Department of Tourism and Recreation

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Two-decade variations in hydrology of two river basins in the Usambaras of north-eastern Tanzania
(Duke University, 1994) Munishi, Pantalco K. T.
Quantifying local, regional, and global climatic and hydrologic changes is relatively difficult due to high temporal and spatial variability, and to the length of time it takes for these changes to be monitored and detected. The study of precipitation and river flow patterns of two watersheds, Sigi and Soni Rivers, that drain the east and west Usambaras in northeastern Tanzania over a two decades period 1965 to 1989, show that there were varying patterns of precipitation and river flow on the Usambaras over the period. Though a non-significant trend, precipitation increased by 2.7% in the east Usambaras while it decreased by 7.7% in the west Usambaras during the period 1965-1990. The mean annual discharge increased by 2.6% in the east and 44% in the west Usambaras. During approximately two decades, discharge per unit of precipitation did not change significantly in the east Usambaras whereas it appeared to increase at a rate of 0.02 m3 s“lyr"l in the west Usambaras (P = 0.06). This is about 0.4 m3 s-1 yr-1 (1.2 cm ha-1 yr-1) more water flowing into the river today compared to 1965. There has been an increase in the proportion of precipitation reaching the rivers especially in the west Usambaras, which seems to have started about in the mid-1960’s. Such watershed response to rainfall may be attributed to climatic and land use factors. In the Usambaras, changes in hydrologic response coincide with high rates of deforestation and changes in land use patterns. It is recommended that the remaining catchment areas on the Usambaras, and vegetation filter strips along river/stream banks should be protected. Appropriate reforestation work in degraded lands including agroforestry in farmlands should form the framework of conservation measures.
Domestic tourism status in Tanzania: a case study of Tanzania national parks
(University of Greenwich, 2005) Kishe, Edward Steven
Although tourism is a major economic undertaking in the world, however, domestic tourism has not received adequate attention especially in many developing countries. This study focused on domestic tourism in Tanzania looking at issues relating to the promotion of domestic tourism. The study rationale is based on the fact that, despite Tanzania being recognized for its wildlife rich national parks for tourism, the majority of tourists are foreigners. Domestic tourism has received little attention. The study therefore, was designed to bridge this gap in knowledge by assessing the current status of domestic tourism. The overall aim of this study is to document means of improving domestic tourism in Tanzania as an alternative way of supporting the country’s National Parks as well as raising the level of conservation awareness of Tanzanians. The study used social surveys (questionnaires and interviews) as the main method of gathering information. Three National Parks that are close to each other were chosen for sampling as well as urban dwellers of two major urban centers close to these Parks. Five target groups living close to the Parks were surveyed, which included, primary school teachers, local community leaders, domestic tourists, urban dwellers and Parks officials. A total of 336 questionnaires were administered to these groups between June-August 2005. Field visits and interviews were conducted during the same period. The main findings of the study indicated that tourism policies needed harmonization to be in line with the prevailing situation. The results further showed that there is slow growth of domestic tourism in Tanzania. On the other hand there is reluctance by Tanzanians to pay Park entry fees. At the National and Park level, the study showed that the sources of public information were not fully utilized resulting in a weakness in domestic tourism promotion. Local communities leaders adjacent to the Parks studied valued their existence but were not ready to contribute to conservation. For the future the prevailing image for the-primary school teachers showed general support on the establishment of conservation education in schools and wildlife clubs. Economic hardship stood high as a determinant factor in planning Parks visits and the major areas of concerns were transport, food and accommodation. Park entry fees appeared to be a problem to a segment in the sampled target groups. As for domestic tourists’ statistics, there is little information available so far, sometimes creating confusion even in determining who really is a domestic tourist. This is due to the way statistics are collected and interpreted. That aside, it appears that urban dwellers were more knowledgeable about the Parks and ready to pay the current Park fees rates although some were ready to pay more. Based on the main findings for this study, the report concludes that domestic tourism is poorly promoted due to weak policies, strategies and plans. It is further ascertained that the current slow growth in domestic tourism needs to be reversed so that its contribution to Parks’ income increases. The study concludes with the justifications to promote domestic tourism, encourage conservation education in schools and find ways to reduce costs for Tanzanians of visiting National Parks. Lastly, it is recommended to harmonize the national tourism policies to be in line with the public, private sectors and the communities. At the same time, it is necessary to initiate domestic tourism research, regional tourism, to undertake aggressive marketing and to provide conservation education curricula in schools for the youth.
