Agricultural Education and Extension Collection

Permanent URI for this collectionhttp://10.10.97.169:4000/handle/123456789/28

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Analysis of agricultural credit in development projects: a case study of the Southern highlands project in Tanzania
(2000) Mwachang’a, Sikauka Mwallu
This study is an evaluation of the role of the Southern Highlands Extension and Rural Financial Services Project (SHERFSP) in extending credit to smallholder farmers in Southern Tanzania. It also assesses the impact of such credit on agricultural production of smallholder farmers in the period 1995/96 to 1997/98. Data for the study were collected from a sample of 120 smallholder farmers from twelve villages in Iringa rural and Mufindi districts in Iringa region. Secondary data were collected from SHERFSP to assess its performance. Results of the study reveal that SHERFSP uses a group lending approach to extend credit to smallholder fanners. Fanner’s socio-economic factors that influence acquisition of credit from the SHERFSP are average cash from crop sales, average cost from hired labour, expenditure on inputs, average cash from off-farm activities and farmers’ awareness about existence of SHERFSP. An assessment of the impact of credit was made by comparing users and non-users of SHERFSP credit. Results show that there is a significant difference in farm input use, farm outputs and farm income levels between borrowers and non-borrowers. This implies that the acquisition of credit from SHERFSP had an impact on farmers. Those who obtained credit used higher levels of inputs, had higher farm output and farm income. Major problems encountered by smallholder farmers in procuring and use of credit are delays in the delivery of inputs, inadequate amounts of the loans received, poor supervision and
Salient approaches for accessing credit to small scale farmers: a case of diffusion of tc Banana in arumeru District through a micro-credit scheme
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2008) MWAMBOLA, Francis Staford
Using survey data as well as secondary information, this study was set out to review the operational mechanism of Diffusion of TC banana in Arumeru District through Micro credit scheme, with the view to assess the approaches, strategies and performance in accessing credit to smallholder farmers. It aimed at providing useful information to aid decision making process and enhancement of access to credit by the majority of small- scale producers. The study also aimed at determining factors that influence accessibility to formal credit by the small scale farmers and micro-enterprises. The study wanted to establish the empirical evidences on the links between credit use and poverty alleviation. It also attempted to make assessment of the impact of the credit on income and improvement of standard of living of tire credit users. In collecting the primary data, questionnaires were administered to 45 randomly selected households in four villages namely Mbuguni, Kilanyi, Valeska, and Poli. Collected data was analyzed into mean, frequency distributions and percentages. Gross margin and cost- benefit analysis were used to determine and measure the economic potentiality and impact of the scheme to the beneficiaries. Generally, the performance of the micro- credit programme was encouraging. The empirical evidence of the study indicates that the average gross margin/annum was TSh 532,905.- Benefit cost ratio, Net present Value (NPV) and Internal Rate of Return were 2.5, 2633685 and 94% respectively. These calculated indicators postulate a positive investment potential. The findings revealed that group lending approach is indispensable for lending small holder farmers and credit facilities must be central to any poverty reduction strategies. The approaches used for accessing credit was effective in reduction of lending transaction costs and had immediate impact in improving the standard of living of people in the focal
Financing agricultural marketing in Tanzania: a case of rice and Maize traders in Kyela, Mbozi and Dar es salaam
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2008) MWAMNYANGE, VENANCE ANGANILE
This study analyzed the financing of agricultural marketing for rice and maize. Data for the study were collected by administering a questionnaire to retailers, wholesalers and village assemblers and supplemented by interviews with actors in credit markets. Both descriptive and econometric procedures were used for data analysis. The results show that most traders’ source of capital was own saving, very few used grants/gifts and credits. Credit for business start-up was mainly from informal sources as many formal sources don’t lend to start-up businesses. It was found that grain marketing in Tanzania is fragmented and unreliable due to poor information, mainly on prices. During the survey, this was evident with maize trade in Mbozi district. Various credit sources exist ranging from informal to formal financial institutions (FFI). Access to these credit facilities is limited by lack of collateral and bureaucratic/lengthy procedures for loan application. Further, loan demand by traders is hampered by demographic and socio-economic factors in varying ways. Regression