College of Veterinary and Medical Sciences

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A 12- year retrospective study on pattern and relative frequency of preventable canine diseases in Morogoro
(Tanzania Veterinary Journal, 2018) Raymond, R.; Matondo, A. B.
A retrospective study was undertaken to determine the occurrence and relative frequency of canine cases admitted at the University Animal Hospital located at Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA). The study involved examination of canine cases recorded for the past 12 years starting from 2005 to 2016. A total of 2,288 canine cases were evaluated and grouped based on disease condition matching with the hospital records. The top five most frequently admitted cases were found to be worm infestation (19%), parvo viral diarrhoea (15%), wound (13%), canine distemper (7.7%) and bacterial diarrhoea (7.6%). Worm infestation showed a high and steady occurrence; parvo viral diarrhoea and canine distemper cases were on the increasing trend whereas rabies and canine transmissible venereal tumour were on the decreasing trend. Interestingly, majority of cases reported were those which can be prevented through adequate veterinary care such as vaccination, routine deworming, and sanitation. The findings in this study call for further follow-up studies and re-assessment of the current strategies used in disease control in order to have a comprehensive understanding in the existing gaps which limit progress in the control of some diseases identified in this study.
Abundance and pyrethroid resistance of aedes aegypti mosquitoes collected in selected wards of Muheza district, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2022) Bendera, Neema Ally
Aedes aegypti mosquitoes are primary vectors that carry mosquito-borne diseases such as dengue fever, Zika and Yellow fever. Despite mosquito control measures employed in Tanzania such as indoor residual spraying and larvae source management systems, several studies have reported the presence of insecticide resistance. The present study aimed at investigating the abundance of Ae. aegypti and their susceptibility to pyrethroids in Muheza district in Tanga region. A total of 7200 mosquito larvae were collected from selected wards in Muheza district using standard dipping method and reared into adults. Some of the reared larvae died and others escaped during the rearing process leaving 2572 of the collected larvae that emerged into adults. Adult mosquitoes were identified using standard taxonomic keys. Female Ae. aegypti mosquitoes aged three to five days old were tested for susceptibility to pyrethroids using WHO guidelines and the insecticides used were permethrin (0.75%), alphacypermethrin (0.05%) and deltamethrin (0.05%). Mosquito DNA was then extracted and voltage-gated sodium channel genes were amplified targeting Domain II and Domain III yielding expected amplicons size of 640 and 740 bp, respectively. Abundant Ae. Aegypti species were from Mbaramo ward representing 21% (n=267), followed by Zeneti representing 19% (n=240), Kwafungo 19% (n=236), Genge 13% (n=161), Ngomeni 12% (n=153), Misozwe 10% (n=131) and Magila 6% (n=78). Tested Ae. aegypti mosquitoes were susceptible to alphacypermethrin and permethrin with a percentage mortality of 100 and 98.75%, respectively, and resisted to deltamethrin with a percentage mortality of 68%. S989P and V1016I point mutations were identified. Increase in Ae. aegypti resistance to deltamethrin is attributed to prolonged use of insecticides as residual sprays and on pyrethroids impregnated bed nets. Ae. aegypti resistance to deltamethrin and high abundance of this specie in some wards pose a high risk for mosquito-borne diseases and this calls for rational vector control measures.