Assessment of forest conditions, threats and management effectiveness in the catchment of Malagarasi-Muyovozi Wetlands, Urambo District, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2007) Heriberth, Joseph Adam Haulle
This study assessed the forest conditions, threats and management effectiveness of selected catchment forests of Malagarasi-Muyovozi wetlands in Urambo District, Tanzania, particularly Mpanda Line Forest Reserve. The level of disturbance was obtained through disturbance assessment methodology while threats through threat reduction assessment tool. The World Commission on Protected Areas tracking tool assessed management effectiveness and socio-economic factors was obtained through structured questionnaires. The results showed that forest disturbance for both trees and poles in the three strata were significantly different (p<0.05). The forest disturbance as well as the use intensities were highest in the open woodlands followed by closed woodlands and wooded grasslands, implying high human impacts in the open woodlands. The threat reduction assessment index was 16%, indicating that the reserve is highly threatened. Major threats were wildfires, illegal logging, overgrazing, and encroachment. The management effectiveness assessment score was 28% implying that the reserve is poorly managed and therefore it stands a chance of loosing its status as biodiversity conservation and wetland catchment area if the situation is not attended adequately. Lack of clear reserve boundaries, management plan, secured funding, adequate law enforcement, appropriate and well-trained staff and local community involvement were the major shortfalls. Socio economic factors that significantly influence human disturbance in the reserve include age, ethnicity, and demand for forest products and services. A number of conservation initiatives were revealed, which may contribute in reducing the threats facing the reserve and increasing the management effectiveness. Contribution of Sustainable and Integrated Management of the Malagarasi-Muyovozi Ramsar Site Project, Ugalla Community Conservation Project, Robin Hurt and Safaris Company and Friends of Urambo and Mwanihala was acknowledged. It is recommended that a management plan, land use plans, and collaboration between local communities and the government are pertinent to the conservation of the catchment and maintenance of local livelihood benefits.
Understanding Technological and Managerial Factors contributing on the Performance of Traceability Systems in the Fish Supply Chain, the case study of Tanzania
(WAGENINGEN UNIVERSITY AND RESEARCH CENTER, 2007-08) Mgonja, J. T.
This thesis starts with two examples of food incidents in Tanzania giving the reader the first insight into how track and tracing systems can be useful both in terms of protecting consumer’s health and in terms of economical repercussions when it is well designed and executed. To ensure the ongoing safety of food along the supply chain, traceability must be built into every step of the process. Traceability systems help companies minimize the production and distribution of unsafe or poor quality products, which in turn minimizes the potential for negative publicity, liability and recalls. The better and more precise the tracing system, the faster you can identify and resolve food safety or quality problems. This is best accomplished through a well designed and executed T&T system. A T&T System that takes into account of the contextual factors during design and execution will ultimately promote the availability of accurate and real-time information to all nodes of the supply chain, from raw materials and component suppliers, to manufacturers, distributors, transportation providers and consumers. The first chapter of this project gives general introduction to the problem and then description of the reasons compelled me to carry out this project (motivation for the study). Chapter two deals with literature review. In this chapter, various models dealing with traceability systems directly or indirectly are fully explored and evaluated on the basis of their validity, reliability and relevance to the study. Chapter three deals with development of the research model, the research model is developed as a result of various models explored in chapter two including IMAQE-Food model developed by Van der Spiegel and co-authors (2003), and traceability system parameters model developed by Kousta (2006). This chapter also deals with development of different indicators which have been used to operationalise the research model. Chapter four is about methodology of the study. Chapter five is discussing the results of the study obtained after the analysis. The result of this analysis is identification of bottlenecks. Chapter six is about assessment of different solutions of the identified bottlenecks. Chapter seven is about general evaluation of the project including conclusions and recommendations. The research conducted in this thesis may be useful to many organisations/companies. It may assist them to understand various factors which are influencing the design and execution of the traceability system and thereby improve the performance of their traceability systems.
