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Local knowledge and gender roles in different livestock production system in Tanzania
(1986) Maeda-Machang’u, A. D; Mutayoba, S; Laswai, G.H; Mwaseba, D; Kimambo, E; Lazaro, E
Women and men participation in the development of the livestock industry in Tanzania is determined by socio-cultural patterns, the livestock production system, local knowledge systems, existing agricultural policies, the educational system and economic and the political situations prevailing in the community. It is difficult to generalise the gender roles in all the livestock production systems, but similar patterns and trends have been unfolding as found out from several studies carried out by the authors. The main points investigated are who owns the animals, who is responsible for their care and how is work divided up and shared out (feeding, watering, milking, stable cleaning and hygienic measures). Other aspects of interest are decision-making, treating and caring of the sick animals, processing and marketing of animal products, the control of family income and assets and access to services such as veterinary, extension, co-operatives and credit facilities. The livestock production studies were conducted in Morogoro, Tanga, Iringa, Mwanza, Mbeya, Mara and Kilimanjaro regions. Districts in these regions were purposely chosen to represent one type production system such as pastoralism, agro-pastoralism and intensive specialized production. The general trend deduced from literature and studies carried out by the authors is that men in all livestock production systems own and are responsible for large animals such as cattle, donkey, sheep, pigs and goats whereas, women are responsible for small ones such as poultry, rabbits and ducks. However, in some systems women feed the large animals and calves, and are called to assist in their health-related issues. Poultry production although very important for women as a source of food and cash, has a very low status in the society and extension services rendered. The pastoralists and agro-pastoralists are still practicing traditional animal husbandry. Intensive livestock farmers have specialized into keeping a few high milk-yielding dairy animals mainly pure-breeds or crossbreeds at zero grazing. Despite advances in veterinary medicines and services, traditional an d local methods of tackling health problems and diseases of livestock were still practised by almost all production systems studied. It was noted that livestock played an important link in the household food security as a source of food and cash for buying other needed food products. This paper will discuss local knowledge systems in the different livestock production systems and its contribution to food security. Analysis will also be made of the quantitative and qualitative participation of men and women in different animal husbandry practices and on other productive, reproductive, socio-cultural activities and access and control over resources. A list of local herbs used for treatment of various animal health problems and diseases will also be discussed.
Effect of level of inclusion of Lablab meal in diet on Carcass Chanlcteristi of blackhead Persian Sheep
(Tanzania Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 1998) Muhikambele, V. R. M.; Mtenga, L. A.; Mafwere, W. D.
Twenty four Black Head Persian (BHP) castrate lambs weighing 14.1 ± 2.7 kg were randomly allotted to four dietary treatments . Animals on treatment A (control) were fed Rhodes (Chloris gayana) hay, ad libitum as basal diet, plus 3BO-g maize bran daily. Animals on treatments B, C and D were fed 'basal diet plus 3BO g of "maize bran and lablab meal" mixture at a ratio of 2.B:1, 0.9:1 and 0.27:1, respectively daily. Four animals from each treatment were selected for slaughter at the end of 99th day of feeding. The level of inclusion of lablab in the lambs' diet had no significant effect on all killing-out characteristics. However, the increase in dietary lablab level in supplement increased the hot carcass weight (HCW) and empty body weight (EBW). The mean HCWfortreatmentsA, B, C, andD were B.O, B.B, 9.2 and 9. 7 kg, respectively, while the respective mean EBWs were 15.3, 16.9, 17.B and 1B.2 kg. Dressing percentage showed no definite pattern. Regression of HCW on EBW and on slaughter weight showed high correlation coefficients (r = 0.91 and r = 0.90, respectively). Lean tissue weight increased with increasing lablab level in the supplement diet, while fat tissue decreased with increased dietary lablab levels (P < 0.10). Differences among treatments in carcass fat were however small and statistically non-significant. Although bone tissue did not show any defined trend, animals on treatment Chad heavier (B30 vs 716 g) carcass bone than animals on treatment A (P< 0.10). Expr,essed as percentages of the carcass, the weights of lean, fat and bone showed no significant treatment effects. However, the trend was an increase in percentage of lean tissue and a decrease in percentage offat tissue with increasing level of lablab in the supplement diet (60.9,51.3, 61.1 and 63% lean and 19.1,20.2, 1B.4and 17.5%fat,for treatments A, B, C and D, respectively).
Muscle distribution in farm animals: comparison between goats and other farm animals
(1998) Mtenga, L. A.; Owen, E.; Muhikambele, V.R.M.
