Soil Science Collection

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Anthropogenic soils and land use patterns in relation to small mammal and flea abundance in plague endemic area of Western Usambara Mountains, Tanzania
(Tanzania Journal of Health Research, 2014-07) Kimaro, D. N.; Msanya, B. M.; Meliyo, J.; Hieronimo, Proches; Mwango, Sibaway; Kihupi, N. I.; Gulinck, Hubert; Deckers, Jozef, A.
Heterogeneity in the landscapes of West Usambara Mountains on land use and human activities has been reported. However, the interface of land use patterns and human modified soils with small mammal and flea abundance for possible explanation of plague has not been explored. This study was carried out to determine the link between anthropogenic soils and land use patterns on small mammal and flea abundance and the occurrence of reported plague in the Western Usambara Mountains in Tanzania. Standard soil survey methods were used to identify and describe soils and land use patterns on lower slopes and valley bottoms on which the surrounding villages are reported to have high and medium plague frequencies. The identified soils were characterised in terms of their morphological and physico-chemical properties and classified according to FAO-World Reference Base for Soil Resources. Small mammals were trapped on the same landscape positions and identified to genus/species level. Fleas were removed from the trapped small mammals, counted and identified to species level. In total 57 small mammals were captured from which 32 fleas were collected. Results show that human settlements and mixed cultivation on lower slopes and continuous vegetable cropping in the valley bottoms are dominant land use types. Intensive use of forest soils, manuring and irrigation on farms in the studied landscapes have contributed to the development of uniquely human modified soils namely Hortic Anthrosols in the lower slopes and Plaggic Irragric Hortic Anthrosols in valley bottoms. The identified anthropogenic soils and land use patterns are associated with high abundance of small mammals (Mastomys natalensis) and flea species (Xenopsylla brasiliensis and Dinopsyllus lypusus). This phenomenon is vividly apparent in the villages with medium to high plague frequencies. The study suggests that plague surveillance programmes should consider the existing relationship between anthropogenic soils, land use patterns, small mammal and flea abundance.
Assessment of copper and zinc status of some soils of Iringa district
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 1992) Mkangwa, Chaboba Zaid
The objectives of this study were to select suitable extractants for determining available copper and zinc in soils of Iringa district and to assess the fertility status of the two nutrients in the district. Two sets, each of ten soils for one element, were selected for glasshouse studies using maize as a test crop. The soils were treated with 0 and 5 kg ha' of either copper or zinc in their respective trials. Three extractants, viz: 0.1M EDTA-(NH.)jCO;, 0.005M DTPA and 0.1NHC1 were tested for their suitability to extract these elements. The concentrations of these elements in maize shoots were also determined. A total of 61 samples were collected from the district and analyzed for copper and zinc using the methods found to be suitable. Copper and zinc application slightly increased dry matter in four and eight soils, respectively, out of the ten soils tested. However, the increase was not statistically significant. The 0.1N HC1 extractant was superior to the other two in extracting zinc but none of the methods was suitable for copper. The tentative critical concentration for zinc was found to be 0.28ppm. Application of either of these elements in the soils, significantly increased their concentration in the plants. The tentative critical 6.30ppm. copper concentration in maize shoots was For zinc, the critical concentration in shoots was not determined because all the values obtained were above critical concentration extractant, range reported elsewhere. zinc concentration Using the 0.1N HC1 in the soil ranged from 0.14 to 27.30 ppm. For zinc, two fertility classes: medium and high were obtained. The proportions of soils which fell in the medium and high zinc fertility classes were 8.20 and 51.80%, respectively.
