Tanzania Journal of Community Development (TAJOCODE)

Permanent URI for this collectionhttp://10.10.97.169:4000/handle/123456789/3860

This collection contains articles published in the Tanzania Journal of Community Development which is managed by the Department of Agricultural Extension and Community Development in collaboration with CODEPATA.

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The potential of the National ageing policy in enabling social protection of the elderly in Kilimanjaro region, Tanzania
(2021) Malima, Regina C.
Although substantial progress has been made in adopting National Ageing Policy (NAP) of 2003 in Tanzania, lack of enforceable laws to ensure successfully implementation of the policy on elderly social protection remain a major challenge. This paper examined the NAP of 2003 on the elderly social protection in Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania. The issues covered the policy environment of the NAP on provision of basic needs to the elderly, institutional arrangements in relation to the elderly’s social protection and factors affecting the implementation of NAP. A cross-sectional design was used and data were collected through FGDs and key informant interviews. Data were analysed by using content analysis. The study found that while Tanzania has taken some elderly’s social protection initiatives including the adoption of the NAP, the measures have not been adequately implemented in achieving effective and sustainable welfare of the elderly due to absence of legislation that backup the implementation of the NAP. The study concludes that; in the absence of elderly’s legal framework and effective institutional arrangements, successful interventions to support the elderly will not be achieved. Therefore, it is recommended that the Government through the Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly and Children need to review the NAP and come up with effective legal and regulatory framework measures that will guide and control the elderly social protection services delivery. Such measures include the enactment of the elderly law(s), establishment of effective institutional arrangements with coherent systems, enforcement and coordination engagements in order to guide social protection design and implementation processes that promote effective elderly’s social protection in Tanzania.
The determinants of the performance of health facility governing committees (HFGC) in selected primary health facilities in Tanzania
(TAJOCODE and CODEPATA, 2021) Kesale, Anosisye; Mahonge, Christopher; Mikidadi, Muhanga
Lower and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) implement fiscal decentralization through Direct Health Facility Financing (DHFF) to empower Health Facility Governing Committees (HFGCs). The measure is designed to enable HFGCs to effectively participate in the planning, implementing and controlling health service delivery at primary health facilities. However, it is not empirically known what HFGCs members perceive to be determinants of the performance of these HFGCs under DHFF context. Drawing from community participation and decentralization literature, this study was conducted to assess the determinants of the HFGCs performance under DHFF as perceived by the HFGC members in four selected regions in Tanzania. A cross-sectional research design was employed to collect both qualitative and quantitative data from the four regions. The study has found that availability of finance to the health facility has RII 0.8964 score is ranked 1st important determinant of HFGC performance, followed by clarity of powers and functions with RII 0.8928 score (2nd) and communication between the HFGCs and community has RII 0.8792 score ranked third (3rd). This study concludes that contextual factors significantly influence the performance of HFGCs than HFGC members' characteristics in carrying out their devolved functions. The study recommends working environment for HFGCs to be improved for strengthening HFGCs performance.
Community based development and the igbo olodumare tourist centre, Okeigbo, ondo state, Nigeria
(CODEPATA, 2021) YOADE, Adewale Olufunlola; OLADIPUPO, Abiola Stephen; OLAJIDE, Tosin Paul
The beauty of every tourist centre lies in its embedded facilities that will make the visitors or tourists feel satisfied and comfortable and which may make them in return term such tourist centre “a home away from home”. The study utilized both primary and secondary data. Primary data was sourced using personal observation, oral interview which was directed at the curator of Igbo Olodumare and structured questionnaires which were administered to tourists using purposive sampling. A total number of 85 questionnaires were administered to the tourists and all were retrieved. Majority (57.7%) of the respondents was students, 28.2% of the tourists are civil servants, 9.4% are researchers while the remaining 4.7% are self- employed. Findings suggest that investment in Igbo Olodumare will not only develop Igbo Olodumare village or Okeigbo town but Ondo State at large thereby boosting the economy and providing job opportunities for the unemployed. The main argument of the paper is that if the tourist centre is well developed and properly managed, it will attract tourists and investors from all over the world.