Eight,male goats w,ere 'slaf.lghtered at. 36 kg, live weight (approximately two thirds of mature weight) and dissected, into individual anatomic m'((s(;les. Weights of individual muscles were then grouped into 8 functional units and compared with published data on bulls, rams and boars.' There was a wide species d(tference;in "size index'~ musGles..· Abdominal wall index was highest !'n boars followed by goats, bulls and'rams, the values being 108, 1.00, 91 m:zd 90 resp.ectivety. 9,o(lts had. higher i!ldices ill four;functional units: agility, locomotion, supporting muscles 'and specialised funCtionai mu~cles.· Muscle data .. o/ goa~s indicated that goats are most aggressive followed by bulls, rams and pigs.
The Effect of Processing Method of Dolichos Bean (Lablab purpureus L. Sweet) on the Digestibility and Perfonnance of Growing-finishing pigs
(1998) Laswai, G.H.; Lekule, F. P.; Kimambo, A. E.; Sarawatt, A. E.; Sundsto, F.
A 4 x 4 Latin sqf!.are experiment was carried out using 4 bancows to investigate the effect of processing method on the digestibility ofnutrients of dolichos beans and nitrogen retention in pigs. Four diets were formulated to contain the control diet with 0.09 soybean meal or 0.33 of the control diet and O. 67 of each of either raw, boiled or roasted dolichos bean meal in diets I, II, III and IV, respectively. In another experiment, four diets were formulated such that O. 18 of raw (Diet 2), boiled (Diet 3) or roasted (Diet 4) dolichos bean meals replaced the 0.09 soybean meal contained in the contro[,(Diet I). These diets were ded to 12female and 12 castrated male pigs in a 4 x 2 factorial arrangement. Feed intake, growth performance and slaughter characteristics were evaluated. Mean values of crude protein digestability and nitrogen retention in the raw dolichos meal (50.6% and 18g/d) were relatively lower than in the processed meals (p ~ 0.05). The' corresponding values for boiled dolichos meal were higher (p < 0.05) than those of roasted meal (73.6% versus 65.2% and 12.8g/dversus 8. 7g/d)~ Animals fed on the raw dolichos diet (Diet 2) had significantly lower growth rates and poorer feed conversion ratio. The two parameters were improved on the animals fed on heat-treated dolichos diets. It was concluded that thermC!-processing, particularly boiling greatly improved nutrient availability and overall utilisation of dolichos bean meal for pigs.
Effect of level of inclusion of lablab meal in diet on carcass characteristic of Blackhead Persian Sheep
(1998) Muhikambele, V.R.M.; Mtenga, L.A.; Mafwere, W.D.
Twenty four Black Head Persian (BHP) castrate lambs weighing 14.1 ± 2.7 kg were randomly allotted to four dietary treatments . Animals on treatment A (control) were fed Rhodes (Chloris gayana) hay, ad libitum as basal diet, plus 3BO-g maize bran daily. Animals on treatments B, C and D were fed 'basal diet plus 3BO g of "maize bran and lablab meal" mixture at a ratio of 2.B:1, 0.9:1 and 0.27:1, respectively daily. Four animals from each treatment were selected for slaughter at the end of 99th day of feeding. The level of inclusion of lablab in the lambs' diet had no significant effect on all killing-out characteristics. However, the increase in dietary lablab level in supplement increased the hot carcass weight (HCW) and empty body weight (EBW). The mean HCWfortreatmentsA, B, C, andD were B.O, B.B, 9.2 and 9. 7 kg, respectively, while the respective mean EBWs were 15.3, 16.9, 17.B and 1B.2 kg. Dressing percentage showed no definite pattern. Regression of HCW on EBW and on slaughter weight showed high correlation coefficients (r = 0.91 and r = 0.90, respectively). Lean tissue weight increased with increasing lablab level in the supplement diet, while fat tissue decreased with increased dietary lablab levels (P < 0.10). Differences among treatments in carcass fat were however small and statistically non-significant. Although bone tissue did not show any defined trend, animals on treatment Chad heavier (B30 vs 716 g) carcass bone than animals on treatment A (P< 0.10). Expr,essed as percentages of the carcass, the weights of lean, fat and bone showed no significant treatment effects. However, the trend was an increase in percentage of lean tissue and a decrease in percentage offat tissue with increasing level of lablab in the supplement diet (60.9,51.3, 61.1 and 63% lean and 19.1,20.2, 1B.4and 17.5%fat,for treatments A, B, C and D, respectively).
The prevalence rates of Theileria parva and Theileria mutans in calves, adult cattle and buffalo (Syncerus caffer) in Tanzania
(Tanzania Veterinary Journal, 1998-06-30) Mbassa, G. K.; Pereka, A. E.; Kweka, L. E.; Gamitwe, M. G. H.; Mlengeya, T. D. K.; Dulla, P. N.; Mgassa, M. N.; Matovelo, J. A.; Shallua, L. D.