results on formal loan demand showed that interest rate, trader location, marital status and stock holding duration were inversely related to loan demand, while traders’ experience in business, gender, education and age were positively related. For informal sources, results show that majority borrowed from friends and relatives, few from moneylenders, millers and small unregistered groups. Informal lenders charge higher interest rates than formal institutions due to lack of regulation from government and due to risk factors associated with their lending. However, informal lenders are few, unreliable and offer small amounts for very short durations due to lack of capital. To improve credit accessibility, it is suggested that:- formal-informal linkage be initiated and strengthened, engagement in group lending, avoidance of
Evolution, performance and role of traditional credit system on poverty reduction: a case of Ifogong’ho of the wasukuma, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2007) SWAI,OKULI WILLIAM
A study on ifogong’ho traditional credit system was conducted in Magu District, Mwanza region, Tanzania. The general objective of the study was to explore the contribution of ifogong’ho to poverty reduction. Specifically, the study aimed at describing the evolution and operational procedure of ifogong’ho; assessing performance of ifogong’ho as indicated by repayment, interest and default rates; assessing accessibility to ifogong’ho by age, gender, education, household type and wealth; and determining the contribution of ifogong’ho credit to poverty reduction using income, food security and health indicators/A cross-sectional survey approach was employed, whereby four villages that practice ifogong’ho were selected purposively and respondents were selected randomly. Semi-structured and structured questionnaires were administered to ifogong’ho committee members and 131 respondents, respectively. Likert scale questions were employed to determine attitude of members towards access to ifogong’ho by sex, age, household type, education and wealth. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences whereby frequencies, percentages, means and cross-tabulations, were used to elaborate analytical results. Qualitative data were summarized and presented in tables to supplement ifogong’ho important information. The chi-square test statistic was used to determine attitude of ifogong’ho members towards ifogong’ho access and sex, age, household type, education and wealth. Results showed no statistical significant relationship between access to ifogong’ho and sex, age, household type, education and wealth of respondents. The t-test results at p < 0.05 level of significance proved that net income, food security and health expenditure among ifogong’ho members beforeiii getting credit differed significantly after using credit. Net income, food security and health expenditure after credit were higher than those before credit. These results substantiated the need of credit for poverty reduction. The study came up with pertinent recommendations. One of the recommendations given was to boost ifogong’ho fund portfolio size by introducing saving practice in the system.
Assessment of factors influencing smallholder farmers’ utilization of animal draft power: a case study in Bunda district, Mara region
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2011) NGABO,JANE NYANJIGA M
The purpose of the study was to investigate factors influencing smallholder farmers’ utilization of animal draft power (ADP in Bunda District, Mara region. Six villages were purposively selected, and 17 smallholder farmers from each village were randomly selected, seven of them were using ADP, and ten others were not, making a total of 102 smallholder fanners in the study sample. Structured interview schedules were used to collect primary data on ADP users and non-users. The study reveals that the main source of income is crop production while livestock keeping and off-farm activities are secondary sources. The study reveals further that 66.7% of the ADP users and non-users earn incomes of about Tshs. 364,900/= from the sale of field crops. Observations also show that 52% of the ADP users faced, labour shortages during weeding time, high cost of spare parts and prevalent of cattle diseases. Of the 74 respondents who kept cattle, 42% of them reported that tick borne diseases are common diseases in the area. It was also found that the common diseases that affect oxen during the cropping season were foot rots, Foot and mouth disease, worms and tick-borne diseases. Also, the study reveals that most of the respondents do not control cattle parasites because of the high cattle dipping cost charges and the lack of ALEAs. Of all the ADP users, 54.8% indicated to have had learned ADP technologies from their parents (farther). Of all the ADP users, 62% indicated that ploughing using ADP is done by men, for activities such as land preparation and ploughing, while planting, weeding, harvesting, transportation, and processing of field crops are done manually by women and children. The study found that 50% of ADP users reported that DA worked from 5 am to 9 am ploughig, from 9 am to 6 pm grazing, and there no supplementary feeding.
