Abstract:
Indigenous soil conservation measures such as miraba have been widely used in Usambara
Mountains for controlling soil erosion but with little success. On-farm runoff experiments were set
from 2011–2014 on Acrisols in Majulai and Migambo villages with contrasting agro-ecological conditions in the Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. The aim was to investigate the effectiveness of
miraba and miraba with various mulching materials in reducing runoff, soil and nutrient losses and
improving productivity of maize (Zea mays) and beans (Phaseolus vulgaris). Results show that
mean annual runoff coefficients (mm mm-1) ranged from 0.72 for cropland with no soil conservation
measure (control) to 0.15 for cropland with miraba and Tithonia (Tithonia diversifolia) mulching in
Majulai village and respectively from 0.68 to 0.13 in Migambo village. Soil loss was significantly (P
= .05) higher under control than under miraba with either Tughutu (Vernonia myriantha) or Tithonia
mulching e. g. 184 vs. 20 in Majulai and 124 vs. 8 Mg ha-1 year-1 in Migambo village in 2012. The Pfactors
were significantly (P = .05) higher under miraba sole than under miraba with mulching in
Majulai village (0.18 vs. 0.11) and in Migambo village (0.10 vs. 0.05).The annual nutrient losses in
kg ha-1yr-1 were significantly (P = .05) higher under control than under miraba with mulching 367 vs.
37 total N, 0.8 vs. 0.1 P and 14 vs. 4 K for Majulai village; 474 vs. 26 total N, 0.7 vs. 0.1 P and 20
vs. 1.2 K for Migambo village in 2012. Maize and bean yields were significantly (P = .05) higher
under miraba with Tughutu mulching than under control (e.g. 2.0 vs. 0.7 Mg ha-1 for maize in
Majulai in 2012). Thus miraba with Tughutu mulching is more effective in improving crop yields
than miraba with Tithonia and miraba sole.