Serum samples of 133 adult cattle, 79 calves in Eastern Tanzania, 213 adult cattle in Northern, 235 adult and 156 calves from Lake Victoria basin, 30 buffaloes (Syncerus cafer) from Mkomazi Game Reserve, Northern zone and 6 buffaloes from Kisaki Open Conservation Area, Eastern zone were tested for antischizont antibodies against Theileria parva and T.mutans using indirect fluorescent antibody technique at 1:640 dilution. Antibodies were detected in 63/133, 119/213 and 203/235 adult cattle for T. parva in Eastern, Northern and Lake Victoria basin respectively. The respective positive samples for T. mutans in adult cattle in Eastern, Northern and Lake Victoria basin were 71/133, 38/213 and 184/235. Antibodies were lacking in calves from birth to four months old. Of the 36 buffalo samples none were positive for T. parva and T.mutans. T. mutans and T. parva occur in the same areas but the prevalence is less than for the former. The lack of antibodies in calves indicate lack of transfer of maternal antibodies, calves acquire antibodies through exposure to infections. The lack of antibodies in buffaloes indicates that T. parva and T. mutans are cattle parasites. Numerous Genera of ixodid ticks including Rhipicephalus and Amblyomma were found on buffaloes. In Eastern Zone calves haemogobin concentration, red and white blood cell count, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration were found to be lower in calves categorized to be of poor health compared to those apparently in good health. Prescapular lymph node length and width tended to be lower in healthy calves.
Gender roles, local knowledge, food security and biodiversity in different livestock production systems in Tanzania
(FAO, 1999) Machang'u, A. D.; Mutayoba, S.; Laswai, G.H.; Mwaseba, D.; Kimambo, E.; Lazaro, E.
Tanzania has a large livestock population of about 13 million cattle; 3.7 million sheep; 6.4 million goats; 275,00 pigs and over 22 million chickens (1984 Census). The ruminant population is mainly concentrated in Northern zone (Arusha), Central Zone (Dodoma and Singida); Western zone (Shinyanga and Tabora) and Lake zone (Mwanza and Mara). This distribution has an important implication in terms of production, marketing and resource use pattern (particularly land resource). Livestock production in Tanzania is organised under two main sectors; the commercial and the traditional sectors. The commercial sector was once dominated by a few para-statal dairy farms and beef ranches which have recently been privatised. This sector also include a thriving urban and peri-urban private commercial poultry and small-scale dairy farms and accounts for about 15% of the total livestock population in the country. The traditional sector accounts for about 99% of the country's cattle herd and 85% of the chicken. Under this sector animals kept are mainly indigenous breeds like Tanzania shorthorn zebu (TSZ) (98%) while pure beef and dairy breeds constitute 0.8% and 1% respectively (Shayo and Mlay 1986).
The ability of sheep to reach for food through tombstone barriers, as affected by position of food, body weight and body dimensions
(2000) Muhikambele, V.R. M.; Owen, E.; Mould, F.L.; Mtenga, A.
Two studies were undertaken to provide information on the ability of sheep to reach for food similar to that for cattle fed through tombstone barriers. In the first study twenty castrate and twenty non-pregnant: female unshorn Suffolk x Mule sheep (23 - 89 kg live weight) were trained to reach through a vertical' tombstone barrierJor concentrate meal placed on a horizontal platform attached to the barrier. The barrier allowed the neck to pass through, but not the shoulders. It was hypothesised that horizontal reach forwards (F. distance from mid-point of barrier to uneaten meal) and sideways (S. distance sideways from ' mid-point of barrier to uneaten meal adjacent to barrier) would be a function of height of platform above the floor and bt size (M). Because of size. seventeen sheep (mean 34.6 kg) were unable to reach the meal when the p at form height was 75 cm. Mean (s. e.) values for F cit platform heights O. 25. 50 and 75 cm were 43.91.03. 9.40.91. 47. 00. 96 and 27.01.27 em respectively. Values for Sweresmaller but followed a similar pattern (36.61.10. 43.50.80. 41.00. 79 and 22.91.78 em). Lihearregression showed that F or S could be predicted from M (R2 >0.5) or a combination of M and withers height (R2>0. 7) when platform heights were 25. 50 or 75 cm. Reach at 0 cm platform height was not related to body weight or linear dimensions. In the second study with unshorn Suffolk x Mule sheep. ten castrates and ten non-pregnant fomales (23 - 97 kg live weight) were trained to reach through the tombstone barrier for concentrate pellets glued'. using molasses. onto a vertical plate. It was hypothesised that vertical reach (V. distance from floor to uneaten pellets) would be afunction of distance between barrier wid plate (20. 30. 40. 45. 50 cm). height of step (0. 14.2. 28.4. 42.6 cm) on which sheep placed their forelegs. and body size. With the-exception of the largest sh'eep. most were unable to reach pellets either when the barrier-to-plate distance was 45~nd 50cin. or when theforeleg-step height was 42. 6 cm. Mean (s.e) Vvaluesdecreasedwith step height (e.g. at 0 cm step. 103.83.04. 96.23.23 and 82.14.3 7cm. at 20. 30 and 40 cm plate distances respectively; at ~Ocm plate distance. 103.83.04.118.72.83 and 131.92.91 cm at O. 14.2 and 28.4 cm step heights respectively). Linear regression of V on body weight and linear dimensions (e.g. withers height and rump height) showed high correlations (R2> O. 8). V could be predicted from either M ~>O. 7) or a combination of rump height andwithers height~>0.9). The results confirm relationshipsfound in a previous investigation }'lith goats. but demonstrate that sheep have a smaller reach than goats. The data will facilitate the design of mangers for sheep with body dimensions in the range of those used.