Impact assessment of entrepreneurship development on rural women’s micro-enterprises in Muheza and Handeni districts: the case of unifem project in Tanga region
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2001) MWANY1KA,EUNEEMA ELIHUDI
The study was conducted in four villages, two each from Muheza and Handeni districts in Tanga region. The overall objective of the study was to assess how an entrepreneurship development programme/project funded by UNIFEM between 1991- 1995 had contributed to development of micro-enterprises and improved the economic status of rural women in the study area. The specific objectives were to: (i) determine the number and performance of micro-enterprises established during and after the UNIFEM project, (ii) assess how the project’s entrepreneurship development approach (PEDA) had helped to improve the women's capacity to run micro-enterprises, (iii) determine the contribution of PEDA to the improvement of the economic status of the women who were under the project, and (iv) identify factors that influence women’s entrepreneurship development. The study involved a survey of 64 rural women (32 project beneficiaries and 32 non-project beneficiaries). Data were mainly obtained using a questionnaire. The findings of the study revealed that agriculture was the predominant kind of activity (enterprise) carried by the women before the establishment of the project During and after the project, there was a significant increase in the number and types of micro-enterprises established. Assessment of the performance of the enterprises showed that Project beneficiaries (PBs) generally faired better than their non-beneficiaries (NPBs) counterparts although the levels of development and profitability of the enterprises established was very low. The study also showed that the project had significantly contributed to the improvement of the capacity of the PBs to run micro-enterprises as well as their economic status than their NPBs counterparts. The need for a continuous availability of credit facilities, continued technical support and training and availability of reliable infrastructure were identified as critical to the women's micro-enterprises and entrepreneurship development. The study recommends to planners, policy makers and non-governmental organisations, to continue supporting projects of this nature and direct more effort in the creation of aiii more enabling environment and a more sustainable system of developing entrepreneurship as a strategy for poverty alleviation among rural women in the country.
Influence of climate variability and land degradation on adaptive livelihood strategies of communities in the southern Uluguru Mountains
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2011) Haule, Sylvester Charles
This study was conducted to investigate the emerging adaptive livelihood strategies in response to climate variability and land degradation in South Uluguru Mountains’ communities. Specifically, the study sought to gauge perception of farmers on climate variability and land degradation, identify farmers’ adaptive livelihood strategies and assess the environmental sustainability of the identified adaptive livelihood strategies. Study villages were stratified into highland, midland and lowland zones with respect to their elevations before randomly selecting three sample villages, one from each zone. Quantitative data were collected from 90 smallholder farmers, 30 from each of the three villages. Qualitative data were collected from three Focus Group Discussions, one from each sample village. Field observation and key informant interviews supplemented survey and data from the Focus Group Discussions. The study found that farmers of the South Uluguru Mountains area are aware of the climate and land degradation issues and attribute to over 50% of the problems hindering agricultural production in the area. The communities are impacted more seriously with frequent occurring droughts, landslides, strong winds, soil erosion, decreased soil fertility, wildfires and to a lesser extent, floods on the lowland fields due to riverbank erosion. The communities have been found to own and/or have access to various resources, more important the natural resources such as springs and rivers/streams that flow all the year round. These resources are important in implementing necessary adaptive strategies. While highland and midland farmers grow and store cassava in the field to use at prolonged droughts, lowland communities grow millet which resists droughts. Maintaining farms in both midland and lowland areas have been found to be an important strategy for ensuring food security. It has been recommended in this study that traditional values of natural resource protection be backed by community empowerment to improve sustainability of livelihoods in terms of natural resource use. The study also recommends improving the traditional water conveying technology and its use on small scale irrigation to reduce communities’ dependency on the disrupted short rains.
