Department of Animal, Aquaculture and Range Sciences

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Meat from goats in Tanzania
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1978) Kyomo, Martin Luther
The shortage of protein of high biological value in the tropics could be decreased by raising larger numbers of indigenous ruminant livestock, and of increasing off take and weight per animal destined for slaughter. In Tanzania, where there are about five million goats and their meat is already very popular, improvement of goats through better breeding, feeding and disease control methods could lead to a several-fold increase in the present annual production of 1.3 million goat carcasses. The paucity of data on which to base goat improvement methods was the major reason for undertaking this study. A comparison was made in reproductive performance, growth rate and carcass yield between the Tanzania indigenous goats and the Tanzania x Boer and the Tanzania x Kamorai goats. The total numbers of animals involved in the study, which was conducted between 1972 and 1976, inclusive, were 7 sires, 177 dams and 559 progeny. The study confirmed earlier untested theories that the Tanzania goat, which belongs to the East African breed type of goat, produces kids throughout the year. There were, however, peak periods in which more dams kidded than in other periods. The total amount of rain falling during a given period was the only environ mental factor affecting the time of conception of the dams (P < 0.001) . This relationship seemed to be an indirect one, in that more rain meant more forage growth-(ii) and availability and therefore better body condition of the dams. Better fed dams ovulate, conceive when mated, and maintain pregnancy to term more readily than underfed dams. The twinning rates and mortality of kids have been reported in the-thesis. The effects of year, sex, seasons and birth type, whether singles or twins, on weight at various ages have been reported. The slight superiority of castrates over the entire male kids in growth rate observed in this thesis calls for more studies to see if the hormonal patterns related to growth were different from those of animals of similar sexes in other domestic livestock. The heritability estimates for weight at birth, weaning, one year and 72 weeks of age were 0.7 ± 0.10, 0.14 ± 0.14, 0.07 ± 0.11 and 0.017 ± 0.16, respectively. The weight of kids could, for practical purposes on the farms, be predicted by the formula : Weight (in kg) = - 4.22 ± 0.15 .+ (0.00806 ± 0.00007 x Girth (in cm) x Length (in cm) . (R2 = 88.2%) The cold dressed carcass percentages of the Boer and Kamorai crossbred and Tanzania purebred kids were 45.57, 45.34 and 45.34 per cent, respectively. The areas of the eye muscle (Longissimus dorsi) measured on the 10th and 11th ribs of the male and castrated kids ranged between 11.77 and 14.27 square centimetres. The castrated kids had more total lean, fat and bone than the entire(iii) male kids. The heritability estimates for cold dressing percentage, total lean, total fat and total bone within the carcass were 0.7, 0.3, 0.04 and 0.4, respectively. It is concluded that this study has contributed to the knowledge on meat goat production characteristics in the tropics and will form a basis on which to plan the breeding and management of commercial meat goats in Tanzania.
Major problems which hinder the adoption of agricultural innovations by farmers as perceived by state extension directors and county agent association presidents
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 1980) Mannento, Joas Elinazi
This study was conducted with the prime objective of determining major problems constraining adoption of new agricultural practices by farmers as perceived by state directors of CES and presidents of CEAA. The method used was the Delphi technique which involved eliciting expert opinions from the study population through administration of two instruments to participants. Opinions reported were the consensus of the total population. Data were processed through the West Virginia University Computer Center and means and standard deviations were determined for each statement. Group means and standard deviations were also determined for positions and regions. There was no need for inferential statistics as perceptions of the total population were studied. Economic Factors 1. Participants viewed problems connected with interest rates which affect long-term investment, cost-price squeeze which relates to inflation, costs of land and equipment, energy costs, and pressure on land use in highly populated areas, as outstanding economic factors. Aspects related to credit and debt, aside from interest rates and those dealing with economic uncertainty, were considered serious as well by respondents. 2. Strong agreement was noted between directors and presidents concerning economic factors hampering new farming practices. A notable difference, however, was found in the statement "farmers lack understanding of credit use," which was more seriously viewed by directors than presidents. 3. Regional variations, which may be attributed to geo- physical position, climatic conditions and enterprise variations, were observed. Credit and debt related factors were considered relatively more serious by southern and western respondents than by north central and northeastern participants. Cost-price squeeze factors related to land costs and value in highly populated areas were rated highest by northeastern and western participants and lowest by those in the north central region. Urban pressure by expanding metropolitan areas in these regions could be postulated as the contributory factor. Infrastructure related problems were rated somewhat higher by southern respondents than by north central respondents. Technical and Managerial Factors 1. Inadequacy of farm records was singled out by participants as the outstanding problem. Availability of skilled labor and manage- ment skills of farmers were also perceived as major bottlenecks toward adoption of new agricultural practices. Transportation of farm inputs and produce were as well viewed as acute problems by respondents 2. Participants also considered those problems connected with farmers being locked into enterprises due to loans or equipment, difficulties in fitting new technologies into existing operations, farm size, and influence of weather in farming, as major concerns affecting adoption of innovations. 