The' effect 'of feeding position,and body size on the capacity of small ruminants to reach, for fOOd when fed through balriers
(2000) Muhikambele, V.:R. M.; Massawe, N. F.; Mtenga, L. A.; Butler, E.A.; Owen, E.
Small ruminant systems, espedally with intensification in the tropics, are increasingly involving indoor stall-feeding. To facilitate manger design, there is a needfor iriformation on the ability of the animal to reachfor food, suchas that availablefor cattle fed through barriers. Thirty eight goats (20 Galla, mean weight 28.2 kg; 18 Small East African; mean weight 24. 6 kg) and 26 sheep (16 Blackhead Persian, mean weight 24.0 kg, 10 Red Maasai; mean weight 20.4 kg), were trained to reach for concentrate meal placed on a horizontal platform through a vertical tombstone barrier. The barrier allowed the neck to pass through, but not the shoulders. 1t was hypothesized that goats would have larger reach than sheep and thatforeach species, horizontal reachforwards, F, (distancefrom mid-point of barrier to uneaten meal) and sideways,S, (distances sidewaysjrom mid-point of barrier to uneaten meal adjacent to barrier) would be ajunction of height of platform above the floor (0, 15, 30 and 45 cm) and body size (weight and linear measurements, e.g. body length). Goats had significantly larger F and S values than sheep. Mean values for Fat platform heights 0, 15, 30 and 45 cm were 37.9,41.8, 44.7 and 39.4 em respe;ctively for sheep and 45:4, 46.6, 47.2 and 43.0 cm respectively for goats. Values for S were smaller, but followed a similar pattern. Linear correlation coefficients between For S and dimensions in sheep were all low (0-0.5), but in goats, especially for F, correlations were generally high (0.4-0.8). Exceptfor the low correlation between reach and size in sheep, the results supported the hypotheses. The data will facilitate manger design for small'ruminants of similar breeds, having dimensions in the range of those used in the study.
Effect of slaughter weight on carcass characteristics and economics of pig production
(2000) Makauki, A.F.; Lekule, F.P.
A study to evaluate the effect of slllughter weight on carcass characteristics of pigs was conducted using twenty four Landrace X Large lMlite crossbred pigs. Twelve castrates and twelve gilts with average initial weight of 35 ±4.4 kg were randomly assigned to three targeted slllughter weights. Pigs were slllughtered at live weights of 60, 75 and 90 kg and measurements of carcass characteristics were taken. Cost effectiveness of each slaughter weight based on feed cost was determined. Slaughter weight of the pigs had significant (P < 0.05) influence on carcass characteristics. Increase of slaughter weight from 60 kg to 90 kg caused a rise in killing out percentage, loin eye area, carcass length and backfat thicknessjrom 65.0t069.1 %, 24 to 34crrt, 85.1 to 92.3 qnand2.2 to 3.3 cm, respectively. The proportion of kidney fat also increased with slllughter weight. Generally, the weights of carcassjoints, fillet muscle (M. psoas major), liver and kidney as percent of carcass weight decreased with increasing slaughter weight of the pigs (P< 0.05). Castrates had significantly heavier kidney fat and lighter shoulders than gilts but there was no signifi cant sex difference in killing out percentage, carcass length, weights of liver, kidney, fillet muscle, ham, loin and belly, back fat thickness and loin eye area. The slaughter weight of 60 kg was found to be more cost effective than the rest of the slaughter weights and was therefore recommended for areas where there is demand for lean meat.