Land use assessment in reserve lands: a case study of Mboole-Muyonzo traditional land in Zambia
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 1993) Mulongo, Manford Chilube
Reliable and up to date information about land use practices and available land resources in an area is essential for successful resource development and conservation. A land use assessment study was carried out in Mboole-Muyonzo Traditional Land, within the Tonga-Choma Reserve Land No. 21 in Southern Zambia. The objectives of the study were (a) to assess current land utilisation and management, (b) to assess land use change and demographic change between 1970 and 1991, and 1969 and 1990 respectively, and (c) to estimate future land requirement in the year 2000, assuming all other factors are held constant except population growth. Sequential aerial photography was used in assessing land use change during the study period. The study also attempted to project human population in the year 2000 using the exponential population growth model. A field survey was carried out to assess land utilisation and management and resource degradation in the area. The results of the study are: human population more than doubled in two decades with 5% annual growth, cultivated land expanded by 68.4% between 1970 and 1991, cattle stocking level was 2.4 ha/beast/year at the time of the survey (i.e. 40-60% overstocking) and available grazing land was less than half the requirement, and shortage of good arable land has forced the inhabitants to cultivate the hilly terrain resulting in all forms of soil erosion. The study also established that land shortage in the area was more as a result of the 1969 coercive displacement of people to give way for the Batoka ranch project than of rapid population growth. Changes in land tenure structure and land distribution pattern in the province are advisable. Periodic surveillance and monitoring land utilisation on both reserve lands and state land farming areas through sequential aerial photography and sequential geographical analysis techniques is a must if the nation is to succeed in resolving the problems of land degradation in reserve lands and land idleness in state land farming areas. Relocation of some families (e.g.the 13.6% who own 44.4% of the cattle) is advisable. Initiating a land and water management project with livestock development,grazing land management,and soil-and-water conservation as major project components is strongly recommended in the area.
Factors influencing the level of water access for livestock in semi-arid areas of Monduli district, Tanzania
(Tanzania Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2023-08-28) Mfinanga, Fredrick; Msuya, Catherine; Madaha, Rasel Mpuya
Access to water by livestock is critical for their growth, reproduction and quality of products. However, despite its relevance, water access for livestock has received comparatively little attention in developing countries Tanzania included. Therefore, the paper examines factors influencing water access for livestock in the semi-arid areas of Monduli district, Tanzania. A cross-sectional research design was adopted whereby primary data was collected using a pre-structured questionnaire discussions from 367 randomly selected pastoralist households. In addition, focus group discussions were used to allow triangulation. Quantitative data were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) whereby both descriptive (frequencies and percentages) and inferential statistics were determined. An ordinal logistic regression model was used to determine the factors associated with livestock access to water. Qualitative data was analysed using content analysis. The findings show that the majority (76.3%) of households experienced low levels of water access for their livestock. Additionally, findings show that off-farm income, access to credit, access to subsidies and the use of donkey carts and or tied jerry cans onto donkeys were significantly associated with water access by livestock. The study concludes that most pastoralists in the Monduli district have a low level of water access for livestock. Therefore, it is recommended that all stakeholders in water and livestock sectors should come up with strategies that ensure pastoral communities have access to sufficient amounts of water for their livestock.