3. Directors and presidents agreed strongly in all statements except three. These statements included management skills, trans portation facilities and progressive farmers preceding research recommendations. 4. rated. Regional variations were observed in all statements Part-time farming was considered more serious by western region participants and a lesser concern by participants in the north central region. Other statements which showed considerable differences included those related to labor, transport, farm size, weather, and farming as a hobby. Factors related to farm size and farming as a hobby were rated highest by western region participants and lowest by north central respondents. Transportation of farm inputs and produce was viewed as a more serious problem by north central respondents than by northeastern and western region respondents. Social Factors 1. Farmers’ behavior and attitudes toward change were considered by respondents to be the most outstanding social problems constraining adoption of new practices.The conservative farmer was perceived to be the foremost problem.Tradition and lack of confidence in making innovations succeed were other factors considered major problems. 2. Directors and presidents strongly agreed on social factors constraining new agricultural practices except with problems related to age and education of fanners. Presidents considered age of farmers relatively more serious than did directors while the problem related to educational level of farms was weighted higher by directors than presidents. 3. Regional variations, which may be assumed to emanate from cultural heritage, tradition and environmental exposure, were observed. Three out of the nine statements showed considerable variations among regions. These statements included those related to lack of profit oriented goals which was rated highest by northeast region respondents and lowest by western participants; and age of farmers which was viewed as least important by north central respondents. Educational level of farmers was rated considerably higher by southern region participants than by those from north central region. Informational Factors 1. Lack of extension and research personnel, time and support to show farmers how new practices work was considered by participants the most serious problem connected with informational factors. A segmented rather than a systems approach, insufficient research, and lack of personalized assistance were other informational problems noted by participants. 2. Directors and presidents strongly agreed that lack of research and extension staff, time and support was the informational problem of major concern. 3. Regional differences were noted in several informational factors constraining new agricultural practices. Inadequate result demonstration and field days was rated more serious by northeast and southern participants than by those in the north central and western regions. Considerable differences were also noted among regions on statements related to lack of faith in research and extension systems, psychological approach by change agents, and communication of innovations by extension personnel. Political Factors 1. Political factors which influence the adoption of new agricultural practices by farmers were considered serious impediments by participants. Government interference and regulation was singled out as the most serious problem. Condition of the national economy was also considered a major constraining factor. 2. Directors and presidents strongly agreed on the seriousness of political factors hampering adoption of new agricultural practices. However, presidents rated the statements related to government interference, world situation, zoning, and land taxation higher than did directors. 3. Regional differences concerning influence of political factors affecting adoption of new farming practices were noted. Increasing land taxation was rated serious by all except north central participants. Zoning was considered an acute problem by participants in northeastern and western regions, whereas north central and southern respondents were Iqss concerned.
Nutritive value of orchard grass for cattle and sheep
(West Virginia University, 1980) Madata, Gaspary S.
A study was undertaken to examine seasonal and growth stage effects on intake and digestibility of orchardgrass by grazing cows and to determine effects of fertilization of orchardgrass with kieserite on its nutritive quality and on its mineral composition and utilization. A series of grazing and digestibility trials on orchardgrass were carried out in 1977 and 1978 using sheep and beef cows. In March, 1978, replicated orchardgrass pastures were treated with and without kieserite at the rate of 2240 kg/ha (equivalent to 390 kg Mg/ha). Chromic oxide was used as an external indicator to estimate the fecal output and regression techniques relating fecal N and DMD(Z) were used to estimate the nutritional value of orchardgrass. In grazing trials run in 1977, it was found that intake of first growth vegetative herbage was higher than intake of the pasture at later growth stages. However, in grazing trials run in 1978, intake of first growth vegetative herbage was not different from intake of herbage grazed in October. Dry matter digestibility (Z) was higher in the early first growth herbage than at other growth stages. The grazing cows on the whole had higher mean DMD(Z) coefficients than the indoor animals. Magnesium fertilizer had no effect (P>0.05) on DMD(Z) and intake of either cut or grazed herbage. ^fertilization significantly increased the concentration of sulfur in herbage, with no effect166 on the concentrations of other minerals. Magnesium fertilization caused a consistent but non-significant (P>0.05) inrrwmp in serum magnesium in grazing beef cows in the two week period after turning the cows out to pasture. Magnesium availability, as measured with wether sheep during the same period, was high and, unexpectedly, fertilization resulted in a depression in apparent absorption of magnesium, calcium and phosphorus. In conclusion, there were significant effects of growth stage and season on the nutritional quality of orchardgrass. Fertiliza tion with kieserite showed no differences in the .nutritional quality of orchardgrass.