Assessment of in-situ rainwater harvesting techniques for improving smallholder maize production in semi arid areas of Morogoro, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2003) Bwana,Thomas Nestory
A study was conducted at Morogoro, Tanzania during long rains ('Masika') to evaluate the effect of in~situ rainwater harvesting (RWH) techniques in improving maize yield. Three commonly used techniques, ridging after planting (RA), ridging before planting (RJB), and tied ridging (TR) were tested against a no tillage practice locally known as "kuberega" (K) on an Oxic Paleustalf soil with maize (Zea maize L.) variety TMV1 as the test crop. Daily rainfall was recorded and the total rainfall received during the 2001/02 growing season was 562 mm with a series of dry spells. Moisture content at 0-15 and 15-30 cm depth was measured twice weekly. Significantly (p<0.05) higher soil moisture variation and lower moisture content were noted in treatment K than in the other treatments. Treatments RB and TR had lower moisture variations and higher moisture content throughout the season. Grain yield, biomass, plant height, bulk density, infiltration rates (on the ridge and in the furrow), runoff and soil loss were also measured. Significant differences were observed among the treatments (p<0.05) in runoff, soil loss, on ridge infiltration, grain yield, and biomass. The maize yield ranged between 2.97 Mg/ha and 3.89 Mg/ha for treatments K and RB, respectively. The runoff loss was highest for K and least for TR. Treatments K and RA did not differ significantly from each other but differed significantly from RB and TR (p<0.05). Soil loss had a similar trend as that of runoff. More runoff loss was recorded early than late in the season. On ridge infiltration was not significantly different for treatments TR, RA, and RB but was significantly higher than the control (K) at (p<0.05). On furrow infiltration, however, had a reverse order with K having higher rates. Bulk density in both depths (0-15 and higher bulk density. The results show that ridges are effective in-situ rainwater harvesting technique that conserves water and soil and improves productivity.However, ridging after planting is inferior to both ridging before planting and tied ridging.15-30 cm) was not statistically different (p<0.05), however treatment K had slightl
Assessment of nutrient and biomass yield of medium and long duration pigeon pea in a pigeon pea-groundnut intercropping system in Malawi
(Journal of Sustainable Society, 2013) Phiri, Austin Tenthani; Msaky, John J.; Mrema, Jerome; Kanyama-Phiri, George Yobe; Harawa, Rebbie
Preliminary assessment of the performance of the medium and long duration pigeon pea in a pigeon pea- groundnut intercropping system was conducted at Chitedze Agricultural Research Station (S 13 0 59’ 23.2”, E033 0 38’ 36.8”) in the 2011/2012 cropping season. An experiment involving eight treatments replicated three times in a randomized complete block design was established. Two pigeon pea varieties, long (ICEAP 04000) and medium duration (ICEAP 00557) and groundnut (CG 7) were grown as monocultures and intercrops. The intercrops involved planting either of the pigeon pea varieties with groundnut. Baseline soil data indicate that the soil pH was acid to moderately acid both in the top (mean=5.4-5.7) and the sub soil (mean=5.4-5.6) in all the treatment plots, with mostly low to marginally adequate total nitrogen content both in the top (mean=0.08- 0.14%) and the sub soil (mean=0.09-0.13%). The soil organic carbon content was medium in the top soil (mean=0.9-1.6%) as well as sub soil (mean=1.1-1.6%) across the treatment plots. At the same time soil phosphorus was low to marginally adequate in the top soil (mean=16.8-27.6 mg kg -1 ) and marginally adequate in the sub soil (mean=20.8-25.6 mg kg -1 ), suggesting low soil fertility. The assessment of the above ground groundnut biomass indicate a mean yield range of 479-656 kg ha -1 . While the assessment of the total biomass yield of the pigeon pea varieties indicate a mean yield range of 2,034-2,593 kg ha -1 . In terms of estimated nitrogen yields returned to the soil, the medium duration pigeon pea-groundnut intercrop (mean=50.6 kg N ha -1 ) and the long duration pigeon pea-groundnut intercrop (mean=49.6 kg N ha -1 ) gave significantly (p<0.05) higher yields than by the monocultures of long duration pigeon pea (mean=41.1 kg N ha -1 ) and medium duration pigeon pea (mean=41.0 kg N ha -1 ). Statistically (p<0.05), the lowest amount of estimated nitrogen yield was generated by the groundnut sole crop (mean=12.8 kg N ha -1 ). Overall, the intercrops showed yield advantage (total LER >1.0) compared with the monoculture on equal land area. For the Malawian smallholder farmers, this suggests that mineral N supplementation in a legume-cereal rotation system for enhanced crop productivity might be less in the double legume-cereal rotation mode than in a legume monoculture-cereal rotation system.
Assessment of soil fertility status of three soils after four years of continuous application of different nutrients
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2004) Mbanzibwa,Deusdedith
A study was undertaken to assess the fertility status of three soils following four years of continual application of different nutrients. The three soils were from Mlingano, Nkundi and Sasanda, which are classified as Rhodic Kandiustox, Acruoxic Kandiustult and Dystrict Haplustand, respectively. The study was conducted under both field and glasshouse conditions. For the pot experiment conducted at the SUA glasshouse all three soils were used whereas field experiment was conducted only at Nkundi site. Soils for pot experiment were taken from absolute control plots and from plots treated with TSP and MPR at the rate of 120 kg P/ha. Under field study one more treatment, namely control for P was included. The results showed that application of different nutrients, except nitrogen, led to build up in levels of applied nutrients. Application of MPR or TSP increased levels of Bray 1-P from low to medium and high levels, respectively, in Nkundi and Mlingano soils. In Sasanda soil, Bray 1-P remained below 5 mg P/kg despite application of TSP and MPR. This was attributed to high P fixation capacity of Sasanda soil. In Nkundi soil, MPR application raised Bray 1-P from 5.0 mg P/kg to 41.7 mg P/kg whereas in Mlingano soil Bray 1-P was raised from 2.6 mg P/kg to 39.4 mg P/kg. Application of TSP raised Bray 1-P to above 105 mg P/kg in Mlingano and Nkundi soils but only to 4.7 mg P/kg in Sasanda soil. Zinc and copper increased to sufficient levels in all soils due to application of zinc sulphate and copper sulphate fertilizers. Use of TSP or MPR decreased soil pH in Mlingano and Nkundi soils but the decrease was less in soil treated with MPR. For instance in Mlingano soil, pH decreased from 5.5 to 5.4 and 5.0 for soils treated with MPR and TSP, respectively. However in Sasanda soil MPR increased soil pH from 5.0 to 5.3 and there occurred no shift in pH in plots treated with TSP. Residual P increased significantly (P = 0.05) the maize dry matter and grain yields in plots treated with TSP and MPR. The increase in dry matter and grain yields due to residual P from MPR and TSP were comparable. In Mlingano and Nkundi soils, diy matter yields ranged between 7.29 and 64.77 g/pot whereas in Sasanda soil it ranged between 2.12 and 22.10 g/pot. At Nkundi site, residual P from MPR and TSP gave yields of 4.23 and 4.73 t ha'1,respectively. Yield in absolute control and control for P treatments were 1.03 and 1.83 t ha'’, respectively. It was concluded that residual P from MPR and TSP had comparable effects on maize production.