Optimisation of activity and storage stability of crude pepsin extracted from adult cattle Abomasa for cheese making
(2001) Ryoba, R.; Kurwijila, L.; Minja, M.; Sorhaug, T.; Stepaniak, L.
The study conducted to investigate the activity and storage stability of crude pepsin extract for use as rennet substitute in cheese processing. The conditions tested were regions of the abomasa, fresh versus dry abomasa drying methods, maceration temperatures (37oC, 24-28oC or 15oC); maceration pH 1-6 for 6 days; activation pH (pH 1-4) and clarification by centrifugation or use of chemicals. The shelf life of the extract was evaluated under storage temperatures ranging from deep freezing at -20oC refrigeration temperatures (<10 oC) and room temperature. Results showed that fundic region of the abomasa had 70.8% pepsin while the pyloric region had only 27% pepsin. Milk clotting activity (MCA) was 1978 and 1800 pepsin units per ml (PU/ml) for sun and shade-dried abomasa respectively. Concentrations of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25% NaCl gave 1845, 2189, 1596, 1021, 462 MCA respectively. Maceration at pH 3 for 3 days at 37 oC gave the highest enzymatic activity (5536 PU/ml). Clearing of the extract by centrifugation at 3000g/15 min gave an extract with 902.3 PU/ml. Clarification by use of di-sodium phosphate (Na2HSO4) gave extract of 1679.1 PU/ml. The enzyme activity of the extract stored under deep freezer temperature was sibnificantly higher (p < 0.05) than ambient and refrigeration temperatures. However, they were significantly lower (p< 0. 001) than the activity of the extract before storage. Therefore, the best pepsin extraction conditions were found to be the use of fundic region of sundried abomasa, macerated at 37oC in an extraction solution containing 5-10% salt at pH 3 for 3 days and clarified after activation at pH2 for 20 min followed by centrifugation of sediment at 3000g/15 min or by use of anhydrous disodium phosphate. The clarified extract could retain its activity for 16 weeks when stored at - 20oC in single use portions
Characteristics of cheeses manufactured using pepsin from adult cattle Abomasa
(2001) Ryoba, R.Z .; Kurwijila, L.R.; Sorhaug, T.
The cheese making quality of pepsin extracted from adult cattle abomasa using dilute HCI (HP) and commercial vinegar (VP) was assessed using three types of cheeses namely Alpine, Tilister and Pastafilata (Pasta). The level of each extract was substituted with commercial calf rennet (CR) at 0, 25, 50, 75, 100%. Renneting time (RT) for cheese milk butterfat (%BF) and total nitrogen (%TN) losses in whey were assessed. Chemical composition and microbial quality of cheese samples obtained at different storage time intervals and their sensory quality at maturity were determined, RT and TN losses in Alpine cheses increased with increasing levels of pepsin from 41min and 0.49% in 25% pepsin to 58min, and 0.55% in 100% pepsin (HP) respectively, Chemical composition of all cheese types with different levels of HP and VP were significantly different (p <.01) and were related to the levels of pepsin, The pH in Pasta and Alpine and % TN in Tilster cheese were not significantly different for the different level of HP and VP. Microbial counts in Alpine cheeses were not significantly different (p>0.05). Coliform and yeast/mould counts in Tilster and Pasta cheeses were not significantly different while the Standard Plate Counts (SPC) in Tilster, and Pasta cheeses were significantly different. Sensory quality was not significantly different for smell and taste. However, bitterness in Pasta and appearance in Alpine and Pasta were significantly different (P < 0.05), between enzyme combinations. Bitterness and taste in Alpine and bitternes in Tilister cheeses were significantly diffirent (p < .00l) betweern levels of HP and VP. Overall quality assesment of all cheeses did not show significant differences (p > 0.05) between levels of pepsin and types of extraction media for pepsin. HCI and vinegar extracted pepsin waa an apprqpriate renner substitute for the small scale cheese processors.
Analysis of genetic Diversity and relationships of Tanzania local goat populations using microsatellite DNA markers
(2002) Chenyambuga, S.W.; Watts, P.C.; Hirbo, J.; Kemp, S.J.; Hanotte, O.; Kifaro, G.C.; Gwakisa, P.S.; Rege, J.E.O.; Petersen, P.H.