Marine farming and tourism
(Acquaculture New Zealand, 2010) Jodice, Laura W; Hull, John; Sirima, Agnes
The Marine Farming Association of New Zealand developed and published a tourist trail brochure in 2005 with the purpose of upholding the positive image of aquaculture among residents and tourists on the Top of the South Island. Another objective was to strengthen the collaboration between tourism and fisheries stakeholders in promoting the region as a seafood destination. In 2009, the NZTRI research team interviewed a total of 24 local businesses in the region. This article presents the results from the interviews and a short written survey. The research team independently analyzed and transcribed audio-recordings to identify major emergent themes that explore the relationships between tourism and marine farming linked to the Top of the South Aquaculture and Seafood Trail. Results show that businesses recognized that promoting locally caught seafood increased the competitiveness of New Zealand seafood and tourism products. They also recognized that cooperation was important to building shared knowledge and community level acceptance of marine farms and tourism in the coastal zone.
The economic of water in paddy and non-paddy crop production around the Kilombero valley ramsar site, Tanzania: Productivity, costs, returns and implications to poverty reduction
(Journal of Agriculture Science, 2011) Musamba, Emmanuel; Ngaga, Yonika M; Giliba, Richard A; Boon, E. K; Sirima, Agnes; Chirenje, L I
Water scarcity is globally getting worse in the light of increase in demand for water use. Human and ecosystem health and economic development are affected by problems of water scarcity and water pollution. This paper assessed the net benefit of water resource in crop production around the Kilombero Valley Ramsar Site in Tanzania. Specifically, the study determines and estimates costs and benefits in crop production and quantify its monetary value using both market and non-market techniques. Household questionnaires, checklist for key informants, participant observation and participatory rural appraisal techniques were employed for data collection. Questionnaire survey was administered to 120 households to establish the major agricultural activities, crops, costs of production and income accrued from these activities. Data relating to household characteristics and water related economic activities were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences whereby the cost for production, inputs and returns were analysed and compared using Microsoft Excel. The residual imputation approach was used to estimate the value of water in crop production. Findings revealed that, 88.3 percent of the respondents own land and 11.7 percent of them rent the land for crop production. The net values of water for irrigated paddy and non-paddy crops were estimated to Tsh. 273.6 (US$ 0.23) and Tsh. 87.7 (US$ 0.073) per m3 of consumed water respectively. The average productivity of water for paddy and non-paddy crop production is estimated at 0.85 kgm-3 and 0.69 kgm-3 of consumed water respectively. Furthermore, the returns from agriculture are less compared to returns from other water uses. Nevertheless, since majority of households are depending on agriculture this study recommends that emphasis should be put on effective and efficient use of water to improve its productivity.
Impact of tourist hunting on the livelihoods of local communities around Selous game reserve, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2011) Twaibu,Twaha
The impact of tourist hunting on livelihoods of local communities was conducted in four villages namely, Mwaya, Ketaketa, Gombe and Lukande, adjacent to the Western Sector of Selous Game Reserve (SGR) in Ulanga District, between October 2007 and December 2007. The overall objective was identifying and assessing the socioeconomic impact of tourist hunting on the livelihoods of local communities. Survey data were collected using households questionnaire, focus group discussion and key informants. In addition, participant observation and secondary data sources were used to supplement information. Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) was used as a method of analysis. The j^-test was used to test variable association and their dependency levels. This study indicated that, despite the benefits provided by tourist companies to support local communities in different aspects, for example, employment, transport, building village government offices and supply of wildlife meat, the local communities expressed strong disapproval of tourist hunting near their area. The majority of respondents perceived tourist hunting as a source of benefit to the nation but not to themselves (61.5%). They perceived the Government, the Wildlife Division and foreign tourists as the principle beneficiaries of wildlife. The study concludes and recommends that, the tourist hunting has impact on local communities first, the distribution of benefits from tourist hunting are too minimal to local communities, and secondly, there are some conflicts due to intensive hunting SGR, which cause wounded animals and others to migrate to adjacent villages where they destroy crops and kill/ injure humans and livestock. It is proposed from this study that, the Government should ensure that benefits reach the affected local people and resolve the existing conflicts.