Acceptability of wastewater resource and its impact on crop production in Tanzania: the case of Dodoma, Morogoro and Mvomero wastewater stabilization ponds
(2013) Kilobe, B. M; Mdegela, R. H.; Mtambo, M.M.A
The study was carried out to assess the views of urban farmers in relation to acceptability of wastewater resource in agriculture and examine its impact for crop production. A total of 200 respondents were involved in this study. The study found that 90% of the 112 households using wastewater and 85% of the 88 households not using the resource indicated effluents from WSPs as main and reliable source of water for irrigation. Wastewater utilization in agriculture was accepted by 97.3% of farmers using wastewater and 64.8% of farmers not using it and the difference was significant (p<0.01). The study found that on average farmers utilizing wastewater produced 4.5 bags of rice per acre more than farmers not utilizing wastewater and the difference was significant (p<0.05). In conclusion, wastewater utilization in agriculture was accepted by both groups of farmers engaging in agriculture in urban and peri-urban areas and that high crop yield was realized by farmers utilizing wastewater in agriculture . Since some respondents indicated that the resource may have health effects to farmers and consumers of the produce, it is recommended that, more research on microbial analysis be carried out to establish evidence of health effects associated with the use of wastewater in agriculture from infectious agents
Accessibility and use of information and communication tools among farmers for improving chicken production in Morogoro municipality, Tanzania
(Livestock Research for Rural Development, 2016) Temba, B. A.; Kajuna, F. K.; Pango, G. S.; Benard, R
Obtaining correct and appropriate extension services is an important aspect of maximizing production among farmers. This is a cross sectional study carried out to assess the use of information and communication tools (ICTs) to get extension services among chicken farmers and identifying factors hindering the accessibility and use. The study was conducted using structured questionnaire involving 160 chicken keepers randomly chosen from list of poultry keepers and voluntarily concerted to participate in four wards of Morogoro municipality. Data collected were analyzed for descriptive statistics, comparisons and correlations. It was identified that majority of farmers used televisions, mobile phones and radio to get extension information while few farmers occasionally use internet, magazines, books, fliers and audio-visual materials like DVDs. 82.5% of the farmers do not get enough information they needed for their projects. High costs, unreliable electricity, poor TV and radio signals and lack of knowledge on the use or modern tools were pointed as major limiting factors. It was however observed that the use of information and communication tools to access extension services strongly correlated with productivity of chicken enterprises. We therefore recommend for more efforts to facilitate and sensitize farmers on the better use of ICTs for their enterprises.
The acute effect of methyl-2-benzimidazole carbamate on haematological parameters in the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)
(2015) Kimaro, W. H.; Kipanyula, M. J.
Methyl-2-benzimidazole (carbendazim) is widely used fungicide in the field and post-harvest crops for control of fungal diseases. It inhibits microtubule assembly by binding to the β-tubulin sub-unit of the microtubule. This study was carried out to assess the effect of carbendazim on haematological parameters in the Japanese quails. Carbendazim in sunflower oil was administered orally to mature Japanese quails at dosages of 0 mg/kg (control), 25mg/kg, 100mg/kg, 400mg/kg and 800mg/kg. Blood samples were analysed for total plasma protein, total red blood cell count (RCC), haemoglobin concentration (Hb), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), haematocrit (PCV), total white cell count (WCC) and differential white cell count. Carbendazim generally decreased the mean values of total plasma protein, RCC, WCC, as well as differential white cell count. In addition, carbendazim significantly decreased mean values of PCV and MCV (P < 0.05). The results of the current study indicate that carbendazim has a potential effect on haematological parameters in exposed birds. The use of this chemical should be monitored to reduce environmental contamination which might be the source of exposure to wild animals
Adaptation of reverse transcription loop- mediated isothermal amplification for field diagnosis of foot-and- mouth disease in Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2016) Kandusi, Sengiyumva Emmanuel
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral vesicular disease of cloven hoofed animals and poses major constraints to international trade in livestock production. Methods available for detection of FMD virus (FMDV) require specialized laboratory facilities and equipment. In this study, targeted laboratory- based experiments studies were conducted using reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) for detection and serotyping of FMDV under field conditions. Pan-serotypic RT-LAMP utilizing labeled and unlabeled primers was used for detection of the virus. Serotype-specific primers for FMDV serotypes A and O were used to type the positive samples using RT-LAMP. Amplification was observed in real-time for unlabeled primers and by molecular lateral flow devices for labeled primers. Also, gel electrophoresis was used for examination of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) bands. A total of 35 samples (n = 35) were examined using RT-LAMP. Of these, 40% (n=14) were positive from different regions in Tanzania. The positive samples were from Iringa with 29% (n=4), Morogoro with 14.2% (n=2), as well Kilimanjaro, Mara, Tanga, Tabora, Mtwara, Kagera Dar es Salaam and Mwanza with 7.1% (n=1) each. All the pan- serotypic RT-LAMP positive samples revealed time for positivity ranging from 12-30 minutes. These findings indicate that the standardized RT-LAMP assay reported in this study can be used for field detection of FMDV in suspected FMD outbreaks in Tanzania. These findings suggest a potential use of serotype-specific RT-LAMP for typing FMDV field strains.