Health Literacy, Health Behaviour and Healthcare Seeking Behaviour in Rural Settings in Tanzania: Towards a Conceptual Framework
(ELSEVIER, 2021) Muhanga, Mikidadi I.
Conceptual framework can serve very useful purposes when it comes to formulating research questions and developing hypotheses. This article presents a conceptual framework from a study conducted in rural settings in Mvomero district in Morogoro, Tanzania. The study assessed health literacy (HL) and its influence on health Behaviour (HB) and health care seeking behaviour (HCSB) as well as attitudes of people under One Health Approach (OHA). This article shares with readers who intend to conduct similar studies focusing on the connection between HL, HB and HCSB on the framework to be employed in studies of those nature. The intention of this article is not to present the whole study, but to share a detailed account of a conceptual framework. This framework is on the connection between HL, HB and HCSB. The framework informs health education and HL interventions; particularly, on ways the interventions can effectively lead to health behavioural change in the context of One Health Approach (OHA). Other studies can be conducted to assess HL in other areas of Tanzania and beyond using this conceptual framework. This analytical framework is vital at this particular moment when the need for educating people to become more health literate is pertinent. It is recommended that the conceptual framework should contextualize to attain additional context specific variables
Drought Risk Reduction Strategies in Rural Zimbabwe: Opinions of Mhondoro-Ngezi District Communities
(2021) Ngwaru, Farai
This paper highlights the perceptions of Mhondoro-Ngezi rural communities regarding drought risk reduction strategies. The study was motivated by personal experience as a minister of religion deployed in Mhondoro-Ngezi District. The researcher witnessed the area becoming increasingly prone to drought leading local people to reduced livelihoods both at household and community levels. Set in a rural community of Zimbabwe, Mhondoro-Ngezi District has a population of about 102 342 (Zimbabwe National Statistical Agency, 2016). A purposive sample of 8 key informants was selected for interviews. In addition, four Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) from 32 respondents were purposively selected. Data was analysed qualitatively according to emerging themes. Results showed that drought was really a cause for concern for rural communities in Mhondoro-Ngezi District. Hence, local knowledge regarding mitigating the effects of drought was considered important and sustainable. The study recommends that the central government of Zimbabwe should help rural communities develop mechanisms for water harvesting so that people have safe and sufficient water for domestic and agricultural use. It should also support their effort to grow drought tolerant crops by providing short season seed, agricultural equipment as well as food processing technologies. The study would generate new insights into drought risk reduction strategies, thereby contributing to the growing body of literature in drought management issues. As a result, scholars and scientific researchers in related areas of study can access such theoretical and empirical information and enrich their understanding of drought risk reduction practices in rural African communities.
The causes and detrimental effects associated with the use of 'fake' inputs and seeds to the smallholder farmers in Tanzania
(2021) Machibya, Jackson Bulili; Kadigi, Ibrahim; Njeru, Justus
This paper attempts to study the causes and detrimental effects of using fake agro-inputs and seeds by using primary survey data collected from four regions of Tanzania. The study employed mixed methods of data collection entailing secondary review of the relevant documents in the seed input sector. It involved an intensive field survey using structured questionnaire tool as well as consultative interviews/meeting with all key informants across the entire agro-inputs and seeds value chain in Mbeya, Morogoro, Njombe and Arusha regions. The achieved sample size of this study were total of 495 people from selected different categories including famers, input dealers, research institutions, seed producers and Apex bodies- regulators in the country. The study applied sampling procedures of both random and systematic sampling throughout the entire seed value chain. The data collected were descriptively analyzed by the help of the computer program known as Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). The causes that are accelerating the existence of fake agro-inputs and seeds in the markets include the shortage of improved certified seeds in the market whereby the businessmen take advantage of this situation to falsify brands and sell these to unsuspecting farmers at exorbitant prices thus masking the inferior quality perception; also, farmers perceive the cost of certified seeds/inputs to be high, they do not understand the value proposition for buying improved seeds ending up buying fake seeds sold at low prices. Besides, there are a number of detrimental effects including social effects such as household food insecurities; failed marriages attributed to crop failures. The economic effects were decreased income of up to 60 percent and in some instances, up to 90% due to crop failures; reduced individual and household purchasing power; most households depend on the sale of crops to smoothen their cash flows. The environmental effects include; decreased soil fertility leading to reduced productivity and loss of biodiversity. Therefore, the study recommends the creation of supportive business environments for investment in production of various seed varieties production to increase supply as well as strengthening the regulatory authority bodies for enforcement of the laws and regulations that will regulate the agro-inputs and seeds markets in the country
An exploration of the factors that determine the gendered adaptation to climate variability in Kilosa District, Tanzania
(2021) Zakayo, Rachel; Madaha, Rasel M.; Mahonge, Christophe P.; Bryant, Christopher R.;
Adaptation is reflected as a suitable response to climate variability, particularly for smallholder farmers. Yet, adaptation by women and men farmers may be influenced by different factors that are not well understood. That is, there is a gender dimension to the choice of an adaptation strategy to climate variability. The study employed a qualitative research design to explore the factors that determine the adaptation to climate variability by women and men. The study findings indicate that climate variability adaptation of men and women depends on farm size, access to credit, financial resources, access to information, and access to extension services and training. However, the factors vary significantly between women and women. Although women predominate in the provision of agriculture labour force, men dominate the decision making in allocating labour as well choosing what crop to grow and sell.