Assessment of suitability of the soils of madura research institute, Arusha, Tanzania, for the production of soybeans and mungbeans
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2001) Mlahagwa, Moses Raphael
A field study was conducted to assess the suitability of the soils of Madiira Research Institute farm for the introduction of growing and production of vegetable soybeans and mungbeans in Tanzania. The specific intention was to assess the fertility status of the soils, determine the plant uptake of the essential nutrient elements from the soils, and try to suggest measures and soil fertility management strategies for the sustainable and optimal production of vegetable soybean and mungbean production. Composite soil samples for the determination of the physical and chemical properties were sampled from two sites selected on the farm. About 400 m2 of land for each site was plowed and then harrowed and each site was divided into three 8 m x 6 m plots/blocks for four soybeans and for five mungbeans, grown at a spacing of 30 cm x 10 cm and replicated three times respectively. Just before flowering nine plants of each line and from each block were harvested for dry matter yield determinations and total plant nutrient analysis. The other plants were left on the field to grow to maturity for grain yield determinations. The soils were found to be medium acidic, with medium CEC, OC, exchangeable Ca, and Mg, low levels of total N, and high levels of exchangeable K and Bray-1 P. The DTPA extractable Fe and Cu were above the critical limit, while Zn and Mn were medium. The plant analysis for soybeans showed that P and Zn correlated positively with the dry matter yields while total N, Ca, Mg, K, Fe, Cu and Mn correlated negatively with the same. Nitrogen, Mg, K, Fe, Cu and Mn correlated positively with grain yields while Ca, Zn and P correlated negatively with the same. The plant analysis for mungbeans showed that N, Mg, K, Zn and Cu correlated positively with dry matter yields while P, Ca, Fe and Mn correlated negatively with the same. Nitrogen, Mg, K, Zn, Cu and Mn correlated positively with grain yields while Ca, Fe and P correlated negatively with the same. The soybean performances based on fresh grain yields were in the following order: GC 84051-32-1 AGS 338 > AGS 329 > AGS 292 corresponding to 14730.0, 8861.6, 6447.0, and 6364.3 kg/ha respectively, while mungbean performances were: VC 6173(b-10) VC 6148(50-12) > VC 6372(45-8) > VC 6379(232-1) > KANTI corresponding to 11178.0, 10549.3, 9167.6, 8547.0 and 6553.3 kg/ha respectively. The soils analytical data indicate that the soils are of medium fertility status, that is medium levels of CEC (16.2-16.8 cmol (+)/kg soil), OC (1.3-1.5%), Ca (8.0-8.1 cmol (+)/kg soil), Mg (2.7-3.0 cmol (+)/kg soil) and low levels of total N (0.190.22%), hence can support the growth of soybeans and mungbeans in the short-term period. Recommendations are made to publicise the production of the best two high yielding soybean lines (i.e. GC 84051-32-1 and AGS 338) and mungbean lines (i.e. VC 6173(b-10) and VC 6148(50-12). Seed inoculation for effective Ni-fixation is recommended. On-site incorporation of the legume vegetable crop residues into the soils and further experiments and use of fertilizer rates are recommended for the sustainable soybean and mungbean production.
Assessment of uranium levels in selected soils and its uptake by rice, maize and millet in Bahi district, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2014) Makoti, Clavery Atiianas
This research aimed to determine levels of uranium (U) contamination in selected agricultural soils of Bahi District and its uptake by food crops in order to enhance public awareness and safety. The research involved determination of spatial distribution of U in agricultural soils, its uptake and translocation in plant/crop tissues. Soil, plant and water samples were collected randomly from farmers' fields and water sources, respectively. Laboratory sample analysis was done at the Government Chief Chemist Laboratory in Dar es Salaam and Soil Science Laboratory at the Sokoine University of Agriculture. Substantial differences of U concentrations in soils, plants and water were determined. The highest U level in soil profiles was 74.8 pg kg’1 at Mpamantwa and the lowest was18.3 pg kg’1 at Hindi. Along the studied transects, the highest U level was 743 pg kg’1 at Bahi and lowest was 13.6 pg kg’1 at Hindi. Uranium concentrations in maize and rice were below detectable limit (<10 pg L"1) except for finger millet where U accumulation levels ranged from 10.4 to 32.0 pg kg‘l. The concentration of U in water differed from village tovillage. The highest U level of 1233 pg L’1 was found in Hindi village at Hindi Playa Lake whereas in Bahi the highest U concentration was 62.9 pg L’1 found in one of the Bubu tributaries under the bridge. The concentrations of U in water in Hindi and Bahi villages were more than 30 pg L’1 the tolerable limit set by WHO for human and animal consumption. The levels of U in soils and crops were within the tolerable limit for agricultural use and the environment. Further studies should be carried out for other types of crops that are grown in the Bahi District villages to assess their safety for human consumption.