Aedes aegypti abundance, larval indices and risk for dengue virus transmission In Kinondoni district, Tanzania
(BMC, 2022) Ngingo, Baraka L; Mboera, Leonard E. G; Chengula, Augustino; Machelle, Ines; Makange, Mariam R; Msolla, Michael; Mwanyika, Gaspary O; Rugarabamu, Sima; Misinzo, Gerald
Background: Tanzania has experienced periodic dengue outbreaks with increased incidence since 2010. However, there is limited information on vector dynamics and transmission risk in most parts of the country. This study was conducted to determine Aedes mosquito abundance, larval indices and dengue virus infection rate as risk indicators for DENV transmission in Kinondoni district, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in three wards of Kinondoni district in Tanzania between Decem- ber 2019 and January 2020. In each ward, three streets were randomly selected for adult and immature mosquito sampling. The adult mosquitoes were collected using Mosquito Magnet traps, while mosquito larvae and pupae were inspected in water-holding containers in the selected household compounds. The detection of dengue virus (DENV) in female Aedes mosquitoes was done using a one-step reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR) method. Results: Of the 1416 adult female mosquitoes collected, Ae. aegypti accounted for 16.8% (n = 238). A total of 333 water-holding containers were inspected and 201 (60.4%) had at least an Aedes larvae or pupae. Water-holding containers supporting the breeding of Aedes larvae and pupae included discarded car tires, flowerpots and small and large plastic containers. The overall House Index, Container Index and Breteau Index were 55.1%, 60.4% and 114.2, respectively. None of the 763 female Aedes mosquitoes tested by RT–PCR was found to be infected with DENV. Conclusion: The presence and abundance Ae. aegypti mosquitoes and the large proportion of water-holding con- tainers infested with the mosquito larvae and pupae put residents of Kinondoni district at high risk of DENV trans- mission. Our findings emphasize the need for continuous mosquito vector surveillance and control to prevent the possibility of future DENV outbreaks in Tanzania.
Aflatoxin contamination of marketed spices in Tanzania: a case study of Dar es salaam
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2018) Fundikira, S. S.
Aflatoxin contamination of spices, namely ginger, cinnamon, cardamom and cloves marketed in three districts of Ilala, Temeke and Kinondoni in Dar es Salaam region, Tanzania was investigated in the year 2017/18. Aflatoxin B1, B2, G1 and G2 and total aflatoxins were determined in 120 spice samples using immuno-affinity high performance liquid chromatography and post column derivatization. Fifty eight percent of the spice samples were contaminated and the mean total aflatoxins level in ginger, cinnamon, cloves and cardamom was 2.67, 2.88, 2.79 and 2.26 (μg/kg), respectively. Aflatoxin B1 level in ginger, cinnamon, cloves and cardamom was 0.65, 0.41, 0.40 and 1.09 (μg/kg), respectively. About 10% of the contaminated spices had total aflatoxins above the acceptable EU regulatory level of 10μg/kg and the highest level was 11.9μg/kg, whereas 20.4% of contaminated spices contained aflatoxin B1 above the acceptable EU regulatory level of 5μg/kg, of which the highest level was 11.23μg/kg. Thirty respondents, from whom the spice samples were collected, were interviewed through a structured questionnaire to assess their awareness on aflatoxins, handling and storage practices of spices. The majority (96.7%) of the participants had neither heard of aflatoxins nor attended any training related to food handling and storage. None of the participants were aware of the ill-health effects of aflatoxins on humans and animals. The odds of respondents with age between 36 and 44 years (OR = 0.326, 95%CI = 0.113 - 0.940, p = 0.038) was significantly associated with aflatoxin contamination of spices collected compared to other age groups. The odds of spices that were purchased from farmers (OR = 0.178, 95% CI = 0.061 - 0.525, p = 0.002) was also significantly associated with aflatoxin contamination of spices compared to other sources. The odds of storing spices for length of more than 14 days (OR = 3.608, 95%CI = 1.099 - 11.845, p = 0.034) was significantly associated with aflatoxin contamination of spices as compared to storing for shorter periods of time. It was concluded that the prevalence of aflatoxin contamination of the spices was high and the level of awareness on aflatoxins was very low in the study population. Hence, there was need for raising awareness and sensitization of stakeholders involved in spices and spice value chain.