Alkali treatment of roughages and energy utilization of treated roughages fed to sheep and goats
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1981) Ndelilio, Urio A.,
Two series of experiment were conducted, laboratory scale experiments, and and production experiments. The laboratory scale scale experiments were carried out to develop simple methods of alkali-treatment, and to test the- effectiveness of cheap alternative chemicals lo sodium hydroxide. Pro duction experiments were conducted to tost the effectiveness of an apparently promising "dip" treatment motheJ developed in the laboratory scale experiments. and k.a Ca(CII) The effectiveness of Na9CO3 emu lUn,2 cis roughage treating chemicals were tested in combination with NaOH in a 3 x 3 factorial experiment. The levels of the chemicals tested were 0, 3 and 6 g/100 g of roughage (DM). was used as a test roughage. Wheat straw Neither of the chemicals re- suited in any improvement in the digestibility of the straw’ although Ca(OII)2 showed a slight effect in increasing the enzyme soluble organic matter of wheat straw. Both chemicals showed a somewhat negative interaction with NaOH. Maize stover and Hyparrhenia grass were also treated with increasing levels of Na2COg from 0 to 10 g/100 g of roughage DM. Maize stover did not show any response to Na2CO3 treatment except for its enzyme soluble organic matter which increased with increasing levels of Na2CO3. The enzyme soluble organic matter for the untreated maize stover was 29%, while that for maize stover treated with 10 g Na2CO-/ 100 g of roughage DM was 43.6%. Hyparrhenia grass responded comparatively better to Na?CO3 treatment than maize stover. Addition of herring meal to the roughages resulted in a(X) marked improvement in the digestibility of both roughages. This also improved the response of the roughages to ^2^0^ treatment. Maize stover showed a higher response to the addition of herring meal than IJyparrhenia grass. The chemical composition of 4 samples of local Magadi soda was determined. All the samples had high sodium chloride contents, indicating a possibility of Magadi soda having a positive effect on voluntary feed intake. It was rioted that some samples had rather high fluorine contents. Studies were conducted on the effectiveness of a simple "dip" method which involved dipping straw in a 1.5% NaOH solution overnight, letting it drip, washing with minimum water, and letting it drip again. The lye solution was reused 15 times, the strength of the solution being restored after each treatment. The DM and Na content of the lye solution increased with increasing reuse of the solution. The DM content of the solution increased from 1.9% to 7.2%, while the Na content increased from 0.7 to 1.4%. Both the DM and Na contents of the solution tended to stabilize after the solution had been reused more than 10 times. The IVOMD and ESOM of the treated straw increased with increasing reuse of the solution. The in vivo DM and OM digestibility as well as DE of the straw was improved markedly by the dip method. The digestibility of OM of the untreated straw was 50% as opposed to 73% for the dip treated straw. The diges tibility of DM and OM in vivo was not affected by the reiise of the solution although that of CF tended to decrease slightly after the solution had been reused more than 10 times.(Xi ) In the production experiments a comparative slaughter technique was applied with sheep and goats. Three groups of goats were fed rations based on untreated maize cobs, "dip" treated maize cobs (NaOII-treatment) , and Chlorin gayana hay. The experimental feeding period was 100 days. The DM intake from these rations was the same in the three groups, but the dip NaOII treatment of maize cobs resulted in a higher DM digestibility (G4.1% as opposed to ) higher metabolizable energy intake (4.19 MJ as opposed to 3.40 MJ/d) when compared to the group fed untreated maize The group fed dip treated maize cobs also had sig cobs. nifleant higher gains in liveweight, carcass weight, car- cass fat, and carcass gross energy content. This group, however, did not differ significantly from the group fed Chloris gayana hay in these parameters. It was also observed that, the group fed dip treated maize cobs had a tendency to lay down intestinal fat. Three groups of sheep were also fed on untreated maize stover, dip treated maize stover and ensiled (NaOH-treated) Hyparrhenia grass silage for 100 days. centrate in the DM intake was about 20%. The level of con Although dip treat ment of maize stover increased its digestibility, this did not result in significant differences in performance between the group fed untreated maize stover in all the parameters studied. The groups fed maize stover (untreated or treated) had however significantly bettor performance in all para- meters measured than the group fed NaOII-treated Hyparrhonxa silage.(xii) CorreiaLions wore determined between whole carcass fat Z and carcass weight, and between carcass fat -i and carcass specific gravity. In goats, the correlation coefficient for carcass fat Z on carcass weight was 0.84, while that between carcass fat " and carcass specific gravity was -0.97. These para meters (carcass weight, and carcass specific gravity) can there?fore probably bo used to estimate carcass fat S and consequently carcass energy content in goats. The correlation coefficient between carcass fats and carcass weight in sheep was only 0.52, while that between carcass fat S and carcass specific gravity was -0.79. In addition to those comparatively low relationships in sheep, it was noted that carcass specific gravity was rather sen sitive and difficult to measure in fat carcasses, and liable to technical errors. It is thought that those relationships cannot therefore be applied universally to the heterogeneous sheep of East Africa.
The nutritive value of alkali and manure treated corn stover silage
(Sokoine Univesity of Agriculutre, 1981) Sarwatt, Sebastian V.
Chopped corn stover was reconstituted, treated and ensiled in 3 ply-nylon bags placed in 10 gallon plastic drums at room temperature for 30 days. The treatments were: (1) control-corn stover + water, (2) 4% NaOH, (3) 4% NH^OH, (4) 3% NaOH + 1% NH40H, (5) 2% NaOH + 2% NH.OH, 35% manure + 65% corn stover on wet basis, (7) 35% manure 4 - (6) • ■ i + 4% NaOH by weight on DM basis. and examined for smell and color. After 30 days the bags were opened Sub-samples were collected for chemical analysis. While there was a significant Cp < 0.05) increase of crude protein and ash there was significant (p < 0.05) decrease of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber. There was significant (P < 0.05) decrease of hemicellulose and cellulose with alkali treat- ment, but the differences between alkali containing samples were not I significant (p > 0.05). There was no significant (p > 0.05) changes in lignin content between the treatments. The in vitro dry matter diges tibility (IVDMD) was significantly (p < 0.05) improved by alkali treatments and decreased by manure inclusion. Both alkali and manure treatment significantly (p < 0.05) improved IVDMD than manure alone. Different levels of NaOH and NH^OH in combination did not have better results than any of the alkali separately. The physical fermentation characteristics indicated that fermen tation had taken place. The alkali treated silages had sweet "estery" iiismell and yellow color. The manure containing silage had butyric acid smell and dark brown color. Chemical fermentation parameters measured were pH, lactic acid and volatile fatty acids. There was a significant (P < 0.05) decrease of pH of alkali and waste containing silages after ensiling. There was no significant (p > 0.05) change of pH of post- ensiled untreated silage when compared to the pre-ensiled untreated silage. Lactic acid and propionic acid showed a significant (p < 0.05) decrease between the untreated and treated samples, while acetic acid and butyric acid showed significant (,p < 0.05) increase between the untreated and treated samples.