Genetic diversity among seven Tanzanian goat populations (Ujiji, Sukuma, Ugogo, Maasai, Mbeya, Newala and Coastal goats) was investigated by determining polymorphisms at 19 microsatellite DNA loci, West African Dwarf Tswana, Landim and Toggenburg were included to serve as reference breeds. Among the Tanzanian populations, mean number of alleles per locus was highest (6.26 ± 0.670) in Sukuma and lowest (5.74 ± 0.545) in Newala. Gene diversity ranged from 0.553 ± 0.036 (Newala goats) to 0.646 ± 0.028 (Mbeya goats). The coefficient of gene differentiation (Gsr) indicated that 13% of the genetic diversity in all populations was due to difference between the populations. The genetic distance values ranged from 0. 068 (between Sukuma and Ugogo goats) to 0.2178 (between Ujiji and Coastal goats). The neighbour-joining dendrogram constructed to show population relationships indicated that the Tanzanian populations were separated from the populations, used as reference, breeds. The dendrogram revealed three, sub-clusters of the Tanzanian populations. Coastal and Maasai goats Ugogo and Ujiji goats and Sukuma Mbeya and Newala goats. The principal component analysis separated the Newala goats from the other Tanzanian goat populations. It is concluded that the level of genetic variation within, the goat populatiions was reasonably high and there was no significant difference between the population with respect to the number of alleles and the level of heterozygosity.
Effects of substituting sunflower seed cake with Acacia tortilis pods as protein source in supplementary diets of Small East African goats
(2002) Ntakwendela, L.; Mtenga, L.A.; Pereka, A.E.; Chenyambuga, S.W.; Laswai, G.H.; Kimambo, A.E.; Muhikambele, V.R.M.
A study was undertaken to avaluate the effects of substituting sunflower seed cake with Acacia tortilis pods as a protein source in supplementing Small East African goats fed a basal diet of Brachiaria brizantha hay. Twenty-four growing female goats with mean body weight of 9. 71 = 1.56 kg were used in a growth experiment. Twelve adult bucks were used in a digestibility experiment. In the growth experiment the animals were divided into four groups, each with six animals, while for the digestibility experiment the animals were divided into four groups, each with three animals. These groups were randomly assigned to four supplementary diets containing different proportion of sunflower seed cake and Acacia tortilis pods. In treatments one (T1). two (T2); three (T3) and four (T4) sunflower seed cake was replaced with Acacia tortilis pods at levels of 0.0%, 3.33%, 66.7% and 100%, respectively. The intake of hay and total DM tended to increase with increasing levels of Acacia tortilts pods in the supplementary diet, the highest intake (430 g DM/day) was observed in goats offered supplementary diet T4. The CP intake (49.1 to 58.9g/day) did not differ significantly (P>0. 0.5). among the treatments. The intake of ME was significantly (P<0. 05) lower (3.0 MJ) for animals in T1 than those in T4 (3:7 MJ). In the digestibility trial, no significant (P>0.05) effect on apparent digestibility of DM, OM, CP and NDF on nitrogen utilisation was observed between treatments. In the growth trail, significant (P<0.05) lower growth rate was observed in animals under T1 (20g/day) than those in T3 (32g/day) and T4 (32g/day). Similarly the feed utilisation efficiency for animals in T1 (FCR=18.5) was significantly (p<0.05) lower than those of the animals in T3 (FCR=13.1) and T4 (FCR=13. 5). Replacement of sunflower seed cake with Acacia tortilis pods in the supplementary diets at the level of 66.7% and 100% gave the highest hay and total DM intake, daily live weight gain and feed utilisation efficiency. Therefore, Acacia tortilis pods may be used in place of high cost oil cakes in the feeding of goats.
The effect of activation of lactoperoxide system (LPS) on the quality and shelf life of in-pouch pasteurised milk
(2002) Mwaikambo, J.J.; Kurwijila, R.L.; Ryoba, R.Z.
A study was conilucted to investigate the quality of pasteurised milk made from Lactoperoxidase system (LPS). activated milk. Milk LPS was activated by addition of amounts of thiocyanate (SCN) and hydrogen peroxide, (H2O2) as recommended by the Codex Alimentarius. After LPS activation, the milk was held at ambient temperature (26-27 °C) for 0.3. 6.9 and 12h before in-plastic pouch pasteurisation was done at 80 °C for 1 min, followed by cooling to 10° C. This milk was then stored under refrigerator (5 °C). Air-conditioned room (14° C) charcoal cooler cabinet (19-20 °C,), and under ambient temperature (26-27 °C. The shelf life and quality of the pasteurized milk was monitored and assessed on the basis Total Plate Count (TPC). Coliform Count (CC) pH and Clot on Boilmg (COB) tests, The LPS activation holding timw before pasteurization that gave the, highest shelf life was 3 h followed by 6 h Post LPS treatment time above 6 h at ambient temperature (26-27 °C) produced milk of more than 40.000 cfu immediately after pasteurisation. resulting into relatively shorter subsequent shelf life under all test storage conditions. Under all storage conditions throughout the experiment. LPS treated pasteurised milk performed significantly (P<0,001), better than the control. It was therefore concluded that LPS treatment was effective in enhancing the shelf life of pasteurised milk if only the milk was pasteurised within 6 h of treatment before storage
The estimate of genetic correlation and heritability of various traits in small East African goats
(Tanzania Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2002) Malole, J. I.; Kifaro, G. C.; Mtenga, L. A.; Chenyambuga, S. W.
