NAs) of Pakistan. Combining the data in all three papers and in the relevant introductory chapters, this study shows that the forests in the study area have been severely depleted. While this has been due largely to the weakness of the Forest Department, the response - a greatly increased role in resource management played by conservation agencies, without a concomitant strengthening of the government Forest Department - is problematic. Conservation agencies claim to promote conservation through decentralization and local participation. While a certain degree of decentralization in the NAs has occurred, real powers have, to a large extent, shifted from the Forest Department to conservation agencies, rather than to local communities. The strengthening of the power of international conservation agencies in this manner, at the expense of strengthening a national institution for natural resource management, will undermine community interests in the long run. This is due to the fact that in reality, the approach of the conservation agencies remains as centralized as the Forest Department’s conventional approach has been.Item Distribution and feeding ecology of amphibian (anuran) species in Kimboza Forest Reserve in Morogoro District, Morogoro Region, Tanzania(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2018) Kamungu, A.An assessment of the distribution and feeding ecology of amphibian (anuran) species of Kimboza Forest Reserve, Tanzania was conducted between March 2017 and April 2017. Visual encounter survey and capture methods were used to study the distribution of anurans. Captured animals were degutted and their gut contents were used in the study of feeding ecology. A total of 13 species of amphibian belonging to 7 families of order anuran were found to exist in Kimboza forest. The highest occurrence of anurans (70%) was recorded in areas where forest border with farms and along Kimboza forest streams. The study showed that there was no significant variation of occurrence of anurans among different habitats in Kimboza forest (Q=11; DF =6; P=0.096). On the other hand, about 462 prey items belonging to 10 food groups were found in the guts of 93 captured anurans and the most abundant food groups were Isoptera and Hymenoptera while Coleoptera were the most frequent. There were no significant differences in the anurans’ diet (composition, diversity and preferences) among different habitats of the forest (along boundaries and within the forest) but significant differences were found between the upper fragment and the lower fragment of the forest. The similarities of diets of anurans in different habitats along forest boundaries and within the forest were due to the fact that most of anurans were generalist predators. The study provides a preliminary estimation of the actual diet of anurans and establishes a general distribution pattern for these species in Kimboza forest. These findings are important for understanding and management of anurans in Kimboza Forest Reserve. Further studies focused on dry season and nocturnal species are recommended so as to come up with a complete description of the distribution and feeding ecology of anuran species of Kimboza Forest Reserve.Item Distribution of lantana camara and its impacts on selected ecosystem services and livelihood in east Usambara mountains, Tanzania(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2021) Hamad, Amina AmriThis study aimed at assessing the distribution of L. camara and its fractional cover using very high-resolution satellite image (Worldview-3) complemented by field data from plots surveys. Since L. camara co-exist with several other invasive alien plants species in East Usambara it is not easy to detect it. Therefore, it was necessary to find ways to differentiate it from the other species using remote sensing. Field Spectrometer was used to obtain spectral data of eighteen invasive plants occurring in East Usambara and thereafter assessing suitable bands that can be used to detect L. camara from the available sensors currently but also future satellite missions. Results suggest that when using Worldview 2 the Near Infra-Red 2 (NIR2) (860-1040 nm) is the best band for L. camara detection while for Sentinel 2 the Short Wave Infra- Red (SWIR) Cirrus (1360-1390 nm) is more suitable. Moreover, hyperspectral EnMAP sensor can differentiate the species best in the Visible NIR (423 nm). Evidence from Random Forest model using all bands from 350-2500nm suggest that, the visible ranging 350-383nm is the best region for differentiation of the species with band importance of 0.8-1. With the absence of this range of bands in the visible, the SWIR bands ranging 1778-1790nm can be used to differentiate the species having band importance of 0.5-0.7. Gradient Boosted Machine model showed that SWIR band at 1790 nm was the best in the separation of the invasive species with band importance of 0.4. It is therefore important