Aflatoxins contamination in spices and associated predisposing factors in Morogoro region, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2021) Peter, Lilian G.
Aflatoxins contamination in spices can result to serious health impact to consumers. Little information is available about levels of aflatoxins in spices traded in Tanzania. This study investigated awareness on aflatoxins and handling, storage and packaging practices of spices in relation to aflatoxins contamination as well as levels in black pepper, cinnamon, cloves and turmeric in Morogoro, Tanzania. A total of 120 spices samples were collected from 52 spice dealers among spice traders and analyzed for aflatoxins B 1 , B 2 , G 1 , G 2 , total aflatoxins and moisture content. Aflatoxins were analyzed using HPLC with fluorescence detector. The association of aflatoxins contamination in spices with traders’ demographic and sociological characteristics, awareness and handling practices were determined using a questionnaire. Results showed that 24.2% of the spice samples were contaminated with aflatoxins; whereby 11.7% was with aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1) . Spices from Morogoro rural had high rate of aflatoxin contamination (33.3%) compared to those from Morogoro municipality (15.0%). Turmeric had the lowest contamination rate of AFB 1 (0.0%) and total aflatoxins (3.3%) while cloves had highest contamination with 20% and 50.0% for AFB 1 and total aflatoxins, respectively. Lowest aflatoxins contamination was 0.2 μg/kg in cloves while the highest was 164.9 μg/kg in black pepper. Percentage of spice samples exceeded European Union regulatory limit was nine point two percent for AFB 1 and 13.3% for total aflatoxins. Majority (96.2%) of spice traders store their spices and storage time varied from 0 to 100 weeks. Among spice dealers who were doing storage, 34.9% of their samples had aflatoxin contaminations. Half of the respondents who were doing sorting, 65.4% of them discarded the rejected spices. Aflatoxin contaminations for the samples from respondent who were not doing sorting was 61.5%. Occurrence of aflatoxins in spices was associated (p>0.05) with sorting, criteria for sorting, handling of rejected spices, storage practices, awareness on causes of spoilage and awareness on aflatoxins in food. It is concluded that spices in the study area were highly contaminated with aflatoxins some of them beyond the maximum limit set by EU. The study revealed limited awareness and knowledge on aflatoxins contamination in spices among spice traders. Awareness creation on aflatoxins contamination in spices and preventive strategies need to be considered to reduce aflatoxins contamination to safeguard health of spices consumers in Morogoro, Tanzania.
African 2, a clonal complex of mycobacterium bovis epidemiologically important in East Africa
(American Society for Microbiology, 2011) Stefan, Berg, M; Borna, Müller; Elena, Hailu; Benon, Asiimwe; Kristin, Kremer; James, Dale M; Beatrice, Boniotti; Sabrina, Rodriguez; Markus, Hilty; Leen, Rigouts; Rebuma, Firdessa; Adelina, Machado; Custodia, Mucavele; Bongo, Nare R. N; Bruchfeld, Judith; Boschiroli, Laura; Müller, Annélle; Sahraoui, Naima; Pacciarini, Maria; Cadmus, Smeoni; Joloba, Moses; Joloba, Moses; Soolingen, Dick v; Michel, Anita L.; Djønne, Berit; Aranaz, Alicia; Zinsstag, Jakob; Portaels, Françoise; Kazwala, Rudovick; Källenius, Gunilla; Hewinson, Glyn; Aseffa, Abraham; Gordon, Stephen V.; Smith, Noel H.; Garcia-Pelayo, M. Carmen
We have identified a clonal complex of Mycobacterium bovis isolated at high frequency from cattle in Uganda, Burundi, Tanzania, and Ethiopia. We have named this related group of M. bovis strains the African 2 (Af2) clonal complex of M. bovis. Af2 strains are defined by a specific chromosomal deletion (RDAf2) and can be identified by the absence of spacers 3 to 7 in their spoligotype patterns. Deletion analysis of M. bovis isolates from Algeria, Mali, Chad, Nigeria, Cameroon, South Africa, and Mozambique did not identify any strains of the Af2 clonal complex, suggesting that this clonal complex of M. bovis is localized in East Africa. The specific spoligotype pattern of the Af2 clonal complex was rarely identified among isolates from outside Africa, and the few isolates that were found and tested were intact at the RDAf2 locus. We conclude that the Af2 clonal complex is localized to cattle in East Africa. We found that …
African animal trypanosomiasis: a systematic review on prevalence, risk factors and drug resistance in Sub-Saharan Africa
(Oxford University Press on behalf of Entomological Society of America, 2022) Okello, Ivy; Mafie, Eliakunda; Eastwood, Gillian; Nzalawahe, Jahashi; Mboera, Leonard E. G.