Assessment of zinc and copper status in soils of the central part of Sokoine University of Agriculture farm, Morogoro, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 1999) Gideon, Ngerageza Faraja
A study was conducted to assess the zinc and copper status in the soils of the central part of Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA) farm. Twelve soil samples were collected from selected areas in the farm. Zinc and copper in these soils was extracted with four extractants namely 0.005M DTPA-TEA (pH 7.3), 0.005 DTPA-AB (pH 7.3), double acid (0.05M HC1 + 0.0125M H2SO4) . 0.1M HC1 and Two soils (Oxic Haplustult and Typic Rhodustult) out of the twelve soils were used for glasshouse experiment determine to response of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) to zinc and copper zinc and application. The soils were each treated with copper at the rates of 0, 2.5, 5 and 10 Kg/ha. the Zinc application generally increased the dry matter yield plants in dry matter yield) was both soils. The increases of bean significant when compared to the dry matter yields of the controls. Copper application increased dry matter yield in the Oxic Haplustult where there were positive response to copper application. However negative response (decrease in observed in the Typic Rhodustult. Zinc and copper tissue- concentrations in bean shoots and were their uptake were significantly increased in both soils by the application of zinc and copper. However, the tissue zinc and copper concentrations observed were rather high and above the critical concentrations reported in the literature. Of the four extractants tested, 0.005M DTPA TEA was found most suitable for assessing the available zinc in the soils since it gave significant correlations with plant parameters (dry matter yield, tissue zinc concentrations and zinc plant uptake). The 0. IM HC1 was the second in suitability. However, none of the methods was found to be suitable for the extraction of copper in these soils.
Bringing evidence to bear on negotiating ecosystem service and livelihood trade-offs in sustainable agricultural intensification in Tanzania, Ethiopia and Zambia as part of the SAIRLA program
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2017-05) Massawe, B.; Johaness, N.; Winowiecki, L. A.; Neely, C.
The Sustainable Intensification of Agricultural Research and Learning in Africa (SAIRLA) Programme is a UK Department for International Development-funded initiative that seeks to address one of the most intractable problems facing small-holder farmers in Africa - how to engage in the market economy and to deliver sustainable intensification of agriculture, that is, which avoids negative impacts on the environment. SAIRLA will generate new evidence to help women and poor African smallholder farmers develop environmentally and financially sustainable enterprises and boost productivity. The research will focus non-exclusively on 6 countries (Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Ghana, Malawi, Tanzania and Zambia), thus complementing other research efforts in these regions.
Characterization of some typical soils of the miombo woodland ecosystem of Kitonga Forest Reserve, Iringa, Tanzania: physico-chemical properties and classification
(Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2014-03-20) Shelukindo, Hassan Bashiru; Msanya, B. M.; Semu, Ernest; Mwango, Sibaway Bakari; Singh, Bal Ram; Munishi, Pantaleo
Despite the fact that miombo woodland soils have significant implications in global climate change processes, few studies have been done to characterize and classify the soils of the miombo woodland ecosystem of Tanzania. The current study was carried out to map and classify soils of Kitonga Forest Reserve, which is a typical miombo woodland ecosystem, in order to generate relevant information for their use and management. A representative study area of 52 km 2 was selected and mapped at a scale of 1:50,000 on the basis of relief. Ten representative soil profiles were excavated and described using standard methods. Soil samples were taken from genetic soil horizons and analyzed in the laboratory for physico-chemical characteristics using standard methods. Using field and laboratory analytical data, the soils were classified according to the FAO-World Reference Base (FAO-WRB) for Soil Resources system as Cambisols, Leptosols and Fluvisols. In the USDA-NRCS Soil Taxonomy system the soils were classified as Inceptisols and Entisols. Topographical features played an important role in soil formation. The different soil types differed in physico-chemical properties, hence exhibit differences in their potentials, constraints and need specific management strategies. Texture varied from sandy to different loams; pH from 5.1 to 5.9; organic carbon from 0.9 g/kg to 20 g/kg; and CEC from 3 cmol/(+)kg to 24 cmol/(+)kg. Sustainable management of miombo woodlands ecosystem soils requires reduced deforestation and reduced land degradation.