Sharing Tourism Benefits with the local community: A business perspective from the grassroots in Tanzania
(Journal of Environmental Studies and Management, 2012) Muganda, Michael; Sirima, Agnes; Mkumbo, Peter; Moshy, Batilda
Local communities’ participation in tourism benefit-sharing is central to tourism development. While there is a well-established literature on benefit-sharing from the perspective of wildlife protected areas and adjacent local communities, there is little emphasis on how other tourism businesses do this. Using a case study of Barabarani village, Tanzania, this paper examines how other tourism businesses share benefits with the neighbouring communities. It explores this using: in-depth semi-structured interviews with tourism businesses, NGOs, and key decisionmakers within the community; a two-month period of field observations coupled with the researcher’s experience with the wider community; informal discussions with some members of the local community; and document analysis. The findings show that tourism businesses in Barabarani village have schemes that favourably benefit local people, but the extent to which a particular business has developed its schemes differed from one business to another depending on the nature of business, ownership, and objectives. In some businesses such schemes were automatically created as a ‘by-product’ of particular decisions they make. Overall, public businesses had more systematic benefit sharing schemes than private businesses. Thus, there was no guarantee local communities would receive benefits from private businesses, and if any, they were executed on an ad hoc basis.
A review of "Tourism and sustainability: development, globalization and new tourism in the Third World (3rd ed)
(Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 2012) Sirima, Agnes
Evaluation of traceability systems in fish supply chains: A case study of Tanzania
(Pakistan Society of Food Scientists and Technologists, 2012) MGONJA, J, T; KUSSAGA, J, B.
The European General Food Law, EC 178/2002 requires each stage in the supply chain to have access in its upstream and downstream trading partners. The regulation seeks to ensure that at each stage of food production, processing and movement through the supply chain steps are taken to maintain safety of the products intended for human consumption, at its highest quality. While the literature recognises the importance of food processing companies to have efficient traceability systems, there has been shortage of actual involvement of researchers in assessing the actual execution and performance of traceability systems in food processing companies, especially in developing countries. Using a qualitative approach, this study evaluates the performance of traceability systems in Tanzanian context using a case study of four fish processing companies. It explores how fish processing companies under given contextual situations (e.g. product complexity, production process complexity, supply chain complexity and organisation complexity) design and execute their traceability systems. The findings showed that despite high degree of complexity of contextual situations, all companies used paper based traceability system with minimum computer applications. Paper based traceability system is associated with several limitations, and may lead to poor performance given higher level of complexities of contextual situations.
Diagnostic model for assessing traceability system performance in fish processing plants
(Elsevier Ltd, 2013) MGONJA, J, T.; LUNING, P; Van der Vorst, Jack G, A, J.
This paper introduces a diagnostic tool that can be used by fish processing companies to evaluate their own traceability systems in a systematic manner. The paper begins with discussions on the rationale of traceability systems in food manufacturing companies, followed by a detailed analysis of the most important indicators in the designing and executing traceability systems. The diagnostic tool is presented in four grids through which fish companies can evaluate their own developed traceability system. The paper argues that if a company operates at a higher level of contextual factors, then design and execution of traceability system needs to be at a higher level as well so as to achieve a higher level of traceability system performance. The paper concludes that companies that are able to systematically assess their own developed traceability systems are able to determine food safety problems well in advance, and thereby take appropriate corrective actions.