Water use strategies for livestock by pastoralists: The case of semi-arid areas in Monduli district, Arusha region, Tanzania
(African Journal of Climate Change and Resource Sustainability, 2023-02-10) Mfinanga, Fredrick; Msuya, Catherine; Madaha, Rasel Mpuya
The paper explores livestock water use strategies that have been employed to cope with the problem of water shortage in Monduli District, Tanzania. The study employed a cross-sectional research design. Quantitative data were collected by using an interview schedule from 367 respondents who were randomly selected from Moita and Makuyuni Wards. Focus group discussions, key informant interviews, and observations were used to supplement the collected data. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 was used to analyse quantitative data, while qualitative data were analysed by using content analysis. The study findings show that livestock water scarcity and high-water supply charges caused pastoralists to come up with strategies for accessing water for livestock. These strategies include selling live livestock, engagement in off-farm income generation activities, water supply for livestock schedule, Charco dam rainwater harvesting technology, migration, small ruminant birth control and the use of temporary traditional dug well. Most of the strategies used play multiple roles since they not only enhance access to water for livestock but they play other beneficial roles. For example, selling livestock and birth control serve the problem of land degradation caused by overgrazing and also overcome the conflicts between farmers and pastoralists. It is therefore recommended that such strategies should be promoted for the development of livestock and agriculture sector in general. Other strategies used are traditional, for example, the use of traditional temporary wells, which do not allow pastoralists to access water throughout the year. This calls the need for local government and development partners to come up and promote improved and permanent structures like the Charco dam and other strategies that allow water accessibility throughout the year
Exploring electronic waste situation in Africa: a review
(J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manage., 2023-12-30) Martin, Respikius; Madaha, Rasel Mpuya; Mwakatoga, Joyce; Babili, Innocent; Kinonde, Suma; Sanga, Camilius
In recent years African countries are grappling with the increase of electronic waste (e-waste) which poses challenge to environment and human health. However, factors influencing electronic waste situation in Africa have not been explored and thus not well understood. To fill the gap, this paper aims at exploring e-waste situation in Africa and analysing factors influencing the situation. To address the objective, a systematic literature review was adopted. Findings show that the amount of e-waste has been increasing in both developed and developing countries over time. Although there are common factors associated with the increase of e-waste, some factors are unique to Africa. These are: reduced cost of used items, taxi incentives for importation of electronic devices and increased use of ICT devices in various sectors. Furthermore, findings show that developed and developing countries differ in terms of the risks posed by the e-waste and this difference is dependent on how e-waste is managed. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that the situation of e-waste in Africa is somehow different from developed world both in terms of the factors influencing the situation and ways of managing e-waste. In order to deal with e-waste situation, African countries need to improve awareness of their people, establish and capacitate institutions for dealing with e-waste and invest in technologies for managing e-waste.
Interactive radio programming and gender perspectives in agricultural knowledge sharing: a study of women crop farmers in Dodoma city, Tanzania
(East African Journal of Agriculture and Biotechnology, 2024-02-23) Libent, Stella; Madaha, Rasel Mpuya; Busindeli, Innocent
This study examines the accessibility of interactive radio-based agricultural information for women crop farmers in Dodoma City, Tanzania. With a focus on face-to-face interviews, supplemented by Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) and key informant interviews, the research involved 32 purposively selected individual participants. The study uses content analysis to unveil a limited interaction between radio programmers and women crop farmers in Dodoma City. Identified barriers include a scarcity of radios and mobile phones, absence of electricity for device charging, domestic responsibilities, fear of spousal disapproval, non-contact by programmers, voucher purchase costs, and language obstacles. The findings underscore the need for intervention to enhance women's engagement with radio programs. The study recommends that the Tanzania Communications Regulatory Authority (TCRA) addresses financial constraints hindering women's interaction. This aligns with the TCRA's commitment to prioritizing information consumer interests. Additionally, the Ministry of Education, Science, and Technology is urged to empower schoolgirls by providing agricultural education through secondary levels. Such initiatives can foster improved access to vital agricultural information for women crop farmers in Dodoma City, contributing to their socio-economic development.