Characterization of volcanic ash soils in south-western Tanzania: morphology, physicochemical properties, and classification
(African Study Monographs, 2007-03) Msanya, B. M.; Otsuka, Hiroo; Araki, Shigeru; Fujitake, Nobuhide
ABSTRACT This study examined the characteristics of volcanic ash soils in southwestern Tanzania. Twelve pedons of volcanic origin were studied, and 66 soil samples were analyzed. Soil morphology revealed volcanic ash layers of varying thicknesses. Most pedons had a dark thick humus surface and buried A, AB, and BA horizons with melanic indices of 1.7 or less. Except in two pedons, the NaF pH was 9.4 or more, reflecting an exchange complex domi- nated by amorphous materials and/or Al–humus complexes. The phospate-retention capacity ranged from 65 to 100%, except in two pedons, and was positively correlated with NaF pH. Both Tanzanian and Japanese volcanic ash soils showed comparable ranges of base saturation (BS) values, but the distribution patterns of BS basic cations, for example, showed some dif- ferences. Some Tanzanian volcanic ash soils had higher BS values than their Japanese coun- terparts. While the Japanese soils were generally more calcic and magnesic, the Tanzanian soils were more potassic and sodic than their counterparts, most likely reflecting lithologi- cal differences among parent materials in the two study areas. According to the USDA Soil Taxonomy, nine pedons satisfied the requirements for andic properties and were classified as Andisols at the order level, whereas according to FAO World Reference Base (WRB) soil classification, eight pedons were classified as Andosols at the level of reference soil groups.
Climate Impacts on Agricultural and Natural Resource Sustainability in Africa
(Springer, 2020) Singh, Bal Ram; Safalaoh, Andy; Amuri, Nyambilila A; Eik, Lars Olav; Sitaula, Bishal K; Lal, Rattan
The major challenge related to sustainable management of natural resources, agricultural and livestock production, and the assessment of innovative technologies and policies is to identify solutions for these problems. Soil degradation, a serious problem in sub-Saharan Africa, is affected by climate change through emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs). Thus, restoration and sustainable management of soil to minimize risks of soil degradation are important to adaptation and mitigation of climate change and to advancing sustainable development goals of the United Nations. Livestock is a source of animal proteins for humans on the one hand and a source of nutrients and energy (biogas) on the other. However, livestock is vulnerable to many climate change-induced disasters such as prolonged droughts and floods, resulting in loss of animals and feed resources. In order to fully benefit from livestock, the targeted interventions needed include adoption of feed preservation technologies, including hay and silage for use during lean periods, controlled planning and management of com- munal grazing areas, rehabilitation of degraded communal grazing areas, and range- lands as a way of improving pasture availability. Research and development priorities and emerging issues include conservation agriculture (CA), use of legume-based crop- ping systems, integrated nutrient management (INM), climate-resilient livestock and feed systems, value addition policies, and adoption of innovative technologies.
Cyanosoils project site and soil characterization
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2002) Msanya, B. M.; Kimaro, D. N.; Maliondo, S. M. S.; Semu, E.; Madoffe, S. S.; Mvena, Z. K. S.
The objective of the study was to select sites for the Cyanosoils project and to characterize the soils on which experiments will be carried out. Through field visits and studies three sites were identified and described in Morogoro Urban and Mvomero Districts. Soil profiles were excavated, described and sampled for laboratory analyses.
Developing a coffee yield prediction and integrated soil fertility management recommendation model for Northern Tanzania
(International Journal of Plant & Soil Science, 2014-02-14) Maro, Godsteven, P.; Mrema, J. P.; Msanya, B. M.; Janssen, Bert, H.; Teri, James, M.
The aim of this study was to develop a simple and quantitative system for coffee yield estimation and nutrient input advice, so as to address the problem of declining annual coffee production in Tanzania (particularly in its Northern coffee zone), which is related to declining soil fertility. The study was conducted between 2010 and 2013 at TaCRI Lyamungu, with source data taken from Hai and Lushoto districts, Northern Tanzania. An earlier model QUEFTS, developed for maize but under similar conditions as those of Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica) in the study areas was used as a benchmark. Secondary fertilizer trial data were used in model calibration for coffee, while adding two more steps related to balanced nutrition and the economics of integrated soil fertility management (ISFM). Primary soil analytical data and calculated yields on basis of tree number were used for model testing. The result was a new model which we hereby call SAFERNAC (Soil Analysis for Fertility Evaluation and Recommendation on Nutrient Application to Coffee). The model consists of three modules: SOIL (the soil properties of interest), PLANT (all the crop and crop management parameters such as physiological nutrient use efficiency, plant density, maximum yields per tree) and INPUT (nutrient inputs – organic and inorganic). It consists of two subsequent parts – a baseline approach (no input) for coffee land evaluation; and an integrated soil fertility management (ISFM) approach that involves application of nutrient inputs, for ISFM planning and design of fertilizer experiments. The model was checked for accuracy of the adjusted equations, and found to be capable of reproducing the actual yields by 80-100%. The new model is a useful tool for use in coffee farms.
Distribution of invasive plant species Chromolaena odorata (Siam Weed) in Serengert district
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2016) Massawe, B. H. J.