The Role of Local Communities in Tourism Development
(Journal of Human Ecology, 2013) Muganda, Michael; Sirima, Agnes; Marwa, Ezra
One of the core elements of tourism development is to encourage local communities’ participation as it is central to the sustainability of tourism industry. While the literature suggests a number of roles local communities could take in tourism development, little emphasis has so far been given as to how local communities themselves feel about this. As a result, there has been little evidence, especially from the grassroots, on what communities really think of their role(s) in tourism development. Using a case study of Barabarani village in Tanzania, this paper contributes to the understanding of community participation in tourism development by examining local communities’ views on their role in tourism development. The paper triangulates both quantitative and qualitative data to bring together perspectives from the grassroots based on household questionnaire survey with some members of the local community and a two-month period of field observations in the study area, coupled with the researcher’s experience with the wider community. The findings revealed that local communities want to be involved when tourism policies are being made to enable policymakers to prepare a policy that meets stakeholders’ needs and addresses their concerns. They also want to be part of tourism development decisions to ensure their needs are incorporated. Furthermore, local communities want to have a voice in development issues (not necessarily tourism development) to enable them to protect community interests, and increase transparency and accountability, and wipe out embezzlements and abuse of offices, which are rampant acts amongst decision-makers. Similar to previous studies, they rejected the statement ‘local people should not participate by any means’ in tourism development. It is clear from the findings that people are against the prevailing top-down approach in decision making when it comes to tourism development in their areas. It also depicts the nature of the central government which controls all the forms of decision making when it comes to development and policy formulation. The study emphasizes on small scale methods in analysing and assessing the role of local communities views of participation from the communities themselves rather than what has been normally imposed on them.
Desires of Community Participation in Tourism Development Decision Making Process: A Case Study of Barabarani, Mto Wa Mbu, Tanzania
(World Scholars, 2013) MUGANDA, M; MGONJA, J, T.; BACKMAN, K, F
Over the last decade, tourism in Tanzania has recorded significant growth, with the industry’s contribution to the country’s steadily growing GDP. However, poverty and unemployment rate in the country is still very high, which raises questions regarding local community participation in decision making. Participation in the decision-making process is a crucial determinant in ensuring that the benefits accrued by local communities from tourism are guaranteed, and that their lifestyles and values are respected. This paper examines the nature of community participation expected by local people in tourism development decision-making process in Tanzania using a case study of Barabarani village, Mto wa Mbu, Arusha. The paper incorporates a questionnaire in a mixed method (qualitative and quantitative) approach in data collection. The findings showed that local people, regardless of the location they came from, their gender, occupation, and education, wish to have a voice and actively take part in the decision-making process, to ensure that their needs, priorities and interests are well considered when decisions about tourism development are made in their areas. The paper contributes to the wider scientific discussion on community participation in tourism industry, and uncovers vital infor-mation for tourism managers, planners, policy makers and academicians.
Host community perceptions of volunteer tourists in the Northern tourist circuit, Tanzania
(Victoria University of Wellington, 2013) Ezra, Peter Marwa
The existing and growing body of volunteer tourism literature has broadly addressed a myriad of topics but with a major focus on volunteer tourists. Limited knowledge is available on how these volunteer tourists are perceived by the host communities. The current literature defines volunteer tourists based on the perspective from where the majority of volunteer sending organizations and volunteer tourists come from - the primarily Western, developed country perspective. This study argues that this Western-dominated and developed country conceptualization of volunteer tourism and volunteer tourists must be addressed. In response the study examines the perceptions and conceptualisations of ‘volunteer tourists’ from the perspective of a host community in a developing country, Tanzania. To capture a multitude of host community perspectives on volunteer tourists, a qualitative case study approach was adopted which focused on a village near Arusha on the Northern Tourist Circuit (NTC) of Tanzania. Forty five semi-structured interviews were conducted with different community stakeholders, including private sector and public sector employees, people working for the not-for-profit sector and local people without affiliation to any of these three sectors. Importantly, these interviews were conducted by a Tanzanian researcher in Swahili and/or English. This research reveals that various stakeholders within the host community have different meanings and understandings of volunteer tourists based on their expectations and experiences. For example, the local people and those working for the not-for-profit sector perceived volunteer tourists as donors and sponsors, while those working in the public sector perceive volunteer tourists as international workers and/or NGO employees; and the private sector respondents perceived volunteer tourists as niche tourists. The study also reveals that the host community attributes that influence their perceptions arc based on economic, socio-cultural, environmental and legal and/or regulatory framework factors; this includes, for example, racial ethnicity and poverty. Moreover, this research found that the host community’s perceptions of volunteer tourists are shaped by the issues of trust and mistrust that transpire in the course of their interaction. The study highlights the need to consider the financial element of volunteer tourism as a positive aspect and stresses the involvement of host community in the operation and management of volunteer tourist organizations.