Local knowledge and gender roles in different livestock production system in Tanzania
(1986) Maeda-Machang’u, A. D; Mutayoba, S; Laswai, G.H; Mwaseba, D; Kimambo, E; Lazaro, E
Women and men participation in the development of the livestock industry in Tanzania is determined by socio-cultural patterns, the livestock production system, local knowledge systems, existing agricultural policies, the educational system and economic and the political situations prevailing in the community. It is difficult to generalise the gender roles in all the livestock production systems, but similar patterns and trends have been unfolding as found out from several studies carried out by the authors. The main points investigated are who owns the animals, who is responsible for their care and how is work divided up and shared out (feeding, watering, milking, stable cleaning and hygienic measures). Other aspects of interest are decision-making, treating and caring of the sick animals, processing and marketing of animal products, the control of family income and assets and access to services such as veterinary, extension, co-operatives and credit facilities. The livestock production studies were conducted in Morogoro, Tanga, Iringa, Mwanza, Mbeya, Mara and Kilimanjaro regions. Districts in these regions were purposely chosen to represent one type production system such as pastoralism, agro-pastoralism and intensive specialized production. The general trend deduced from literature and studies carried out by the authors is that men in all livestock production systems own and are responsible for large animals such as cattle, donkey, sheep, pigs and goats whereas, women are responsible for small ones such as poultry, rabbits and ducks. However, in some systems women feed the large animals and calves, and are called to assist in their health-related issues. Poultry production although very important for women as a source of food and cash, has a very low status in the society and extension services rendered. The pastoralists and agro-pastoralists are still practicing traditional animal husbandry. Intensive livestock farmers have specialized into keeping a few high milk-yielding dairy animals mainly pure-breeds or crossbreeds at zero grazing. Despite advances in veterinary medicines and services, traditional an d local methods of tackling health problems and diseases of livestock were still practised by almost all production systems studied. It was noted that livestock played an important link in the household food security as a source of food and cash for buying other needed food products. This paper will discuss local knowledge systems in the different livestock production systems and its contribution to food security. Analysis will also be made of the quantitative and qualitative participation of men and women in different animal husbandry practices and on other productive, reproductive, socio-cultural activities and access and control over resources. A list of local herbs used for treatment of various animal health problems and diseases will also be discussed.
Investigations on the nutritive value and practical ways of feeding cassava roots to pigs
(Sokoine University Of Agriculture, 1990) Lekule, Faustin Paul
The study was conducted to evaluate the feeding value of cassava roots in four growth and two metabolic experiments. In the growth studies, feed was offered ad libitum except protein supplement to pigs fed fresh cassava tubers. The pigs were group fecjLand slaughtered as they reached 90 kg liveweight. characteristics and organ weights were determined. Carcass Cassava had no significant effect on growth rate, organ weights, gut fill or carcass characteristics. In experiment 3 and 4, a comparison was made of commercial sow and weaner (SW) meal. the cassava root meal (CRM) diet, soaked cassava root tubers (CRT) diet and rice polishings (RP) diet. The average daily gains were 625 g, 635 g, 609g and 660 g. and feed conversion ratios (kg EM feed/kg gain) 4.44, 4.19, 4.05 and 3.89 for the SW diet, CRM diet, CRT diet and RP diet. respectively. The average daily feed intake (kg dry matter) was 2.58kg, 2.55 kg, and 2.47 kg for pigs fed the SW diet, CRM diet CRT diet and RP diet, respectively. Pigs fed soaked cassava root tubers consumed 3.5 kg cassava/pig/day and required 406 kg cassava tubers and 152 kg protein supplement form 20 to 90 kg liveweight. In experiment 5, cassava root meal and cassava root tubers were again compared with cottonseed cake as the main protein source or a combination of cottonseed cake and sunflower rake. Daily gains feed intake and feed conversion ratio (kg EM/kg gain) were .551 g, 638 g, and 589 g, 1.87 kg, 2.10 kg, and 2.03 kg, and 3.45, 3.36 and 3.56 cottonseed cake, respectively. for CRT + sunflower cake diets, CRM CRM + cottonseed cake + sunflower cake diets Pigs fed fresh cassava root tubers consumed 2.97 kg cassava/pig/day and required 383 kg cassava and 112 kg protein supplement from 20 to 90 kg liveweight. Experiment 6 was designed to examine the voluntary feed intake, growth rate and feed conversion of pigs fed a diet considered as a standard cassava diet (2/3 cassava, 1/3 protein giving a 15% CP diet) under Tanzania conditions. Feed intake was about 30% higher in the ad lib, fed barrows than in the ad lib. fed gilts and restricted barrows and gilts, while growth rate was about 23% higher. It is concluded that cassava is a good energy source for pigs, and where it is relatively cheap and abundant, it could be used as the only energy source in diets of growing-finishing pigs and cottonseed cake could form the major part of the protein supplement.