Chromolaena odorata, also known as Siam Weed, is an herbaceous to woody perennial invasive plant species that is considered one of the world’s worst weeds. The plant has a bushy habit which forms a very dense thicket about 2 m high. After the first year of growth, the plant develops a strong, woody underground storage organ, which can reach a diameter of 20 cm (http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/23248) The weed has effective short and long distance dispersal mechanism, jeopardizing pasture and farmlands in the tropical region, including Tanzania (Crutwell McFadyen and Skarrat; 1996; Kriticos et al., 2005; Raimundo et al., 2007). Most of the seeds produced by the plant enter the soil and build up a seed bank which may survive up to 6 years (Waterhouse and Zeimer, 2002). The seeds are generally wind-disseminated but they can also stick to fur, feather and clothes. Siam weed is highly competitive. It has prolific reproduction, fast growth and branching habit, which ensures rapid domination and suppression of other species. Under its very dense canopy thicket, light is scarce and other fast-growing species cannot survive. Slow-growing, shade- tolerant species are regularly bent to the ground by the continuous pressure of the growth of new C. odorata twigs on the upper layer of the thicket (Gautier, 1992b). The plant has a very efficient root system for nutrients absorption (Bennet and Rao, 1968), and allopathic effects may also be involved in suppressing other vegetation (Ambika and Jayachandra, 1980b; Nakamura and Nemoto, 1993). Siam weed is considered as a weed in all perennial crops of the humid tropics, pasture and forestry. Its aggressiveness is much more serious where it is an exotic plant, rather than where it is native. The weed grows in areas with an annual rainfall below 1000 mm, provided the dry season is not too long and it is limited to around 2000 m altitude. It grows on soils ranging from sand dunes to heavy clays (Liggit, 1983), and it is heavily dependent on the availability of light. The weed has a lot of negative impact in grassland and cropland. In low-growing annual and perennial crops, C. odorata can completely overwhelm the crop, whereas in taller crops, as soon as the canopy is closed the weed is no longer a problem. In shifting cultivation, the weedreplaces the natural secondary succession and becomes the dominant fallow species (Slaats, 1995). The weed out competes and causes severe problems in pastures growth (Audru et al., 1988). It has high nitrate content in its leaves leading it to be poisonous to cattle (Sajise et al., 1974). C. odorata can also transmit pathogenic fungi (Oritsejafor, 1986), and act as a host for insect pests including Zonocerus variegatus (Chapman et al., 1986). In regions where there are dry seasons C. odorata can be a fire hazard (Englberger, 2009). The weed’s presence in Serengeti district was first documented in Rung’abure village less than five years ago. Since then, the weed has prevailed and its distribution has been increasing fast to areas which were previously not infested. Both croplands and pastureland are affected, and the magnitude appears to increase rapidly with time. This study intended to establish the extent of the spread of C odorata in the Serengeti District at the time of the study, and relate it to some biophysical factors from existing database.
Distribution of invasive plant species Prosopis juliflora (mesquite) in relationship to biophysical factors in Rombo, Mwanga, and Same districts
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2016) Massawe, B. H. J.
Prosopis juliflora is among aggressive invaders in tropical, arid and semi-arid natural grasslands. This plant which belongs to the Fabaceae family is native to Mexico, South America and the Caribbean, has become established as an invasive weed in many places including Africa (http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/43942). In many areas where it is not native, the plant was firstly intentionally introduced and planted for soil and water conservation purposes, ornamental, as well as for fuelwood and fodder (Choge et al., 2002; de Souza Nascimentoa, 2014). Its competitive advantage over other vegetation is based on its ability to fix nitrogen and its tolerance against drought and soil saline condition (Felker et al., 1981; Khan et al., 1986; Singh 1996). Its thorniness and bushy habit enable it to quickly block paths and make whole areas impenetrable for human and livestock. P. juliflora tree is 3-12 m tall, with spreading woody cylindrical branches. It is more or less round- or flat-topped with persistent green foliage and somewhat spiny (Burkart, 1976).The plant grows in a wide range of soils - from sandy to clayey soils. It is generally found in areas where water and soil fertility are the principal agents limiting plant growth. Prosopis species are generally cross-pollinated (Simpson, 1977), although some limited self- pollination (4%) has been observed in P. juliflora (Sareen and Yadav, 1987). The tree produces a very large numbers of flowers, but few are fertile with high rates of ovary abortion (Goel and Behl, 1995). Negative impacts of the tree include loss in agricultural and pasture productivity, biodiversity loss due to its suppression power, and deaths of livestock due to eating of the pods produced by the tree (Choge et al., 2002). Its pollen has been identified among the respiratory allergens in tropical countries (Killian and McMichael, 2004; Dhyani et al., 2006). Positive benefits include production of fuelwood, charcoal, timber and sale of the pods to the feed processing industry (Maundu et al., 2009). The tree is also widely planted for soil conservation, hedgerows, and as an ornamental tree (Pasiecznik et al., 2001).This study intended to identify areas already infested with the tree in Rombo, Mwanga, and Same districts; and to relate their spatial distribution with biophysical factors such as soils, lithology, landforms, and agroecological zones.