This study was done on three strains of East African goats namely, Dodoma. Kigoma and Mtwara with the aim of estimating heritability for pre-weaning (4 months), post-weaning (8 months) and yearling (12 months) growth rates. Other heritability parameters measured were for weight at birth, 4, 8, and 12 months of age and helminth resistance traits (faecal egg count or FEC and packed cell volume or PCV) at six and twelve months of age. Genetic correlations were also determined between FEC. PCV and growth rate at six and twelve months of age. Genetic correlation and heritability were estimated using the Restricted Maximum likelihood (RFML) of the variance component (Var Comp) procedure of the Statistical Analysis System (SAS) package. Most of the traits were observed to have moderate heritability ranging from 0.32 to 0.39, with exception of weight at weaning (4 months). 8 months, one year of age and PCV, which had high heritability (0.4-0. 44) estimates. Negative genetic correlations were observed between FEC and growth rate at six months (rg = -0.69 ± 0.042), and twelve months of age (rg = -0.8 ± 0.011), whereas, PCV-showed positive genetic correlations with growth rate within the same periods rg = 0.59± 0.010 and rg = 0.45 ± 0.022, respectively. It was concluded that the moderate and high heritabilities obtained for growth rates, weights at different age FEC in this study indicate that improvement of growth rate, body size and genetic resistance to helminthosis could be improved through selection and manipulation of both the additive genetic action and non genetic (ienvironmental) components for tropical goat improvement. It was also recommended that genetic manipulation at molecular level should be employed in identifying and isolating quantitative and qualitative trait loci (QTL) linked to economic and desirable traits which will enable development of goats suitable for different ecological zones.
Influence of sex, age and body condition score on carcass composition and tissue distribution in marketed small East African goats
(2002) Mushi, D. E.; Mtenga, L. A.; Kifaro, G. C.; Chenyambuga, S. W.
Twenty-four half carcasses of small East African goats (8 females 8 entire males and 8 castrated males) were jointed into seven joints namely: hind leg, chump, loin, rib, breast, neck and fore leg. These joints were further dissected into the separable components: muscle, bone and fat. The carcasses of these goats, were composed of 7.8, 16. 5% fat, 55.6-62, 7% muscle and 27.9- 29,5% bone. The proportions of muscle in carcasses of females (56%) and castrates (58%) were significantly (P<0.05) lower than in entire males, (63%). Fat content in the carcasses of females (16%) and castrates (12%) were signtficantly (P<0.05) higher than in entire males (9%). The neck of entire males had higher (P<0.001) percentage muscle weight (11%) than the neck of females (8%) and castrates (9%). The hind leg females had higher (P<0.05) percentage muscle weight (28%) than hind leg of males (25%) but castrates had values in between the two (27%). The fore leg off females had the least (P<0.001) percentage of muscle (21 %) compared wiith males (23%) and castrates (24%). The loin and fore legs of females had higher (17% vs. 12%) and lower (16% vs 20%), percentage of fat than those of castrates and entire males. The fore leg of females had lower (10% vs 12%) percentage of bone than that of entire males and castrates. The neck and fore leg of goats above 3 years old had higher (10% vs 9%) and lower, (22 vs 23%) percentage of muscles respectively than those of goats aged 2 to 3 years. The loin and hind legs of goats with body condition score of 4 had higher (12% vs 11%) and lower (25% vs 27%) muslce percentage respectively than those of goats with five score. The rib joint of goats with body condition score of 4 had higher (13% vs 11%) percentage of bone than those of goats with five score It is concluded that sex of the animal affects both the proportion and distribution of carcass tissue to a greater extent than age and body condition score. This means that where carcass quality is a major goal given the right market guidelines, farmer can make use of the sex differences in the proportion and distribution of carcass tissue to serve the consumer markets with meat goat of their preference.
The Selous-Niassa Wildlife Corridor
(Tanzania Wildlife, 2003) Baldus, R. D.; Hahn, R.; Mpanduji, D. G.; Siege, L.