An exploration of rural communities’ response towards joining the Improved community health fund (iCHF): A case of Monduli Juu ward, Tanzania.
(CODEPATA, 2021) Madodi, Mussa I.; Eliamini, Elifuraha P.; Madaha, Rasel M.
There are a number of efforts by the Tanzanian Government to promote accessible and equitable health services to deprived rural communities throughout the country. The government, among other things, has been mobilizing various stakeholders to contribute to the provision of health services to poor rural communities through community based health insurance schemes. However, the provision of health services, through health insurance schemes, continues to face poor response from the intended beneficiaries. Using a case of Monduli Juu Ward, this study explored rural communities‟ response towards Joining the improved Community Health Fund (iCHF). The study adopted a mixture of cross- sectional research design and Participatory Action Research (PAR). The collected data were analyzed by using SPSS and content analysis. Overall, the findings show that there are several issues that affect the extent of rural communities‟ response to joining the schemes. Lack of awareness and the prevalence of poverty among households have been proven to gravely block a number of households from joining the scheme. It is recommended that the government and other stakeholders should work closely with poor rural communities to create economic empowerment programs and massive awareness campaigns. The measures will enable the local communities to improve their socio - economic wellbeing as well as to awake them on the benefits they would have obtained by joining the iCHF. Finally, PAR is instrumental in the mobilization of communities for them to own the process.
Foreword for Volume 1 Issue 1
(Sokoine University of Agriculture and Community Development Professionals Association of Tanzania (CODEPATA), 2021-08) Madaha, Rasel; Malima, Regina
Editorial message for Vol. 1 Issue 1
Determinants of choices of the Income Generating Activities among Youths beneficiaries of Youth Development Fund in Morogoro Municipality and Mvomero District in Tanzania
(Tanzania Journal of Community Development, 2021-08-25) John, Regina; Mattee, Amon Z.; Nyamba, Siwel Y.
Being guided by the theory of reasoned action, this study sought to investigate factors that determined the choices of income- generating activities among youth beneficiaries of Youth Development Fund in Morogoro Municipality and Mvomero District Councils. The study employed cross-section designs where 200 respondents were involved. Multistage sampling techniques and simple random techniques were used to select the respondents involved in the study. Data were collected through questionnaires and interview schedules, and they were analysed through descriptive statistics and the Multinomial regression model. The findings show that factors that have influenced the choice of youth income generating activities among the youth include: attitudes, family, and friends support, customers and market availability, availability of skilled labour, low competition from a similar business, skills possession, and cooperation from others. However, these findings show that the factors did not influence all categories of choices and therefore the study recommends that the ministry responsible for youth should ensure that there is enough awareness created for youth on how the Community Development Department can make their business perform better. This should include training on how youth can have a proper choice by considering factors such as attitude, significant others, and skills possession.