African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT) a parasitic disease of livestock in sub-Saharan Africa causing tremen- dous loses. Sub-Saharan continental estimation of mean prevalence in both large and small domestic animals, risk factors, tsetse and non-tsetse prevalence and drug resistance is lacking. A review and meta-analysis was done to better comprehend changes in AAT prevalence and drug resistance. Publish/Perish software was used to search and extract peer-reviewed articles in Google scholar, PubMed and CrossRef. In addition, ResearchGate and African Journals Online (AJOL) were used. Screening and selection of articles from 2000–2021 was per- formed according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Articles 304 were retrieved; on domestic animals 192, tsetse and non-tsetse vectors 44, risk factors 49 and trypanocidal drug resistance 30. Prevalence varied by, host animals in different countries, diagnostic methods and species of Trypanosoma. Cattle had the highest prevalence with Ethiopia and Nigeria leading, T. congolense (11.80– 13.40%) and T. vivax (10.50–18.80%) being detected most. This was followed by camels and pigs. Common di- agnostic method used was buffy coat microscopy. However; polymerase chain reaction (PCR), CATT and ELISA had higher detection rates. G. pallidipes caused most infections in Eastern regions while G. palpalis followed by G. mortisans in Western Africa. Eastern Africa reported more non-tsetse biting flies with Stomoxys leading. Common risk factors were, body conditions, breed type, age, sex and seasons. Ethiopia and Nigeria had the highest trypanocidal resistance 30.00–35.00% and highest AAT prevalence. Isometamidium and diminazene showed more resistance with T. congolense being most resistant species 11.00–83.00%.
Alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 (Malignant Catarrhal Fever Virus) in wildebeest placenta: Genetic variation of ORF50 and A9.5 alleles
(PLoS ONE, 2015-05-13) Lankester, F.; Lugelo, A.; Mnyambwa, N.; Ndabigaye, A.; Keyyu, J.; Kazwala, R. R.; Grant, D. M.; Relf, V.; Haig, D. M.; Cleaveland, S.; Russell, G. C.
Alcelaphine herpesvirus–1 (AlHV-1), a causative agent of malignant catarrhal fever in cattle, was detected in wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus) placenta tissue for the first time. Although viral load was low, the finding of viral DNA in over 50%of 94 samples tested lends support to the possibility that placental tissue could play a role in disease transmission and that wildebeest calves are infected in utero. Two viral loci were sequenced to examine variation among virus samples obtained from wildebeest and cattle: the ORF50 gene, encoding the lytic cycle transactivator protein, and the A9.5 gene, encoding a novel polymorphic viral glycoprotein. ORF50 was well conserved with six newly discovered alleles differing at only one or two base positions. In contrast, while only three new A9.5 alleles were discovered, these differed by up to 13% at the nucleotide level and up to 20% at the amino acid level. Structural homology searching performed with the additional A9.5 sequences determined in this study adds power to recent analysis identifying the four-helix bundle cytokine interleukin-4 (IL4) as themajor homologue. The majority of MCF virus samples obtained from Tanzanian cattle and wildebeest encoded A9.5 polypeptides identical to the previously characterized A9.5 allele present in the laboratory maintained AlHV-1 C500 strain. This supports the view that AlHV-1 C500 is suitable for the development of a vaccine for wildebeest-associated MCF.
Analgesic, behavioural and cardiopulmonary effects of epidurally injected medetomidine (Domitor ® ) in goats
(Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 2000) Mpanduji, D. G.; Bittegeko, S. B. P.; Mgasa, M. N.; Batamuzi, E. K.