that while choosing images for detection of similar species it should contain these wavelength ranges. It is also important for future satellite missions to include these wavebands so as similar species as the 18 in this study can be detected and differentiated. Furthermore, the study used the Worldview 3 Satellite image to map L. camara in East Usambara utilizing the NIR 2 texture properties of the image as was found to be the bestiii band in differentiation of the species. Lantana camara in East Usambara was detected along the roads and forest edges with low abundance, while it was more abundant in agriculture lands and abandoned farms and tea plantations. Only 0.5% of the 11% invaded areas had L. camara abundance above 50% while 8.8% of invaded areas have L. camara abundance of less than 25%. Presence of L. camara affects ecosystem services and livelihood of the inhabitants. East Usambara inhabitants benefit from the ecosystem through provisioning of wild plant species for medicine, fuelwood and construction among others. They benefit also through crop cultivation and honey production which are among major economic activities in the area. Results show that 67% of the respondents perceive L. camara to cause a decline in varieties of wild plant species and 50% responded that it caused reduction in honey production which affects their livelihood. The study also found that L. camara reduced the growth of maize by 29%, while cassava was not affected. The reduction of maize growth is only caused when growing simultaneously with maize as there was no evidence of allelopathic effects of L. camara. Similarly, Inoculation of autoclaved soil with microorganisms from invaded soils increased biomass of cassava and reduced the growth of maize. Therefore, removal of L. camara will immediately mitigate its negative impacts on maize. The livelihood of the inhabitants depending on crop production is not affected directly by L. camara abundance rather it is affected significantly by increasing cost of farm maintenance which includes weeding. It is estimation that about 66.62 Million Tanzanian shillings is required to clear about 1277 hectares of L. camara invasion in East Usambara. It is recommended that L. camara should be managed while it is still not very dense and widely spread. The cost of managing will increase substantially with further invasion and mechanical means may not suffice.Item Diversity, status and threats to stingless bees (Apidae: Meliponini) of Ipembampazi Forest Reserve, Tabora - Tanzania(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2016) Hamisi, IssaThis study presents the stingless bees (Meliponini) of Ipembampazi Forest Reserve (IFR) in Sikonge, Tabora Tanzania. Stingless bees were systematically sampled from linear transects from which 80 plots of 20 x 40 m2 (0.08ha) were established. A total of 60 nests were found, representing two stingless bee species, Meliponula ferruginea Lepeletier and Hypotrigona ruspolii Magretti. The third species, Plebeina hildebrandti Friese was opportunistically collected at water hole. Relatively low species richness and nest density (9.53 nests ha-1) were found. Most species were unevenly distributed. Cluster spatial distribution was observed exhibited by one species of H. ruspolii. The most abundant stingless bee was Meliponula ferruginea (52%). Most species were found nesting in trees, except for P. hildebrandti which is reported to nest in the ground in termite mounds. Seven tree species were found hosting stingless bees. The primary tree species used by bees for nesting were Pericopsis angolensis (46.7%), Erythrophleum africanum (23.3%) and Julbernardia globiflora (18.3%). Various nesting patterns and architecture were also observed in stingless bees. The different patterns served as an adaptation to varying nest microclimates and response to environmental threats. Most of the threats recorded were mainly human induced. Forest fire (63%), honey hunting (26%) and logging for timber (10%) were the dominant threats to stingless bees in IFR. Together with other factors, may collectively negatively contributed to the low species diversity and nests abundances observed. It was concluded that, more studies on stingless bees is required. The effects due to climate change on stingless bees should not be overlooked. The findings provide important information for the future development of Meliponiculture industry and conservation of the stingless bees of Tanzania.Item Effectiveness of sustainable land management practices in controlling invasive plants and improving crop productivity in East Usambara, Tanzania.