Factors influencing smallholder farmers to participate in farmer-led research of agro-ecological practices in selected areas, Tanzania
(Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 2021-09-23) Kihoma, Luambano; Churi, Ayubu J.; Sanga, Camilius A.; Tisselli, Eugenio
Declining crop productivity is a great challenge facing smallholder farmers in Tanzania. Agro-ecological practices can improve crop productivity in a sustainable way and produce healthy food among smallholder farmers. Initiation of “Farmer-Led Research of Agro-Ecological Practices” (FLRAG) may enhance farmers’ capacities for innovation and co-develop suitable agro-ecological practices. This study aimed at identifying factors influencing smallholder farmers to participate in FLRAG. A cross- sectional survey was used to collect qualitative and quantitative data from 90 smallholder farmers in Mvomero, Bagamoyo and Masasi districts in Tanzania. Data were also collected from key informants who were extension officers. The study identified that experience in farming, easiness in accessing agro-ecological inputs, interest in doing experiments and farm size ownership are the factors that substantially influence smallholder farmers to participate in FLRAG. Therefore, researchers are advised to select participants of FLRAG by considering the mentioned factors. Furthermore, farmers selected to participate in FLRAG are advised to the use of ugunduzi app” that was developed purposefully to enhance agro-ecological research in order to test and understand its potential on smoothing agro- ecological research activities.
Communication Management and Stakeholder Satisfaction in Project-Based Organisations: the Case of Research, Community and Organizational Development Associates (RECODA)
(Sokoine University of Agriculture and Community Development Professionals Association of Tanzania (CODEPATA), 2021-10) Machange, Sia Willy; Fujo, Mwapashua Hamis
Communication is an important aspect in projects‟ operations. There is still a need for further studies on communications especially in developing countries to reduce number of project failure triggered by poor communication. Using RECODA‟s project as a case study the study aimed at assessing communication management in achieving stakeholder satisfaction in project-based organizations. Randomly selected 120 project stakeholders participated in the study. There was an addition of a5 Key-Informants who participated in the study. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics. The findings envisage that traditional channels are still highly used in rural-oriented projects. Of the four communication channels used, face-to-face and meetings were rated the most effective modes of communication channels. Physical factors and poor accessibility to mobile gadgets were some of the highly rated barriers to effective communication. Conclusively, the adoption of modern communication channels remains poor in rural-based projects. Ultimately it is recommended that project planners should invest in the communication process for better performance of the project.
The effects of socio-demographic factors on agricultural production and marketing in Ludewa district, Njombe - Tanzania
(Tanzania Journal of Community Development, 2021-11-04) Mbise, Mirau
Crops’ production and marketing in Tanzania are affected by socio- demographic factors. However, such factors have been given little attention. Thus, this study assesses the relationship between socio- demographic factors and maize production and marketing in Ludewa district. The Solow growth model, which guides the study, indicates that among other economic growth determinants, socio-demographic factors are important. A two-stage sampling mechanism was employed to obtain a sample of 427 farmers. In the first stage, study area was purposively selected and in the second stage, farmers were selected through simple random sampling procedures. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data from the sampled farmers. Checklists were used to collect information from focus group discussions and key respondents. Findings from descriptive analysis reveals that age, sex, and education level significantly influence the size of land grown with maize, while the farming experience influences maize output. Furthermore, the results reveal that age, sex, marital status, and education level significantly influenced marketing participation. The study recommends enhancement of socio- demographic factors for high quality human capital resources.
Towards food security in semi-arid regions: the role of small-scale food processing industries in Dodoma city, Tanzania
(Tanzania Journal of Community Development, 2022-10-05) Mtenga, Deodata V.; Ripanda, Asha S.
The power of small-scale food processing industries is based on their ability to improve food security by ensuring availability throughout the year. This study used primary and secondary data to obtain information on small-scale food processing industries in semi-arid regions of Tanzania and associated implications for improving food security. About 30 food processors and 6 key informants were available to answer interview questions. It was revealed that men dominated food-processing industries by 93.3%. In addition, food processors comprised medium, small and micro-scale food processors by 20%, 29.23% and 50.7%, respectively. However, the food processing industry faces many challenges such as inadequate funding, stringent government rules and rigid bureaucratic procedures, shortage of raw materials, poor technology and unreliable electric power supply. Supporting the improvement of food processing industries in Dodoma will aid in decreasing post-harvest losses by increasing the shelf life of the agricultural product. In turn, the support will help in overcoming food insecurity in the area. Therefore, it is recommended that the government should provide more support to the food processors to enable them to overcome the challenges for improved livelihood.