The cultural role of civil societies and the national parliament in the domestic enforcement of international laws on corruption in Tanzania
(East African Journal of Law and Ethics, 2023-12-09) Rasel Madaha
Social structures composed of active and responsible actors can be essential in curbing corruption. However, studies focusing on culture and corruption, especially in Africa, are scant. This article has focused on the role of culture in influencing anti-corruption efforts and enforcing international law on corruption in Tanzania. Using ethnography, the paper responds to two questions: What is the cultural role of civil societies and the media in influencing the domestic enforcement of international law? Furthermore, what is the cultural role of the Tanzanian legislature in influencing the domestic enforcement of international law? A cultural study can only be conducted after some time. It calls for a longitudinal study that considers a local context. In this regard, a case study research design has been used. The technique can explore issues over a long period and examine context-specific issues. Overall, the study's findings highlight the development of a unique culture among civil societies, which prompts the Parliament to create and formalize anti-corruption measures. The paper adds to international law, corruption, and culture scholarship.
Co-decided agriculture information radio program needs: a case study of women crop farmers in Dodoma city, Tanzania
(Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics & Sociology, 2024-02-24) Libent, Stella; Madaha, Rasel Mpuya; Busindeli, Innocent
The shift from top-down programming to co-decision-making, aimed at capturing listeners' needs, has been significant. However, there is a notable gap in studies assessing how gender considerations factor into radio programming for listeners' needs. This study addresses this gap by investigating co-decided agricultural radio program needs, specifically focusing on women crop farmers in Dodoma City, Tanzania. Utilizing a sample of 32 participants selected purposively for in-depth face-to-face interviews, supplemented by Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) and key informant interviews, the study employed content analysis to analyze the collected data. The findings reveal variations in co-decided agricultural information radio programs among radio programmers, indicating a lack of alignment with the specific needs of women crop farmers. In light of these findings, the study recommends that the Tanzania Communications Regulatory Authority (TCRA) should address financial constraints hindering the co-decision approach to work accurately. With the accurate working of the co-decision approach intended listeners’ needs will be identified.
Coping strategies of feminine peasant networks and social protection (SP): the case of village community networks (VCONEs) in Tanzania
(International Journal of Advanced Research, 2023-12-09) Madaha, Rasel Mpuya
Networking among African women has become one of the community centered strategies to deal with the shortfalls of the market. VCONEs, as self-created women's networks, provide informal social protection (SP) to marginalized communities because they have taken on board the local context. VCONEs have created a platform that accommodates women's context-specific needs and interests. Accordingly, the study employed an exploratory longitudinal action research design and an embedded multiple-case study research method to explore the coping strategies of Village Community Networks (VCONEs) as a new form of self-created women's networks in providing SP and promoting community development in Tanzania. VCONEs have emerged following the market's and the government's failures to reach marginalized people. The findings indicate that VCONEs have developed replicable context-specific coping strategies to cope with the contingencies of the patriarchy and the market economy. The coping strategies can be replicated elsewhere to create a relatively similar impact in other communities. Overall, there is a need for a major structural change in existing social protection systems. Development agencies should avoid implementing social protection schemes that instill over-dependency on marginalized people on external resources. Specifically, development agencies should adopt a "VCONE cash transfer" to be disbursed as a one-time cash transfer to successful VCONEs.
Decentralisation and the empowerment of local communities in Tanzania with special focus on water issues
(Educational Action Research, 2022-12-29) Madaha, Rasel Mpuya
Action researchers are empowered because they carry out research with rather than on participants. Likewise, the Tanzanian government has been attempting to devolve power to the people since independence. The latest efforts started in the 1980s and focused on the devolution of power from central government to the people through local governments. The uniqueness of the decentralization process and the associated reforms in the country have attracted some scholarly attention, with researchers asserting that the existing model of local government, famously known as Decentralization by Devolution (D-by-D), has considerable potential. However, past research on decentralization has generally been disempowering. Using Action Research (AR), this study aimed to explore strategies to empower local marginalized communities, as co-researchers, to identify key local challenges in accessing public resources, notably water, and enable them to take initial steps towards addressing them through existing local government structures. The application of AR suggests that Tanzania has strong local government structures that can accommodate the participation of marginalized communities in the management of water and other public resources. Nevertheless, local communities need to be empowered through participatory approaches to best interact with the local government structures and ensure accountability in the management of such resources.