Studies on the prospects of improving the performance of the local chicken population in Tanzania by crossbreeding
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 1990) Katule, Andalwisye M.
The present study was initiated to explore the possibilities for developing high performing dual purpose strains of chickens adapted to low input production conditions in Tanzania. Exotic meat type, egg type and local chickens were compared for performance along with the crosses between these breeds in one year. In the following year the comparison involved the three basic breeds, the second generation crosses (F ), backcrosses, and three breed crosses of these breeds. Additional data were acquired from a crossbreeding experiment in Egypt, in which two Egyptian breeds, two White Leghorn lines from Norway, and crosses between Egyptian and Norwegian stocks were involved. Constant estimates of various genetic components (additive genetic, heterosis and reciprocal ) were obtained as coefficients of a multiple regression equation, in which the observation on each individual for a given trait was the dependent variable. The independent variables consisted of coded values ranging from 0 to 1. The general superiority of the germplasm from exotic breeds to that of indigenous breeds was demonstrated for nearly all traits considered. However, there was an indication for this superiority to decline as environmental conditions deteriorated.•Important heterosis effects were revealed-, mainly for juvenile body weights and egg production traits, including the age of sexual maturity. Evidence was revealed to suggest the existence of negative heterosis for body weights and egg size in some crosses. Reciprocal effects were found to be important in crosses involving heavy breeds and light breeds, as well as in crosses involving crossbred parents. It is concluded from these results that the high potential inherent in exotic breeds for productive traits would not be fully realized under environments pertinent with low input production systems. Some adjustment in the genetic content of the stocks would be necessary in order to make them adaptable to less optimum conditions. One of the most prospective approaches is to make some kind of crosses between exotic and indigenous chickens, followed by selection for high productivity under the sub-optimum conditions. Selection for specific adaptive qualities would be carried out if such qualities were detected.
Productive and reproductive performance of Tanzanian indigenous goats and their crosses with kamorai and boer
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 1992) Abunie, Berhanu Belay
A study was conducted to compare genetic and non-genetic factors affecting growth and reproductive performance of Kamorai x Small East African (SEA), Boer x SEA and SEA using records kept at Department of Animal Science and Production from 1972 to 1989. In addition. Changes in body measurements and mortality rates were studied. Birth weight and weaning weight were significantly (P<0.05) affected by genetic groupr with Kamorai x SEA and Boer x SEA having higher values, respectively. Males were heavier than females in birth weight. Birth type and period of birth had significant (P<0.01 and P<0.001z respectively) effect on both birth weight and weaning weight. Effects of genetic group, sex and birth type on weight at 52 and 72 weeks and preweaning and postweaning growth rates was small and non- significant. There were genetic group differences in body measurements at certain ages.Body weight could be best predicted by the following Equation Y wherez Y -17.91 + 0.50Xi + 0.15X2 + 0.21X3 + 0.19X4 Predicted body weight (kg)z Xx width at the hind quarter X2 = body lengthz X3 = height a*t the wither and heart girth in cm. Age at first kidding ranged from 638 to 984 days and kidding interval ranged from 293 to 419 days. Age at first kidding was significantly (P<0.001) influenced by period of birth. Period of kidding as well as season of previous kidding affected kidding interval significantly (P< 0.01z P< 0.05, respectively).Overall mortality rate was 40.6% and 25.7% preweaning and postweaning periodz respectively. For Animals with birth weights of less than 1 • 5 kg and birth weights greater than 2.6 kg had the highest (57.9%) and lowest (29.8%)preweaning mortality rates, respectively. Twins exhibited highest (48.3% Vs 38.5%) preweaning mortality rate compared to singles. Lowest preweaning mortality (26.7%) occurred in period 1 (1972-1974). It can be concluded that the non-genetic factors especially period and season of birth were the main source of variation in postweaning growth traitsz performance and mortality rates. Reproductive There was no much gain achieved by crossing SEA goats with Kamoral and Boer. This was due to irregularity of management: in terms of nutrition and diseases control for the crosses which probably hindered them not to express their genetic potential.