This study was carried out in order to evaluate the analgesic, sedative, immobilizing and cardio- pulmonary effects of medetomidine in goats after lumbosacral epidural injection of three (10, 20 and 30 mg/kg body weight) doses. The volume of the injection for all three medetomidine doses was 5 ml in sterile water. Seventeen clinically healthy, Small East African goats of either sex and weighing between 12 and 22 kg (mean 2 SD; 14.8 2 2.5 kg body weight) were used. The animals were randomly assigned to two groups. Seven goats were used for evaluating analgesic, behavioural and cardiopulmonary effects while 10 were used for experimental surgery. The cardiopulmonary values and rectal temperature were determined and recorded at time 0 (preinjection) and at 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 min, and thereafter at 15-min intervals up to 180 min after injection. Analgesia of the flank and perineum was determined at time 0 (preinjection) and at 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, 120 and 180 min using a scoring system. The spread of analgesia to the thorax, neck, forelimbs and head was also determined and recorded. The onset and duration of lateral recumbency was noted and recorded. Medetomidine at the given doses induced variable cardiopulmonary depression, which was not detrimental to the animals. All three doses (10, 20 and 30 mg/kg) of medetomidine induced adequate analgesia of the flank and perineum. Analgesia extended to the thorax, forelimbs, neck and head. The duration of lateral recumbency was 136 and 166 min for the 20 and 30 mg/kg medetomidine doses, respectively. The duration of lateral recumbency was not determined for the animal given 10 mg/kg medetomidine. Signs of sedation (lowering of the head, drooping of the lower lip, partial to complete closure of the eyes and salivation) were noted after administration of all three doses. It can be concluded from this study that all three doses induced adequate analgesia of the flank and perineum. Surgical analgesia of the flank of goats was achieved after lumbosacral epidural administration of 20 mg medetomidine/kg, diluted in 5 ml of sterile water. Surgery was not performed with the other doses (10 and 30 mg/kg) of medetomidine.
Analysis of host genetic factors influencing African trypanosome species infection in a cohort of Tanzanian Bos indicus cattle
(Elsevier, 2011) Karimuribo, Esron D; Morrison, Liam J.; Black, Alana; Turner, Michael R.; Kambarage, Dominic M.; Ballingall, Keith T.
Trypanosomosis caused by infection with protozoan parasites of the genus Trypanosoma is a major health constraint to cattle production in many African countries. One hundred and seventy one Bos indicus cattle from traditional pastoral Maasai (87) and more intensively managed Boran (84) animals in Tanzania were screened by PCR for the presence of African animal trypanosomes (Trypanosoma congolense, Trypanosoma vivax and Trypanosoma bru- cei), using blood samples archived on FTA cards. All cattle screened for trypanosomes were also genotyped at the highly polymorphic major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II DRB3 locus to investigate possible associations between host MHC and trypanosome infec- tion. Overall, 23.4% of the 171 cattle tested positive for at least one of the three trypanosome species. The prevalence of individual trypanosome species was 8.8% (T. congolense), 4.7% (T. vivax) and 15.8% (T. brucei). The high prevalence of T. brucei compared with T. congolense and T. vivax was unexpected as this species has previously been considered to be of lesser impor- tance in terms of African bovine trypanosomosis. Significantly higher numbers of Maasai cattle were infected with T. brucei (23.0%, p = 0.009) and T. congolense (13.8%, p = 0.019) com- pared with Boran cattle (8.3% and 3.6%, respectively). Analysis of BoLA-DRB3 diversity in this cohort identified extensive allelic diversity. Thirty-three BoLA-DRB3 PCR-RFLP defined alle- les were identified. One allele (DRB3*15) was significantly associated with an increased risk (odds ratio, OR = 2.71, p = 0.034) of T. brucei infection and three alleles (DRB3*35, *16 and *23) were associated with increased risk of T. congolense infection. While further work is required to dissect the role of these alleles in susceptibility to T. brucei and T. congolense infections, this study demonstrates the utility of FTA archived blood samples in combined molecular analyses of both host and pathogen.