Determinants of the adoption of charco dam rainwater harvesting technology by pastoralists in semi-arid areas of Monduli district in Tanzania
(East African Journal of Science, Technology and Innovation, 2023-09-29) Mfinanga, Fredrick; Msuya, Catherine; Madaha, Rasel Mpuya
The use of water harvesting ponds in Tanzania known as charco dams in watering livestock have been developed to enhance livestock production in semi-arid areas. However, the adoption of charco dam has been very low. This paper examined the determinants of the adoption of charco dam by pastoralists in semi-arid areas of Monduli District in Tanzania. The study used a cross-sectional research design where data were collected at a single point in time. Quantitative data were collected by using pre-tested structured questionnaire from 367 respondents who were randomly selected from seven villages, namely Moita Kipok, Moita Kilorit, Kilimatinde, Moita Bwawani, Makuyuni, Mbuyuni and Naiti in Monduli District. The collected data was entered into SPSS.20 for analysis. Data was analysed using frequency, percentages, and a binary logistic regression model. The study results show that the intervening factors (perceived advantages and disadvantages of charco dam) have a slightly high influence on the adoption of charco dam with predictive power R2 ranging from 29.5 to 44.5 per cent as compared to independent variables with predictive power R2 ranging from 27 to 37 per cent at a 5 per cent level of significance. Furthermore, the study results indicate that the independent variables namely socio-economic factors specifically age (p=0.000), household size (p=0.002), off-farm income (p=0.025), livestock keeping experience (0.001), herd size (0.002) and institutional factors including access to extension services (p=0.030) and subsidies (p=0.005) have an influence on the adoption of charco dam. This study recommends policymakers to devote more weight to perceived advantages and disadvantages of charco dam technology while constructing charco dam rainwater harvesting projects in order to influence pastoralists to accept the technology and increase water access for livestock in semi-arid areas.
A comparative analysis of RIPAT and other selected participatory rural development approaches used in Tanzania.
(Mkuki na Nyota, 2023) Madaha, Rasel; Martin, R.; Mwakatoga, J.
Influenced by the African socialism philosophy of the late Julius Nyerere and the participant research practices of Marja Liisa Swantz, Tanzania is one of the pioneers of participatory action research in the world. Within the mentioned milieu, participatory approaches have become widespread. The approaches are geared at enabling rural communities to address their challenges through participatory approaches. This book chapter focuses on a comparative analysis of locally improved rural development approaches that have been developed and improved in the Tanzanian context. Using primary and secondary data from some Tanzanian rural interventions by Uluguru Mountains Agricultural Development Project (process approach) and World Vision Tanzania (ADP approach), the chapter focuses on a comparative analysis of the mentioned strategies and RIPAT (Rural Initiatives for Participatory Agricultural Transformation) to shed some light on rural development efforts in the Tanzanian context. The process approach involves participatory endogenous processes of development that start with the recognition of the local capacities of the people. The ADP (Area Development Programmes) approach is a participatory approach that seeks to induce communities with capabilities to undertake appropriate actions to accomplish economic and social progress. More recently, World Vision Tanzania (WVT) reframed the acronym ADP by calling it Tanzania Empowerment ADP Model (TEAM). RIPAT is a participatory extension approach that transfers a ‘basket’ of agricultural technology options, including various crops and livestock, to groups of 25 to 30 smallholder farmers in a way that allows for joint, experiential, and participatory learning. In 2017 Research, Community and Organisational Development Associates (RECODA) entered a two year contract with WVT of co-owning the approach; the agreement ended in 2019. The engagement allowed World Vision Tanzania to use the RIPAT approach in ADPs. All in all, some literature suggests that participatory approaches fail to empower people in real life situation. In this regard and drawing from the participatory theory and practice, the chapter assesses the sustainability of the approaches.
The effect of low tannin sorghum (tegemeo variety) as a replacement of maize in broiler diets.