Quality and quantity of maize and sorghum vegetative parts harvested at different stages of plant growth as fodder for livestock
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 1994) Shirima,Eligy J. M
Two on-station research experiments were conducted at the Livestock Production and Research Institute, Mpwapwa and one at Pasture Research Center, Kongwa both in Central Tanzania from January to October, 1993. Four treatments in maize, grown in Mpwapwa station, were stripping (SR), topping (TP), stripping + topping (STP) at silking stage and whole plant stover (WPL or control) were assigned randomly within the four blocks of a complete randomized block design experiment. Only SR and WPL treatments were performed in sorghum trials in Kongwa under the same experimental design as in maize but each were replicated twice within each of the four blocks. Also three treatments replicated thrice for measuring the intake and digestibility of the SR, TP and WPL obtained from the maize trial were done at Mpwapwa center by using nine adult BHP male sheep. Complete block design was used by blocking the sheep on weight basis ranging from 29 to 37 kg live weights (mean 32.8 + 1.0). Both animals received equal amount of supplement diet (maize bran + sunflower cake). A village survey through questionnaire and physical body weight measurement of cattle every other fortnight was carried out in Berege village in Dodoma region from the start of the dry season (June) to mid- dry season (October). Sample collection of forage used by the animals was done on the same day after weighing the animals. Ten farmers with improved dairy cattle (Mpwapwa breed) were incorporated. An additional survey was also conducted in Kilimanjaro region among eight farmers to explore the farmer’s knowledge on the use of SR, TP and STP from maize. In maize the highest vegetative biomass production including the final residues after the grain harvest was gained with the STP treatment followed by TP with 5.44 t/ha and 5.35 t/ha respectively (p<0.05). Less fodder materials were collected from WPL (4.23 t/ha) due to field losses. No significant difference were found in sorghum fodder yields despite the leaf losses in WPL. Stripping in sorghum yield 2.2 t/ha and WPL as 1.8 t/ha. In maize total CP accrued from STP were (287 kg/ha) ), TP (234), SR (177) and WPL (138). The IVOMD of the fractions were in the order of 75%, 69%, 64% and 52% in SR, STP, TP and WPL fractions respectively. Seventy-three percent more CP was produced from SR of sorghum than WPL treatment with 123 kg/ha by 71 kg/ha respectively. Digestibility (IVOMD) of the SR leaves from sorghum was 79 % while 55 % from the WPL leaves. The feed intake of SR leaves in maize was more than twice (850 g/day) that of the WPL stover (361 g/day) when fed to sheep. The total digestible crude protein (DCP) from SR of maize was 51 % while the same from WPL was negative. With the supplement diets, the DCP of SR leaves improved slightly to 55 % but increased greatly in WPL to 51 %. From the village survey, the cattle in Berege suffered from lack of high quality feeds resulting in body weight losses during the later part of the dry season despite the bigger cultivated crop field farms than in Kilimanjaro region. With small areas of land in Kilimanjaro region, less than 1.5 ha, the maize fractions alone harvested before and after grain harvest accounted for over 39 % of the total annual cattle feed2 requirement while in Berege the combination of all dry residues after harvest (maize, sorghum and millet) formed 42 % of the total annual diet. This made the dependence of natural pasture in Kilimanjaro region to be only 28 % while in Berege village the cattle were still depending on 40 % natural pasture for the annual feed resources. Since the defoliation of maize and sorghum vegetative parts had no deleterious effects on the final grain yield, the technique should be introduced in Central Tanzania so as to make use of the enormous green materials lost in the wet season to be available in dry season. Their higher feeding value also will be an advantage to the farmers as they will buy less supplements to be added . to the forage to meet the animal requirements for maintenance and production.
Influence of various climatic factors on milk production and related traits in Mpwapwa cattle and their crosses
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 1994) Msechu, James Kundaeli Kileghua
A study was carried out to examine the influence of various climatic factors on milk production in Mpwapwa breed cattle and their crosses in Livestock Production Research Institute in Mpwapwa Central Tanzania. It was based on daily milk yields and weather information recorded from 1964 to 1989. Milk yields of individual cows were accumulated for periods of 28 days and related to average weather records for the same periods and or the preceding period. A short term supplementary study was used to investigate reaction of different genetic groups of the cattle, in terms of daily milk yield, milk components, and rectal temperature, to weather conditions. Over the study period, daily maximum and minimum temperatures averaged 26.2°CS and 14・5°C, while average daily temperature-humidity index was 68.5 and 74.1 (morning and afternoon), and annual rainfall averaged 785 mm. Least squares means for 28-day milk yield (kg) were 123.8, 179.1, 175.5, 213.3, 131.1, respectively for Mpwapwa and Jersey, Ayrshire, and Friesian crosses, and Backcross. All were significantly different (P<0.05), except between Jersey and Ayrshire crosses. The studies revealed that several of the weather variables had a significant influence on milk yield during the same or the subsequent period. However, the magnitude and sign of the partial regression coefficients were inconsistent and erratic. In most analyses concurrent rainfall showed a positive relationship with milk as might be expected from the effect of rain on pasture growth. But, surprisingly, some of the temperature variables were also positively related to milk yield. Separate analyses of the data of each of the five genetic groups failed to demonstrate distinct differences between groups in reaction to the climatic factors studied. In the supplementary study daily milk yield and yield of various milk components did not appear to be influenced by concomitant weather variables. Rectal temperature was however, significantly influenced by weather variables recorded at the same time. The genetic groups did not differ significantly in rectal temperature. The lack of conclusive results might have partly been caused by the close association between some of the weather variables. Inclusion of previous milk in most of the analyses, in an effort to increase precision, may have complicated the interpretation of the results also. Further investigation on the nature of the relationships suggested by trends revealed by the study was recommended. Changes were recommended in the breeding programme to exploit the more productive