Communities displacement from national park ad tourism development in the Usangu Plains, Tanzania
(Current issues in tourism, 2013-08) Sirima, Agnes; Backman, Kenneth F
Land-use-change conflicts have shaped the conservation and tourism activities and human livelihood debate in the Usangu Plains over the last 10 years. This has led Ruaha National Park to become the largest national park in Tanzania and the second largest in Africa. The need to understand the rationale behind the expansion of Ruaha National Park and the local communities' views on tourism activities has become increasingly important. The purpose of this study was to examine land-use change in the Usangu Plains and its implication to local communities. Community members in five villages, Ikoga Mpya, Igomelo, Nyeregete, Mahango and Luhango, were surveyed using semi-structured interviews, focus groups and field notes. This resulted in a total of 79 semi-structured interviews, 4 focus group discussions and field observation data to analyse the situation in Usangu Plains. Data were analysed using NVIVO computer software for coding and themes’ generation. Major themes that emerged from the analysis were land-use change, tourism as a form of land use, tourism benefits and coping mechanisms. The findings from this study suggest that local communities do not perceive that they are benefitting from the change from agricultural to tourism practices. Changing the way local communities perceived themselves and are involved in conservation activities is the key to achieving the best conservation results and community residents’ involvement in future tourism activities in their areas
Understanding the language of tourism: Tanzanian perspective
(John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2014) Chiwanga, F. E.
Different from other languages such as newspeak, journalese and many others, tourism has its own linguistic line. The language of tourism necessitates tourism practitioners and tourists to endlessly learn it. It covers all forms of touristic communication at every stage of journey, safari and stay. This paper seeks to engage in the mediation between expertise about language and the actual language use in the tourism domain and highlights areas that need clear understanding. It not only helps tourism practitioners sell effectively available tourism products and services, and communicate competently with tourists and colleagues in the industry but also government officials in curricula and policy matters.We have found, through ethno-methodological and textual data, more features of language of tourism through Tanzanian tourism practitioners.
Sustainable wildlife tourism in the context of climate change: the case study of Ngorongoro conservation area, Tanzania
(Victoria University Melbourne, Australia, 2014-04) Mkiramweni, Nickson Peter
Attaining sustainability of wildlife tourism has been a challenge in a world of uncertainty. This is even more so when the world’s climate is rapidly changing. Scientific evidence suggests that climate change will continue and escalate into the future. All sectors of the economy, including tourism, will be impacted by climate change. Both the human and environmental systems of tourism will suffer the consequences of climate change. Wildlife tourism is one of the tourism subsectors, representing a strong interconnectedness between human and environmental systems, recognised as being vulnerable to climate change. Thus, reducing vulnerability is inevitable if wildlife tourism is to grow sustainably. Adaptation is one of the two mechanisms for dealing with the consequences of climate change. Wildlife tourism needs to adapt to climate change for it to grow sustainably. Despite this recognition, very little research has been undertaken on how wildlife tourism worldwide can adapt to climate change. As a result, the contribution of research on how wildlife tourism can be sustained has remained elusive. A common feature is the lack of an effective framework for addressing climate change adaptation in wildlife tourism. A review of existing climate change adaptation frameworks found that none of them focused on wildlife tourism destinations. This thesis proposes a conceptual Wildlife Tourism Climate Change Adaptation Framework (WTCCAF) to assist wildlife tourism to adapt to climate change. Three steps were adopted to develop such a framework. The first step involved reviewing existing climate change adaptation frameworks for tourism more generally. This review was done in order to understand the context and scope from which these frameworks can be undertaken. Because attaining sustainable wildlife tourism has been a major and urgent issue for wildlife tourism practitioners; the review of literature on climate change adaptation was preceded by the review of sustainable wildlife tourism development frameworks. This was deemed important to develop a theoretical sustainability base against which the review of climate change adaptation frameworks could be evaluated. The outcome of this review was the development of a theoretical climate change adaptation framework grounded in sustainable wildlife tourism development theories. The second step involved testing the newly developed framework in the field. The formulated framework adopted the