Designing disaster risk reduction strategies in Zimbabwe: perceptions of Mhondoro-Ngezi rural communities
(Tanzania Journal of Community Development, 2022-11-09) Ngwaru, Farai
This paper highlights the opinions of Mhondoro-Ngezi rural communities regarding designing disaster risk reduction strategies. The study was conducted in a rural community of Zimbabwe. A random sample of 192 participants from a district population of 102, 342 took part in the study. A purposive sample of 6 key informants was selected for interviews. Three focus group discussions from 24 respondents were purposively selected. Results showed that there are important factors and procedures that should be considered when designing disaster risk reduction strategies. Benefits of the strategies to the people and its feasibility were considered important. The study recommends that the government should invest in resources mainly for Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) activities to build community resilience for current and frequent risks. Communities should be assisted by government in their effort to use homegrown approaches to disaster risk reduction. The study would help rural disaster risk reduction stakeholders, planners and decision makers to make informed decisions and policies in designing disaster risk reduction strategies to improve community well-being. More importantly, it will add more on the existing body of knowledge regarding issues to do with disaster risk reduction strategies.
A comparative analysis of levels of vulnerability of livelihood assets to gas extraction operations: evidence from Mtwara rural district, Tanzania
(Tanzania Journal of Community Development, 2023-05-07) Musoma, Beston M.; Nyanda, Suzana S.; Muhanga, Mikidadi I.; Massawe, Fatihiya A.
Extractive investments adversely affect local communities across the globe. Tanzania experiences new gas extraction operations (GEO) but with scanty information on how they influence the levels of vulnerability of livelihood assets among rural communities. As such,there is a need to empirically understand wplaces are more vulnerable than others so that livelihood enhancement actions can be performed following gas extraction operations. This article examined the levels of vulnerability of livelihood assets among communities residing near and distant villages to gas extractive fields and processing plants. A cross-sectional research design was employed, and 260 respondents were sampled proportionally from village registers.The sample was complemented with 15 key informant Interviews (KII) and four focus group discussions (FGDs). A comparative analysis was performed using Livelihood Vulnerability Index (LVI). The results revealed that distant villages had the highest level of food accessibility and water accessibility. Also, neighbouring villages have the highest level of vulnerability on land ownership. Likewise, nearby villages had a moderate level of exposure to livelihood strategies and gas extraction activities. To conclude, distant villages had a higher level of vulnerability to food access, water access, and socio-demographic profile components. Whereas nearby villages had the highest level of vulnerability on land ownership and gas extraction operation components. Therefore, to lessen the food vulnerability among households, the government and donors should prioritize income generating and food security programmes among households.
A comparative analysis of levels of vulnerability of livelihood assets to gas extraction operations: evidence from Mtwara rural district, Tanzania
(Tanzania Journal of Community Development, 2023-05-07) Musoma, Beston M.; Nyanda, Suzana S.; Muhanga, Mikidadi I.; Massawe, Fatihiya A.
Extractive investments adversely affect local communities across the globe. Tanzania experiences new gas extraction operations (GEO) but with scanty information on how they influence the levels of vulnerability of livelihood assets among rural communities. As such, there is a need to empirically understand wplaces are more vulnerable than others so that livelihood enhancement actions can be performed following gas extraction operations. This article examined the levels of vulnerability of livelihood assets among communities residing near and distant villages to gas extractive fields and processing plants. A cross-sectional research design was employed, and 260 respondents were sampled proportionally from village registers. The sample was complemented with 15 key informant Interviews (KII) and four focus group discussions (FGDs). A comparative analysis was performed using Livelihood Vulnerability Index (LVI). The results revealed that distant villages had the highest level of food accessibility and water accessibility. Also, neighbouring villages have the highest level of vulnerability on land ownership. Likewise, nearby villages had a moderate level of exposure to livelihood strategies and gas extraction activities. To conclude, distant villages had a higher level of vulnerability to food access, water access, and socio-demographic profile components. Whereas nearby villages had the highest level of vulnerability on land ownership and gas extraction operation components. Therefore, to lessen the food vulnerability among households, the government and donors should prioritize income generating and food security programmes among households.