Analysis of mutation rate of 17 y-chromosome short tandem repeats loci using Tanzanian father-son paired samples
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2015) Charles, Fidelis
In the present study, 100 unrelated father-son buccal swab sample pairs from consented Tanzanian population were examined to establish mutation rates using 17 Y-STRs loci DYS19, DYS389I, DYS389II, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, DYS393, DYS385a, DYS385b, DYS437, DYS438, DYS439, DYS448, DYS456, DYS458, DYS635, and Y- GATA-H4 of the AmpFlSTRYfiler kit used in forensics and paternity testing. Prior to 17 Y-STRs analysis, father-son pair biological relationships were confirmed using 15 autosomal STRs markers and found to be paternally related. A total of four single repeat mutational events were observed between father and sons. Two mutations resulted in the gain of a repeat and the other two resulted in a loss of a repeat in the son. All observed mutations occurred at tetranucleotide loci DYS389II, DYS385a and DYS385b. The locus specific mutation rate varied between 0 and 1.176 x10 -3 and the average mutation rate of 17 Y-STRs loci in the present study was 2.353x10 -3 (6.41x10 -4 - 6.013x10 -3 ) at 95% CI. Furthermore the mean fathers’ age with at least one mutation at son’s birth was 32 years with standard error 2.387 while the average age of all fathers without mutation in a sampled population at son’s birth was 26.781 years with standard error 0.609. The results shows that fathers’ age at son’s birth may have confounding effect on Y-STRs mutation rate analysis though this age difference is statistically not significant using un paired samples t-test (p = 0.05). As a consequence of observed mutation rates in this study, the precise and reliable understanding of mutation rate at Y chromosome short tandem repeats loci is necessary for a correct evaluation and interpretation of DNA typing results in forensics and paternity testing involving males. The criterion for exclusion in paternity testing should be defined, so that an exclusion from paternity has to be based on exclusion constellations at the minimum of two 17 Y-STRs loci.
Anatomical variation of habitat related changes in scapular morphology
(Tanzania Veterinary Journal, 2018-12-07) Luziga, C.; Wada, N.
The mammalian forelimb is adapted to different functions including postural, locomotor, feeding, exploratory, grooming and defense. Comparative studies on morphology of the mammalian scapula have been performed in an attempt to establish the functional differences in the use of the forelimb. In this study, a total of 102 scapulae collected from 66 species of animals, representatives of all major taxa from rodents, sirenians, marsupials, pilosa, cetaceans, carnivores, ungulates, primates and apes were analyzed. Parameters measured included scapular length, width, position, thickness, area, angles and index. Structures included supraspinous and infraspinous fossae, scapular spine, glenoid cavity, acromium and coracoid processes. Images were taken using computed tomographic (CT) scanning technology (CT-Aquarium, Toshiba and micro CT- LaTheta, Hotachi, Japan) and measurement values acquired and processed using Avizo computer software and CanvasTM 11 ACD systems. Statistical analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel 2013. Results obtained showed that there were similar morphological characteristics of scapula in mammals with arboreal locomotion and living in forest and mountainous areas but differed from those with leaping and terrestrial locomotion living in open habitat or savannah. The cause for the statistical grouping of the animals signifies presence of the close relationship between habitat and scapular morphology and in a way that corresponds to type of locomotion and speed. The morphological characteristics of the scapula and functional interpretation of the parameters in relation to habitat of each taxon is discussed in detail.
Anatomy of the Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens)
(Macrothink Institute, 2019-02) Makungu, M.
The red panda (Ailurus fulgens) is an endangered species primarily distributed in the southern China and Himalayas. It lives in mountain forests with bamboo understory. This review outlines the normal anatomy of the red panda in terms of its musculoskeletal system, respiratory system, circulatory system, digestive system and urogenital system. Knowledge of the normal anatomy of individual animal species is important for species identification and accurate interpretation and diagnosis of diseases.
Anthrax outbreaks in the humans - livestock and wildlife interface areas of Northern Tanzania: A retrospective record review 2006–2016
(BMC, 2018-02-15) Mwakapeje, E. R.; Høgset, S.; Fyumagwa, R.; Nonga, H. E.; Mdegela, R. H.; Skjerve, E.
