Efficient and reusable activated carbon from aframomum angustifolium fruits’ shells for removal of ceftriaxone from aqueous solution: adsorption isotherms, kinetics, and thermodynamics studies
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Date
2025-11
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Indonesian Journal of Chemistry
Abstract
The accumulation of ceftriaxone antibiotics in aquatic systems is a growing
global concern due to their potential risks to human and ecological health. The current
study investigates the synthesis, characterization, and application of activated carbon
(AC-FPAA-H3PO4) made from the shells of Aframomum angustifolium fruits. AC-
FPAA-H3PO4 was synthesized using chemical activation (H3PO4, 4 M) followed by pyrolysis
at 600 °C for 1 h and characterized using BET, FTIR, and SEM-EDX. AC-FPAA-H3PO4
exhibited a surface area of 1895.6 m2/g, which allowed for its reuse in 5 consecutive cycles
without requiring active site regeneration. The optimal removal efficiency (97.8%) was
achieved at pH 2, 298.15 K, 100 rpm, 20 g/L adsorbent dosage, and 200 mg/L ceftriaxone
concentration. The adsorption process was described by Langmuir (R2 = 0.9862) and
Freundlich (R2 = 0.9833) isotherms, and the kinetics were fitted to the pseudo-second-
order model. The adsorption was spontaneous (ΔG = −6.80 kJ/mol) and exothermic
(ΔH = −4.43 kJ/mol), with increased randomness at the solid-solution interface
(ΔS = 7.69 J/mol K). The adsorbent demonstrated high efficiency in removing ceftriaxone
from real water samples, including river water (99.36%) and well water (96.92%). The
findings suggest AC-FPAA-H3PO4 is a promising adsorbent for removing ceftriaxone from
an aqueous environment.
Description
Journal Article
Keywords
Aframomum angustifolium, activated carbon, biowaste, ceftriaxone