Performance of exotic dairy cattle in the southern highlands of Tanzania and prospects for genetic improvement
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 1995) Kifaro, G C
Th i s study aimed was at evaluating the performance of exotic dairy cattle in five large farms in Iringa and Mbeya reg i ons. Mai n aspects stud i ed i ncluded calf mortality rates, reproductive traits, milk yield, milk composition, and lifetime performance traits. Rates of abortion ranged from 1.8 to 9.5% while rates of stillbirths varied between 3.4 and 9.8%. Death rates ranged from 9.3 to 25.5% for unweaned calves and from 13.2 to 29.6% for weaned calves. Diarrhoea/ scours, pneumonia and nutritional problems were the main causes of calf deaths. Mean ages at first calving and calving intervals for the five farms ranged from 33 to 39 months and 375 to 489 days, respectively. Overall mean lactation milk yield, lactation 1 engt-h, dry period for individual farms ranged from 2197 kg, 270 to respective!y. The most to 2642 affecting calvi ng, 1actati on and pari ty days 321 and i mportant performance current 86 to 165 non-geneti c traits calving were days, factors year i nterval . of Milk production in most farms was declining, a trend attributed to deterioration estimates calving were i n management. 0.14±0.01, i nterval, Weighted 0.21±0.02 1actati on length and and repeatabi1ity 0.37±0.01 lactation for milk yield, respectively. Mean percentages of milk components on test-days did not differ much from those recorded for Friesians elsewhere in the tropics. Stage of lactation, calendar month, parity and year of recording highly influenced their variations. Milk yield on test-days had strong negative correlations with BF% (-0.47) and protein percent (-0.53). BF and protein percentages were positively correlated (0.59). Day-to-day variation of milk yield was higher at Uyole than at Thimbu and was associated with level of milk production and inaccurate recording. The most variable milk component was protein whose variation was ascribed mainly to errors of determination. Part and cumulative milk records were highly influenced by parity, year and season of calving. Effect of calving interval was noticeable from the sixth month of lactation. Records in mid-1actation had the highest correlation with 305-day yield. Ratio and regression extension factors were derived based on findings from this study. Performance in 1i feti me traits were similar to those reported elsewhere in the tropics. Age at first calving and first lactation yield had high association with lifetime traits used in this study and were important estimators of lifetime milk production. Several options of culling procedures were proposed and discussed. It was concluded that there is great opportunity for genetic improvement of dairy cattle in the southern calves i s highlands of i mproved, the downward trend in performance is reversed, Tanzania provided viability of recordi ng is improved and a culling procedure is adopted.
The use of leucaena leucocephala (lam.) de wit forage as a feed supplement for dairy goats
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 1996) Ndemanisho, Edith Eliakim
THE USE OF LEUCAENA LEUCOCEPHALA (LAM.) DE WIT FORAGE AS A FEED SUPPLEMENT FOR DAIRY GOATS Six experiments were conducted to evaluate Leucaena leucocephala (LL) as protein supplement for dairy goats. In Experiments 1 and 2 an appropriate feeding level of dry LL leaves as substitute for cotton seed cake (CSC) fed to lactating does was investigated. A total of 82 docs randomly allocated to four treatments with LL inclusion at levels of 0 (treatment 1), 180 (treatment 2), 360 (treatment 3) and 540g (treatment 4) substituting cotton seed cake at levels of 300, 200,100 and 0 g per day of the concentrate. Basal ration contained elephant grass and Rhodes grass hay ad libitum, supplemented with maize bran. Daily milk yield was sampled twice a week for chemical analysis. Fourtnight body weights and daily feed intake were recorded. In Experiment 3 comparison between fresh LL and CSC on milk yield and composition was made. Twenty eight docs were subjected to four treatment diets as follows: No LL and No CSC (treatment 1), restricted CSC (treatment 2), restricted LL (treatment 3) and LL offered ad libitum (treatment 4). The basal ration composed of Hyparrhenia rufa hay ad libitum supplemented with maize bran. Milk and FCM yields, fat, protein, total solids, solid not-fat, ash and mineral contents did not differ significantly (P>0.05) between treatments in Experiments 1,2 and 3. In Experiment 4 a total of 20 males and 20 females (weaner goats) were randomly allocated to four treatments. Dry LL inclusion levels varied from 0 (treatment 1), 100 (treatment 2), 200 (treatment 3) and 300g (treatment 4) of feed whilst those for CSC were 150, 100, 50 and 0 g per day for their respective four treatments. Basal diets included 5% urea treated maize stover sprinkled with molasses and supplemented with maize bran. Weekly body weights and daily feed intake were recorded. Liveweight changes were not significantly (P>0.05) different between treatments. Two in sacco experiments were carried out to measure the degradability and rumen parameters (pH, NH^-N, VFA) of the feed components used in Experiments 1,2, 3 and 4 in the rumen of bucks fed a standard diet (Experiment 5) and treatment diets ““Ct (Experiment 6). The fitted exponential equation (P=a+b(l-e ) was used to calculate the degradation kinetics. Results of Experiment 5 showed that maize meal was most degraded followed by maize bran, CSC, dry LL leaves and Chloris gayana. Results of Experiment 6 showed that when the bucks were fed treatment diets from Experiments 1 and 2 protein solubility of LL (intercept) was highest (P<0.05) for treatment 3 followed by treatments 2, 4 and 1. The potential degradability of DM (b) was highest (P<0.05) for CSC in treatment 2 followed by treatments 3,4 and 1. It is recommended from these studies that up to 32% of dry LL and 17% of fresh LL of total diet can be offered to dairy goats. Areas of further research are suggested.