following terminologies: shocks and stressors and exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity frequently used in climate change studies. In this thesis these terminologies are used as key themes for assessing the vulnerability of wildlife tourism. Ngorongoro Conservation Area (NCA) was selected as a case study for testing the developed framework. The purpose of this test was to understand the factors that heighten the vulnerability of NCA to climate change. This in turn helped to adjust the developed theoretical framework to reflect what was happening on the ground in the field. Primary data were collected from key practitioners of NCA wildlife tourism system including conservationists, tourism businesses and local community. The methods of data collection include in-depth interviews and focus group discussions supplemented with informal conversations and observations. Overall, 86 practitioners participated in this research. The third step involved the development of a conceptual climate change adaptation framework (i.e. WTCCAF) based on key findings of this study. The intention of this framework is to provide wildlife tourism practitioners with a tool to guide them in developing climate change adaption interventions. Thus this framework makes a contribution to the fields of wildlife tourism and conservation, particularly when climate change is acknowledged as a major threat to the sustainability of wildlife tourism. This thesis however recommends that because not every climate related issue was captured in this study, further research is deemed necessary.
What Makes the Community in CBT?
(Routledge, 2015) MGONJA, J, T; SIRIMA, A
This case study draws upon findings from an investigation of the planning, structure and implementation of CBTs in a number of selected areas in Tanzania. In-depth semi structured interviews were conducted in 2012 with two CBT groups (one in the north and one in the central area) and pioneers who initiated the process of establishing a number of CBT initiatives in Tanzania. The research confirmed the lack of clarity over the term ‘community’ in the definition of the Tanzanian CBT model
Effects of institutional changes on forest condition: A case of Chenene forest reserve in Bahi district, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2015) Nkonoki, J. B.
This study assessed the effects of institutional changes on forest condition, stakeholders’ interests, the performance of local institutions and factors influencing the performance of local governance structures, using a case study of Chenene Forest Reserve (CFR) in Bahi, Tanzania. Data were collected through forest inventory using 120 systematically selected sample plots. Satellite images were collected and analysed using Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System techniques. Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA), focus group discussions (FGD), key informants and questionnaire survey were used to collect data on socio-economic factors. Quantitative data on forest condition and forest governance were subjected to descriptive and inferential statistical analysis, while qualitative data were analysed using content analysis. Logistic regression model was developed to analyze factors influencing performance of local governance structures. Nine areas of conflicting interests that occurred among stakeholders were identified which were routed in institutional and socio-economic perspectives. The study showed that the performance of Village Environmental Committees (VECs) in governing forest resources had improved. The inventory carried out in 2011 revealed that, an average number of stems per hectare (N), basal area per hectare G (m2ha-1) and volume V (m3ha-1) were 199, 1.71 and 6.46 respectively. The low parameters in wood-stock were due to massive exploitation and other human disturbances in the past. The tree diversity of 4.0 was recorded which was in line with other past studies on dry miombo woodlands. Results on forest cover changes revealed that, the forest condition had improved by 2 576 ha at the rate of 0.50% after decentralization of CFR. Socio-economic factor that significantly influenced most of the performance of local governance was found to be education level. The study concludes that, institutional change reforms on forest management are one of the best options in improving forest condition and forest governance. The study recommends that, monitoring studies are needed in order to have comprehensive understanding on implications of institutional changes on forest resource condition and forest governance.
Tanzania Tourism
(Springer, 2015) SIRIMA, A; MGONJA, J, T.
Tanzania has begun to diversify its tourism offers through cultural tourism under the supervision of Tanzania Tourist Board, aiming to promote rural livelihoods. Product development and service delivery are central to successful tourism development. Due to this, the national tourism policy attaches importance to human resource development. Many universities are now offering tourism related degree programs to meet the ever increasing demand for professionals in this field. In 2012, the government implemented a project to establish a new campus for the National College of Tourism.

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