(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2021) Kaaya, Omega, EmmanuelInvasive plant species (IPS) present significant threats to agriculture globally by increasing land preparation and weeding costs and reducing agricultural productivity, consequently IPS reduce yield which leads to low food security particularly for smallholder farmers. In Africa’s agro ecosystems, the management of IPS has been challenging due to a lack of sustainable practices. The traditional practices that have been used are ineffective. Sustainable Land Management (SLM) practices which are developed by diverse stakeholders have the potential to control IPS and improve small-holder farmers’ livelihood but their effectiveness have not been studied. We tested SLM practices and traditional practices to compare their effectiveness in the control of three IPS namely Lantana camara, Clidemia hirta and Pteridium aquilinum, on five farms owned and managed by small-holder farmers. We assessed the farms planted with Cassava (Manihot esculenta) for one cropping season (one year), we compared IPS density, soil condition, plant species diversity and herbaceous biomass between SLM farms and Traditional farms. We also compared the yield of Cassava between SLM practice and traditional practices. Density of IPS, diversity of plant species, and herbaceous biomass and cassava yield was recorded. Data were collected before the implementation and every three months up to the end of cropping season, at the end of the cropping season yield data were collected for both practices. The SLM practices reduced the density of the three IPS, Clidemia hirta by 94% Lantana camara by 96% and Pteridium aquilinum by 46% and the yield of Cassava was 20% higher in SLM practices than under traditional practices. SLM practice significantly reduced IPS density and improved cassava yield with no effects to soil and plant diversity. Therefore, the study findings suggests that SLM practice used is effective enough to be recommended to farmers in control of IPS.Item Effects of changes in climate and land cover on Tanzanian nature-based tourism in national parks: how are tourist attractions affected?(2019) Hassan, Halima KilunguTourism is growing rapidly worldwide and its fastest-growing segment is nature-based tourism (NBT) (Kuenzi & McNeely, 2008), which typically involves experiencing wildlife biodiversity and enjoying natural environments (Eagles. 2001; Naidoo & Adamowicz. 2005). NBT can take many different forms, including trekking in mountains and engaging in wildlife safaris. Tanzania is a prime destination for NBT in Sub-Saharan Africa. The cou: a tu acted 1.2 million international tourists in 2016. up from 0.6 million in 2006 (World Bank •■) 161. In 2016, international tourism contributed 13% to GDP. 12% to employment and 21% toItem Effects of eucalyptus gall wasp, leptocybe invasa (hymenoptera: eulophidae) on growth and wood basic density of some eucalyptus species, Tanzania(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2015) Petro, RevocatusLeptocybe invasa Fisher & La Salle (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), also known as Blue Gum Chalcid (BGC) is native to Australia. The pest was first recorded in the Mediterranean region in 2000 causing severe injury to young foliage of Eucalyptus camaldulensis by inducing galls mainly on growing shoots. The pest was first reported in Tanzania in 2005 and has recently become a problem by infesting a range of commercially grown Eucalyptus species. The purpose of this study was to determine infestation density and assess the effects of L. invasa on growth, biomass production and wood basic density of some Eucalyptus species in Tanzania. Results showed that, trees in the Coastal were more infested, followed by Plateaux while trees in the Southern highlands agro-ecological zone were least infested. Eucalyptus tereticornis was more infested followed by E. camaldulensis while E. saligna was the least infested. Eucalyptus citriodora and E. grandis were not infested. The mean Dbh of infested trees were reduced by 7.8%, 2.1% and 13.6% and mean heights were reduced by 6.6%, 9.5% and 3.8% compared to uninfested ones for E. camaldulensis, E. tereticornis and E. saligna respectively. The mean basal area of infested trees were reduced by 16.4%, 17.1% and 24.5% and mean volume were reduced by 17.8%, 16.1% and 23.1% for E. camaldulensis, E. tereticornis and E. saligna respectively. The mean basic densities of infested eucalypt trees were higher than uninfested by 2.7%, 5.3% and 7.3% for E. tereticornis, E. camaldulensis and E. saligna respectively. Twenty two weeks after L. invasa infestation, the height and root collar diameter of infested seedlings were reduced by 39.6% and 11.3% for E. grandis and by 38.2% and 7.7% for E. saligna respectively. Dry weight biomass reduction in infested seedlings was significantly higher on stem and leaves than roots and branches of both E. grandis and E. saligna. It is recommended that, similar study on the impact of L. invasa on growth and biomass production should look into other commercially grown Eucalyptus species in Tanzania. Management efforts should iii focus on controlling the spread of the pest using biological control, cultural techniques and planting resistant genotypes.