Economic optimization of nutrient application to coffee in Northern Tanzania using SAFERNAC
(International Journal of Plant & Soil Science, 2014-06-30) Maro, Godsteven, P.; Janssen, Bert, H.; Msanya, B. M.; Mrema, J.
The aim of this work, as an extension to SAFERNAC model, was to establish economically optimum combinations of N, P and K application to Arabica coffee in the Northern coffee zone of Tanzania. The study was conducted in Hai and Lushoto districts between 2010 and 2012. Prices of nutrient inputs and those of parchment coffee were introduced into the original SAFERNAC model, which was used to obtain yields from a soil of known properties receiving different levels of input N, P and K from both organic and inorganic sources (ISFM). The costs of these were derived from experience in Northern Tanzania, while coffee prices were estimated to range between 1250 and 2500 -1 TZS kg . The result was economically optimum N:P:K ratios that give highest net returns and value : cost ratios in situations of low, medium and high soil fertility. It was also shown that farmers’ decision to deviate from the optimum and the allowable level of such deviation, depend much upon the prices of nutrient inputs in equivalent terms. In the medium-fertility situation (which applies in the study districts), the highest yield increment was noted with the maximum amount of N and P. The optimum application rate was 310 kg N and 200 kg P per ha, where the profit margin (the gap between gross returns and costs) is highest. This is an indication that soil-available K is likely to suffice the needs of the crop for optimum productivity, but this is largely dependent on the K fluxes in different soil types. The optimum rates were tested with actual soil data in the two study districts, against 5 tons of farmyard manure and a combination of the two. At both the coffee prices -1 of 1250 and 2500 TZS kg , ISFM intervention (combination of organic and inorganic inputs) was more profitable than the other options, while coffee production showed to be more profitable in Hai than Lushoto.
Effect of gliricidia sepium green manure placement on solubility of minjingu rock phosphate, growth and yield of maize at SUA farm, Morogoro, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2000) Kimaro, Anthony Anderson
This study was carried out at Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA) Farm, Morogoro, Tanzania to assess the effect of Gliricidia sepiutn green manure (GM) placement method on solubility of Minjingu rock phosphate (MRP), growth and yield of maize. The study involved pot and field factorial experiments with treatments arranged in a complete randomized block design in three replications. For the pot experiment, the experimental factors were G. septum. GM placement method (5 t ha’1) at three levels (i.e. No GM, Incorporation and Mulching) and P- fertilizer application rates at seven levels (i.e. 0, 12.5, 25, 50, 100, 150 mg P kg soil’1 as MRP and 50 mg P as TSP). Air dried soil (2 kg) was filled in each of the 63 pots representing the 21 treatment combinations. The various treatments were then incubated at 70% field capacity (FC) at ambient temperature for three months. Within this period soil sub samples were collected at two weeks intervals for available phosphorus (AVP) deter mination in the laboratory. For the field experiment, the experimental factors remained the same as for the pot experiment except that the P-fertilizer application rates were 0, 10, 20, 40, 80 kg P ha’1 as MRP and 30 kg P ha’1 as TSP. Soil samples were collected at two weeks intervals for the determination of AVP in the laboratory. Additionally, maize height (m) at tasseling stage was recorded and maize samples were collected for the determination of P and N in the leaf, grain and stover. Grain and stover yields were also determined at maturity. The results indicated that GM placement method significantly improved AVP in both pot and field experiments, with the highest AVP obtained by the incorporation treatment. In most of the sampling dates AVP values for incorporation and mulching treatments were not significantly different in both the pot and field experiments. The AVP increased with increase in MRP application rates for both experiments and for all sampling dates. Except for stover N, GM placement method significantly increased concentration and content of P and N in maize leaf. For the incorporation treatment, the values were leaf concentra- tion (0.2005% P; 2.298% N) and leaf content (5.835mg P; 66.19 mg N). The corresponding values for the mulching treatment were leaf concentration (0.1908% P; 2.252% N) and leaf content (5.426 mg P; 63.43 mg N). Similarly, P and N uptake were significantly increased by GM placement method. The uptake values for incorporation treatment were as follows: grain (6.22 kg ha"1 P;37.82 kg ha"1 N), stover (2.18 kg ha"1 P; 10.98kg ha"1). Whereas corresponding values for the mulching treatment were grain (5.40 kg ha"1 P; 33.77 kg ha"1 N), and stover (1.76 kg ha"1 P; 9.59kg ha"1). Total P and N and maize height as affected by GM placement method followed a pattern similar to that of P and N for grain and stover. Maize yield was (2.07 kg ha"1 grain; 2.57 kg ha"1 stover) for control, (2.60 kg ha"1 grain; 3.33 kg ha'1 stover) for incorporation and (2.34 kg ha"1 grain; 2.98 kg ha"1 stover) for mulching. P and N uptake by maize significantly increased with increase in MRP application rate. However, at higher rates (i.e. 40, 80 kg P ha"1 as MRP), the increase of maize leaf P and P uptake was not significant. Generally, most of the parameters studied showed a linear and quadratic relationship with MRP application rates. Furthermore, the interactions between GM placement method and MRP application rates for most of the parameters studied were not significant. Based on the results of this study, it was concluded that incorporation and mulching of GM has the potential to improve solubility as well as growth and yield of maize. However, adoption of the practice may be limited because of the labour required in cutting, transporting and incorporating the GM into the soil. Getting a source that will provide sufficient amount of GM to cater for the needs of most of small holder farmers at the appropriate time may also be a problem. Furthermore, GM in this study was used as a source of N for maize and this is merely transferring nutrients within the farm and not actually redressing the nutrient depletion in the soil, therefore it may not be sustainable in the long run.