Perception and attitude of community members on psychotic disorders in Temeke district, Tanzania
(Tanzania Journal of Community Development, 2023-06-09) Paul, Diyammi Mark
The present research project aimed at examining the discernment of the public regarding psychotic illnesses in the Temeke area, Tanzania. The following questions were answered by the findings of the study. What are the community members‟ perceptions of psychotic disorders? What are the community members‟ attitudes to people suffering from psychotic disorders? Both quantitative and qualitative approaches were used simultaneously. It was a descriptive study that collected information from neighbors of the selected people with psychotic disorders in this area for the investigation. In the course of the research undertaking, eighty mentally ill people were purposively designated from the psychiatric clinic of the Temeke Hospital in 2020. Two neighbors emanating from all experimented patients were purposively selected from distinct households to take part in the study as main informers. Hence, the study had 160 respondents. Through data obtained via questionnaires and interviews, the study noted that community members had negative perceptions and attitudes towards psychotic disorders. Generally, they could see psychosis as a humiliating sickness, a sign of failure in life. They believed psychosis was caused by witchcraft and therefore, they could not maintain close relations with the patients. There is a need to educating community members on facts about psychotic disorders to increase their awareness and improve their perception and attitude towards people with psychotic challenges.
Income linkage as an aspect of power relations among chain actors in the groundnuts seed value chain in Kongwa and Kiteto districts, Tanzania
(TAJOCODE, 2023-06-09) Mulokozi, Gibson G.; Massawe, Goodluck D.; Mwololo, James
This study aims at addressing limited knowledge on income linkages and power dynamics within the groundnuts seed value chain. The study population comprised members from three clusters: research institutes, village and district authority level, including innovation platform members in Kiteto and Kongwa Districts. Primary data was collected through focus group discussions and interviews, while secondary data was obtained from records relating to the groundnut crop and its value chain. Four Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) (two in Mlali Village-Kongwa District and two in Kiteto District) with a total of 48 purposively selected respondents participated in the discussions. Key informants were also selected using a purposive sampling technique to obtain a range of cases with relevant knowledge of the groundnut seed value chain. Social network data on income linkages among actors was analysed using the UCINET statistical software package integrated with the NETDRAW program to determine centrality measures and the level of influence and importance among chain actors. Qualitative data from semi-structured interviews were also analysed through content analysis involving breaking, comparing, and categorizing to complement the social network data. The study revealed that farmers and middlemen had the highest relative normalized betweenness compared to other actors in both district and village levels, indicating that they are powerful due to their importance in the value chain setup. The study concluded that there is a need to ensure inclusive and improved income linkages both vertically and horizontally with other actors for stable and functional groundnuts seed value chain
Influence of public private partnership framework on improving the quality of education: a case of primary schools in Kilimanjaro region, Tanzania
(Tanzania Journal of Community Development, 2023-09-12) Paul, Paulin
The extent to which Public Private Partnership (PPP) model has improved the quality of primary education in Tanzania is not empirically known. Specifically, this paper aimed atidentifyingroles played by private educational partners and examine the extent towhich the PPP framework has improved the quality of education in Kilimanjaro Region. Thirty primary schools were randomly selected from two strata (16 with PPP and 14 without PPP schools).A total of 60 teachers and 240 pupils were randomly selected and data were collected through structured questionnaires, key informant interviews and observation. Difference-in-difference (DiD) and t-test were run to examine the influence of PPP roles in improving the quality of education. Renovation and construction of classrooms and connection of water sources within school compounds had significant influence of improving quality of primary education at p ≤ 0.05. Schools with PPP were found to have better academic performance with mean score of 14.6 points compared to non-PPP schools (8.9 points). It is concluded that PPP schools stand a better chance to improving the quality of primary education than non-PPP schools. It is recommended that; local governments and schools’ administration should collaborate adopt the PPP model to improve the quality of educatio

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