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 1994) Allen Zakayo Griffin Gilbert
A study was carried out to investigate the possibility of replacing maize with low tannin sorghum (Tegemeo variety) as an energy source in broiler diets. Three hundred and twenty, week old broiler chicks were fed on four diets in which maize was replaced by sorghum at 0, 33.3, 66.7 and 100% levels, for dietary treatment A, B, C and D, respectively. The control diet contained maize as the only cereal grain. Twenty birds per group were randomly assigned to the four dietary treatments. Liveweight, daily gain, cumulative feed intake and feed gain ratio(FGR) were measured weekly. At eight weeks of age, sixteen birds from each treatment were picked at random and slaughtered for the analyses of their carcass characteristics. Dressing percentage, gizzard, heart, liver and abdominal fat as proportions of carcass weight were determined. At six weeks of age, sixteen male birds were used in the balance trial to determine the metabolizable energy. Mean proximate composition of low tannin sorghum for crude protein, crude fibre, ether extract, nitrogen free extracts and ash was 12.1, 5.4, 3.0, 65.3 and 1.6%, respectively. Calcium and phosphorus content were 0.03 and 0.2%, respectively. iii Liveweight gains, feed gain ratio and dressing percentage were not significantly affected by the dietary treatments. Substitution of sorghum for maize significantly decreased the proportionate weights of internal organs. Proportionate weights of liver and abdominal fat increased with increasing level of sorghum in the diets, whereas that of gizzard and heart decreased. Mean metabolizable energy values not corrected for nitrogen retention were 9.6, 10.9, 8.9 and 8.0 MJ/kgDM, whereas the mean nitrogen - corrected metabolizable energy values were 8.8, 10.0, 8.1 and 7.1 MJ/kgDM, for diet A, B, C and D, respectively. Mean true metabolizable energy values were 9.6, 11.0, 8.9 and 7.8 MJ/kgDM, respectively. From these findings it can be seen that, low tannin sorghum (Tegemeo variety) can entirely replace maize in the broiler diets, without causing any adverse effects on performance.
Economic assessment of urban and peri-urban vegetable production in Mbeya municipality, Tanzania
(SOKOINE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE., 2011) Lumililo,S. M
A study on economic assessment of urban and peri-urban vegetable production was conducted in Mbeya Region. Urban Agriculture (UA) is defined as the growing of plants and the raising of animals for food and other uses within (intra) and fringing (peri) urban built up areas. The general objective of this study was to investigate the economics of growing vegetable in urban and peri-urban areas. Specifically, the study aimed at determining the quantity and monetary value of four selected vegetables produced in (MM); identifying the vegetables grown, assessing the area used; analyzing the gross margins (GM) of the selected four major vegetables and examining the contribution of vegetable production to household incomes in (MM). The data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Purposive and simple random samplings were used to select 160 respondents engaged in urban and peri urban vegetable production. Data were analyzed using SPSS computer programme. Chi-square test showed statistical significant differences at (p< 0.035) in GM between urban and peri-urban vegetable growers and revenue analysis showed a statistical significant difference at (p<0.053) between urban and peri-urban vegetable growers. Plot sizes analysis showed statistical significant differences between urban and peri-urban vegetable growers at (p < 0.008) for Amaranthns, at (p < 0.001) for Chinese cabbage, at (p< 0.031) for Brassica carinata and at (p < 0.008) for Swiss chard. The contribution of vegetable analysis showed high statistical significant differences between urban and peri-urban vegetable growers at (p< 0.01) for Amaranths and Chinese cabbage. Statistical significant differences also showed at (p< 0.001) for Brassica carinata and at (p< 0.015) for Swiss chard. This study recommended that extension agents should provide education on vegetables with high (GM) per square meter and provision of credits to urban and peri-urban vegetable growers by the Government. Longitudinal studies were suggested to be carried out to ascertain the most profitable species of vegetables countrywide.

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