The effect of soil physical properties and soil microclimate on rodent burrows’ abundance and their characteristics in Western Usambara Mountains, Tanzania
(ournal of Agriculture and Ecology Research International, 2014-12-16) Meliyo, Joel, L.; Brabers, Leon; Massawe, Boniface H. J.; Msanya, B. M.; Kimaro, D. N.; Mulungu, L. S.; Kihupi, N. I.; Deckers, Jozef, A.; Gulinck, Hubert; Leirs, Herwig
The present study was carried out between September 2009 and June 2013 in Western Usambara Mountains plague focus with the aim of establishing the influence of selected soil physical properties and soil microclimate on rodent burrows’ abundance, portal orientation and use. Two landscapes with high and medium plague frequencies in Lokome and Lukozi villages were studied. In the two landscapes data were collected from 117 and 200 observation sites respectively, using 100 m x 200 m quadrats. At each quadrat crossing, a sample quadrat of 20 m x 20 m was demarcated for scanning rodent burrows whereby burrows encountered were counted and their portal orientation and burrow use described. Within each sample quadrat, selected soil physical properties including thickness of the soil genetic horizons and soil dry consistence were determined. Soil samples were collected from each horizon for laboratory texture analysis. Temperature (surface and subsurface to a depth 10 cm) and relative humidity at a depth of 10 and 30 cm were collected using infrared, thermo-couple thermometers and i-Buttons. Descriptive statistics, ANOVA and logistic regression were used to analyse the data by R-software. There were significant (P=.0001) differences between the two landscapes regarding topsoil depth, infrared temperature, relative humidity and rodent burrows’ abundance. In the high plague frequency landscape there was a significant influence (P=.05) of topsoil horizon thickness on rodent burrows’ abundance and use. Results also indicate that soil temperature to a depth of 10 cm was significantly (P=.05) correlated with rodent burrow use. Likewise, in the medium plague frequency landscape, soil physical properties and soil microclimate significantly (P=.0001) discouraged rodent burrowing. It was concluded that soil physical and soil microclimate encouraged and discouraged burrowing in the high and the medium plague frequency landscapes, respectively. The landscape with high rodent burrows’ abundance corresponded with high plague frequency records.
Effectiveness of Fanya Chini terraces on soil properties and crop yield in the north-wester!' part of the Uluguru mountains, Morogoro, Tanzania.
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2001) Mkoba, Appia Paul
A field experiment was conducted in the north-western part of the Uluguru Mountains, Morogoro District, to determine the effect of Fanya chini terraces on selected soil chemical and physical properties and crop performance. Eighteen experimental plots of 12 m x 3 m were established on farmers' fields. Plots with Fanya chini terraces were compared with those with no conservation structures. Maize (Zea mays L.) was used as the test crop. No inorganic fertiliser was applied in order to reflect farmers’ practices in the area. Soil samples from the experimental plots taken at the beginning (initial) and at the end (final) of the study were analysed to assess the changes in soil physical and chemical characteristics that had occurred during the cropping period. Most of the observed soil chemical variables were slightly (but insignificantly) higher in plots that had no conservation structures (unconserved plots) and their magnitude tended to increase along the slope. Organic carbon, total nitrogen and exchangeable calcium showed a significant increase (P = 0.05) in unconserved plots in the final soil samples. There was a significant difference (P = 0.01) in PR between the Fanya chini terraced plots and unconserved plots both at the beginning and at the end of the experiment. Fanya chini terraced plots had mean PR value of 0.69 and 1.81 MPa compared to unconserved plots which had mean PR values of 0.78 and 1.71 MPa at the beginning and at the end of the experiment, respectively. Maize grain yield and biomass were not significantly different between the Fanya chini terraced and unconserved plots. However, grain yield and biomass were relatively higher in the unconserved plots and they tended to increase along the slope. The exposure and spread of the subsoil from the Fanya chini channels that were about 30 to 50 cm deep may have resulted into the reduced soil fertility and the resultant lower yield observed under Fanya chini terraces. Fanya chini terraces are not the best soil conservation measure on steep slopes. Where they are already in place, Fanya chini terraces should be complemented with other soil surface management practices.

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