Background: Anthrax outbreaks in Tanzania have been reported from the human, livestock and wildlife sectors over several years, and is among the notifiable diseases. Despite frequent anthrax outbreaks, there is no comprehensive dataset indicating the magnitude and distribution of the disease in susceptible species. This study is a retrospective review of anthrax outbreaks from the human, livestock, and wildlife surveillance systems from 2006 to 2016. The objectives were to identify hotspot districts, describe anthrax epidemiology in the hotspot areas, evaluate the efficiency of the anthrax response systems and identify potential areas for further observational studies. Methods: We prepared a spreadsheet template for a retrospective comprehensive record review at different surveillance levels in Tanzania. We captured data elements including demographic characteristics of different species, the name of health facility, and date of anthrax diagnosis. Also, we collected data on the date of specimen collection, species screened, type of laboratory test, laboratory results and the outcome recorded at the end of treatment in humans. After establishing the database, we produced maps in Quantum GIS software and transferred cleaned data to Stata software for supportive statistical analysis. Results: Anthrax reported incidences over 4 years in humans were much higher in the Arusha region (7.88/100,000) followed by Kilimanjaro region (6.64/100,000) than other regions of Tanzania Mainland. The health facility based review from hotspot districts in parts of Arusha and Kilimanjaro regions from 2006 to 2016, identified 330 human anthrax cases from the selected health facilities in the two regions. Out of 161 livestock and 57 wildlife specimen tested, 103 and 18 respectively, were positive for anthrax. Conclusion: This study revealed that there is gross under-reporting in the existing surveillance systems which is an obstacle for estimating a true burden of anthrax in the hotspot districts. Repeated occurrences of anthrax in livestock, wildlife and humans in the same locations at the same time calls for the need to strengthen links and promote inter–disciplinary and multi-sectoral collaboration to enhance prevention and control measures under a One Health approach.
Anti-Mycobacterial Activity on Middlebrook 7H10 Agar of Selected Congolese Medicinal Plants
(American Institute of Science, 2018-12-06) Bongo, G.N; Tuntufye, H.N; Malakalinga, J; Ngbolua, K; Pambu, A.L; Claudine, T; Mbadiko, C.M; Kazwa, R
In recent years, Tuberculosis (TB) has re-emerged as a serious public health problem worldwide. The disease spreads more easily in overcrowded settings and in conditions of malnutrition and poverty. The emergence of multidrug resistant and lengthy therapy reduces the patient compliance which comprises TB control strategies. In the current study, the leaves of Terminalia ivorensis, Carapa procera, Fagara macrophylla, Anacardium occidentale, Ficus spp. and Drepanoalpha® were extracted using petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and methanol in order to assess their anti-mycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv and Mycobacterium tuberculosis spp. on Middlebrook 7H10 agar using a qualitative approach where the activity was determined by the presence or the absence of growth on the plate. The phytochemical screening was used for the identification of the major groups of compounds found in the extracts. The methanolic extract displayed a good activity on both strains than the petroleum ether and ethyl acetate. The presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, anthocyanins, quinones known to be of medicinal importance points out a possible source for anti-mycobacterial agents to address the problem of multidrug resistance. The in vitro findings of this study provide a partial support for the use of these plants in the management of various infectious diseases as lead to drug discovery and should be reiterated and recommended for a clinical trial using an animal model.
Anti-TB drug resistance in Tanga, Tanzania: A cross sectional facility-base prevalence among pulmonary TB patients
(2015-11) Hoza, A. S.; Mfinanga, S. G. M.; Konig, B.
Objective: To determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with drug resistance tuberculosis (TB) at facility-base level in Tanga, Tanzania. Methods: A total of 79 Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) isolates included in the study were collected from among 372 (312 new and 60 previously treated) TB suspects self-referred to four TB clinics during a prospective study conducted from November 2012 to January 2013. Culture and drug susceptibility test of the isolates was performed at the institute of medical microbiology and epidemiology of infectious diseases, University hospital, Leipzig, Germany. Data on the patient's characteristics were obtained from structured questionnaire administered to the patients who gave informed verbal consent. Unadjusted bivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the risk factors for drug resistant-TB. The significance level was determined at P < 0.05. Results: The overall proportions of any drug resistance and MDR-TB were 12.7% and 6.3% respectively. The prevalence of any drug resistance and MDR-TB among new cases were 11.4% and 4.3% respectively, whereas among previously treated cases was 22.2% respectively. Previously treated patients were more likely to develop anti-TB drug resistance. There was no association between anti-TB drug resistances (including MDRTB) with the risk factors analysed. Conclusions: High proportions of anti-TB drug resistance among new and previously treated cases observed in this study suggest that, additional efforts still need to be done in identifying individual cases at facility-base level for improved TB control programmes and drug resistance survey should continuously be monitored in the country.

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