College of Economics and Business Studies
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Browsing College of Economics and Business Studies by Subject "Africa"
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Item Consumption of processed food & food away from home in big cities, small towns, and rural areas of Tanzania(WILEY, 2021) Sauer, Christine M; Reardon, Thomas; Tschirley, David; Liverpool-Tasie, Saweda; Awokuse, Titus; Alphonce, Roselyne; Ndyetabula, Daniel; Waized, BettyWe study household consumption of various categories of processed food, includ ing ultra-processed food and meals away from home in Tanzania. We compare peri-urban versus hinterland rural areas, and large cities versus small towns. Three sets of findings stand out. (1) Contrary to the common view in Africa that processed food is mainly an urban middle-class phenomenon, we found it has penetrated the diets of the rural areas and the rural and urban poor. In rural areas, surprisingly 60% of food consumption comes from purchases in value terms, and processed food accounts for 76% of purchases and 47% of all food consumed. For the rural poor, purchased processed food is 38% of food consumption. In urban areas processed food’s share of purchases (hence consumption) is 78%, similar for the rich and poor. (2) We found that ultra-processed food (such as sugar-sweetened beverages and cookies) and meals-away-from-home (MAFH) have emerged as important in urban as well as rural areas. As these foods tend to be high in oil, salt, and sugar, this is a health concern. The share of ultra processed foods and MAFH is 21% in rural areas and 36% in cities albeit twice as high in large cities compared with small towns and among richer compared to poorer consumers. (3) Our regressions show the spread of processed food con sumption in rural and urban areas, among the rich and poor, is driven mainly by opportunity costs of the time of women and men, and thus the pursuit of sav ing home-processing and cooking time, as well as food environment factors. As these drivers are long term trends this suggests processed food consumption will continue to growItem Extending the ReNAPRI model framework to poultry in Eastern & Southern Africa(European Commission, 2021-02) Davids, Tracy; Dzanku, Fred; Kirimi, Lilian; Mpenda, Zena; Peter, van Horne; Achterbosch, ThomIn per capita terms, poultry consumption in Sub Saharan Africa remains low. As income grows, allowing for greater dietary diversification, expectations are that poultry consumption will also increase. To understand the possible extent of growth, as well as the possibilities to expand domestic production to supply it, this report considers demand preferences for poultry products in the region, before providing an overview of the current structure of poultry value chains in South Africa, Ghana, Kenya and Tanzania, as well as a quantitative modelling framework and a consistent market outlook, which integrates chicken and feed sectors and can be utilised to support strategic decision making in the sector in a forward looking context. The study found a tension between rapid growth in imports, and the general consumer preference for domestically produced chicken meat over imported products, and in many regions a preference for indigenous breeds over broilers. Despite differences between countries, the contribution of intensive production systems is growing, but cost competitiveness is a major driver of rising imports, underscoring the importance of a competitive feed sector to grow poultry production. Under baseline assumptions, imports are projected to remain an important contributor in supplying further demand growth. Nevertheless, a combination of interventions addressing productivity gains, feed cost competitiveness and carcass valuation opportunities can induce accelerated production growth, enabling domestic producers to capture a greater share of domestic demand growth in future.Item Gender again -views of female agricultural Extension officers by smallholder farmers in Tanzania(Elsevier Science Ltd, 1997) Due, Jean M.; Magayane, Flavianus; Temu, Anna A.Tanzania attempts to have a village extension officer (VEO) in every village; until recent years most of the VEOs were male. Research indicated that male VEOs did not often visit female farmers and male farmers frequently did not bring extension information home to their wives. Since women contribute more of the agricultural labor than men, it was recommended that female VEOs be hired. Now one-third of the VEOs are female and males and females have the same training. What are farmers’ (male and female) views of the female VEOs? Which gender do they prefer and why? Is the modified training and visit (T and V) extension system working? Since privatization is underway in the country, do farmers want information other than on crops and livestock, which is the current emphasis? The researchers interviewed 240 male and female farmers in one region of Tanzania in October 1995 to ascertain their responses to these and other questions on agricultural extension.Item Institutional adjustment and transaction costs: product and inputs markets in the Tanzanian coffee system(Elsevier Science Ltd, 2002) Winter-Nelson, Alex; Temu, AnnaCommodity market liberalization can improve incentives for production of export crops by reducing the total costs of transforming products through space, form and time, or by reducing the costs of arranging and completing transactions. While liberalization often leads to reduced costs in output exchange, it can remove opportunities for linked input–output transactions that sometimes lowered the costs of providing finance in state-controlled markets. Assessments of liberalization that focus on output exchange alone obscure the impact of rising transaction costs in finance. This study of liberalization in the Tanzanian coffee market documents declining costs in output marketing, rising transaction costs for financing farm activities, and differential, but generally positive, net impacts on growers.Item The value chain of traded products of medicinal plants in Tanzania: the emerging role of formulators(African Journal of Economic and Management Studies, 2021-10-04) Mpelangwa, Eziacka Mathew; Makindara, Jeremia Ramos; Sørensen, Olav Jull; Bengesi, Kenneth Michael-KitunduProducts of medicinal plants play significant roles in management of diseases. Their accessibility through trade plays a key role in health, economic and livelihood improvement. However, the traceability of the production process from their source in Tanzania is lacking. This study aims to depicture the production process of formulated products of medicinal plants. Design/methodology/approach. The study applied the value chain theory using qualitative data from literature review and survey to practitioners of traditional medicine. Survey data were collected through 15 indepth interviews and ten focus group discussions in five regions of Tanzania. Findings. Input to output structure is performed through a five actors’ value chain. The raw material is provided by harvesters who collected medicinal plants from wild. The processing is conducted by wholesalers and formulators. The wholesalers add value by drying, milling and bulk packaging of individual medicinal plants. Formulators mix different medicinal plants to create readymade products for specified diseases. Distribution is done by retailers and healers. There were six regulating and two supporting organizations. Private supporters were millers and transporters. Governance structure was deduced to be relational. Relational governance was a result of lack official standards along the value chain. Originality/value. The described value chain can be used to guide investments in production of products of medicinal plants by improving formulation technology