In the debate on biodiversity conservation two topics have gained prominence in recent years. One is connecting important protected areas by „corridors“ in order to safeguard the vital genetic flow and exchange with the aim to avoid „conservation islands“. The other topic is transboundary partnerships in conservation. This paper describes how a number of governmental and nongovernmental actors under the leadership of the Tanzanian Wildlife Division have worked towards the creation of „Wildlife Management Areas“ on village land in Southern Tanzania, which would serve as a string of protected areas to form a corridor connecting two elephant ranges of high importance, the Selous Game Reserve and ecosystem and the Niassa Game Reserve in Mozambique.
Genetic characterization of indigenous goats of sub-saharan africa using microsatellite DNA markers
(Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 2004) Chenyambuga, S. W.; Hanotte, O; Hirbo, J; Watts, P. C; Kemp, S. J; Kifaro, G. C.; Gwakisa, P. S; Petersen, P. H; Rege, J. E. O
Genetic diversity of sub-Saharan African goats was assessed using 19 microsatellite markers. Breeds were sampled from eastern Africa (Maasai, Kigezi, Mubende, North West Highland, Arsi-Bale), southern Africa (Ndebele, Pafuri) and West Africa (West African Dwarf, Maure, Djallonke). European breeds (Grisons Striped, Toggenburg), Asian breeds (Mongolian Cashmere, Bandipur) and a Middle East breed (Arab) were also included. The mean number of alleles per locus and average gene diversity ranged from 5.26±0.464 (Djallonke) to 7.05±0.516 (Mubende) and from 0.542±0.036 (Pafuri) to 0.672±0.031 (Ndebele), respectively. The between breeds variation evaluated using G ST and θ were found to account for 14.6% (θ) and 15.7% (G ST ) of the total genetic variation. The D A measure of genetic distance between pairs of breeds indicated that the largest genetic distance was between Pafuri and Djallonke while the lowest genetic distance was between Arsi-Bale and North West Highland. A neighbour-joining tree of breed relationships revealed that the breeds were grouped according to their geographic origins. Principal component analysis supported the grouping of the breeds according to their geographic origins. It was concluded that the relationships of sub-Saharan African goat breeds were according to their geographical locations implying that the goats of eastern Africa, West Africa and southern Africa are genetically distinct. Within each sub-region, goat populations could be differentiated according to morphological characteristics. (Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 2004. Vol 17, No. 4 : 445-452)
Evaluation of leucaena diversifolia as dry season feed supplement for lactating dairy cattle
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2004) Mwakilembe, Pilika Andrew
A series of four experiments were conducted in sequel to evaluate the merits of Leucaena diversifolia as a dry season Iced supplement for lactating dairy cows in Mbeya region. In experiment 1, the biomass yield of Leucaena diversifolia was evaluated from 7 500 seedlings established on 1.45 ha of land at ARI-UYOLE. Parameters recorded were length of the tree (LOT), number of branches (NOB) and length of the longest branch (LOLB). Experiment 2 was a rumen metabolism study whereby botanical fractions from bean straw and maize stover were evaluated for degradability characteristics and in vitro dry matter digestibility (1VDMD) using Friesian-Boran cattle. Experiment 3 was a feeding trial in which four non-pregnant lactating Friesian cows were offered, 15, 20, 25 and 30 % of Leucaena diversifolia as a supplement in a change over arrangement to assess the effects of incremental levels of Leucaena diversifolia inclusion on in vivo digestibility of maize stover and bean straw diets. In experiment 4, eighteen lactating Friesian cows divided into three treatment groups of six cows each were used to evaluate the effects of increasing rates of offer on feed selectivity, intake and milk yield. Leucaena diversifolia was offered as a supplement to nine cows but was not given to the other nine using maize stover and bean straw basal diets. The results showed that 74.04 % of the total variability in edible material yield for Leucaena diversifolia trees was accounted for by variation in length of the tree (LOT), number of branches (NOB) and length of the longest branch (LOLB). Yields for edible material and wood in a primary cut stood at 3.5 and 10.1 tons DM/ ha, respectively. The dry matter (DM) potential fermentable contents in maize stover botanical fractions varied significantly (p<0.001) and were 814.1, 754.5, 666.5, 644.6, 622.5 and 572.8 g/kg for maize stover sheath (MS5)>maize stover leaves (MS3)> whole plant maize stover (MS1)> maize stover ear (MS4)> maize stover r-’alk (MS2)> and maize stover t-Gsels (MS6), respectively. The corresponding ranking for bean straw botanical fractions were 826.1, 626.5 and 425.4 g/kg DM for bean straw pods .'BSD2)> whole plant bean straw (WBS3)> and bean straw stem (BSS1), respectively. Dry matter degradability (48 hr incubation) of

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