A study on the use of the sugar palm tree (Borassus flabellifer) for different purposes in Cambodia
(Swedish University of Agricultural science, 1996) Khieu Borin
This thesis is based on two studies carried out in two different districts of the Kandal and Takeo provinces in Cambodia where a dense populations of the sugar palm (Borassus flabellifer) are found. The aim of the studies was to understand the sugar palm tree and the traditional pig production systems .The studies comprised quantification of sugar palm juice production and the use of palm juice as an energy feed for pigs. A participatory study was conducted in five villages to determine the profitability of sugar syrup production and of pig production based on sugar palm juice. The further study consisted of a feeding trial in which the growth performance of crossbred pigs M diets consisting of palm juice and boiled whole soya beans with a supplement of water was evaluated. Sugar palm is considered as one of the high potential multipurpose trees in the tropics, and produces valuable carbohydrates without any agronomic inputs. A total of 105 male and female sugar palm trees were studied during a period of five months, the results demonstrating that a palm tree produces seasonally an average of 5 kg of juice per day with a Brix value (approximate sugar content) of 13.3%. Assuming that the canopy of a palm tree is 50 m2, a hectare of 200 trees will seasonally produce approximately 150,000 kg of juice per year. Sugar palm syrup production is one of the two main activities of. most rural Cambodian farmers after rice growing. The activity commences in December with the preparation of materials for sugar syrup production: The^most expensive component in the cost of sugar syrup production is fire wood which is difficult to get today.-It was clearly shown during the present study that when fire wood was purchased from the market four of seven farmers lost an average 27 Riels per day (1 SUS =2,350 Riels) here were no significant differences between days in the yield of juice and Brix value (approximate sugar content) (P=0.390 and P=0.534), respectively. How^vey.there was a highly significant difference in the yield ofjuice and Brix value (叫proximate suagr content) between families, months and sex of the palm tree (P<0.001) and a ^ignifi^antidjfference in Brix value (approximate sugar content) between male and female trees (1^=0.005). Seventy two crossbred pigs comprising Yorkshire, Landrace and local pigs raised from 20*80 kg on ]2 farms. The main energy source was palm juice fed restrictly. A daily amount of 400g soya beans of protein source were and daily supplement of 0.5 kg of water spinach and lime and salt were given. The average daily weight gain of the pigs of the twelve farmers was 356 g (range 320-417 g) and there were no statistically significant differences in live weight gains between fams (P=0.735). The demand for meat increases as the population grows, and the living standards improve. Therefore, the new technique to feed pigs with sugar palm juice is an alternative and interesting source of income for rurat communities in Cambodia. In addition, it will create work for the farmers and reduce the migration to the cities and simultaneously improves the use of local resources increasing the sustainability of agriculture.
Feed selectivity studies in sheep and goats offered multipurpose trees (MPT)
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 1996) Khama, Isaac Rashidi Saguti
Four experiments were conducted to evaluate voluntary intake, nutritive value and selectivity of three browse species (Albizia lebbek, Glyricidia sepium and Tamarindus indica) offered form of in fresh branches to confined sheep and goats. In experiment 1 voluntary intake of the browses offered as sole diet to the animals was studied. Experiment 2 examined voluntary intake of the browses offered with a basal ration of Chloris gayana hay Preference ranking of the browse species was carried out in experiment 3 . In experiment 4, DM degradability of botanical parts of browse species and basal ration (hay) were determined using fistulated sheep and goats. Twelve mature Black Head Persian (BHP) sheep aged between 21 and 90 months with initial liveweights ranging from 24.4 to 33.2 kg and twelve Small East African goats aged between 31 to 86 months with initial liveweights of 24.8 to 30.2 kg were used. Goats) were Eight animals (4 sheep and 4 randomly allocated to each browse experiments 1 and 2. type in In experiment 3, six sheep and six goats selected from animals used in experiments 1 and 2 were used for preference study. In study degradability (experiment4) , three fistulated sheep and three fistulated goats fed a standard diet were used to determine DM degradability of individual browse parts and hay. In experiment 1DM I total of (Leaves browses and bark) in sheep were 46.50 , 79.40 and 4 8.43 g/kgW0.75 day, for A. lebbek, G. sepium and T. indica respectively . The respective values for goats were 39.68 , 56.79 and 48.66 g/kgW' ■0.75 / day. In experiment 1more consumed sheep A.1ebbek and G.sepium (bark) and leaves) than goats (P<0.05) in terms of DM I (g/kgW075 / day). There was no significant difference between sheep and goats for the DMI of T.indica (P>0.05). In experiment 2 when Chloris gayana hay was offered in addition to browse species, DMI of A. lebbek in sheep increased to whereas 66.06 that of others declined to 64.64 (G. sepium) and 35.70 (T. indica) g/kgW r0.75 / day. In goats DMI of the browses also declined to 38.89 (A. lebbek), 56.25 (G. sepium) and 34.61 (T. indica) g/kgW 0.75 / day. However, total DMI (browse and hay) of sheep and goats observed in this experiment were higher(P than those of experiment 1 (sole browse). <0.05). In experiment 3 when all browse species and hay were offered together to individual animals goats consumed more T.indica and G. sepium (P <0.05) than sheep. The DMI (g /kgW075 / day) of sheep for A.lebbek was higher than that of goats (P<0.05) . However, total DMI (browses and hay) for sheep and goats were not significant (P>0.05). Leaves of all browse species had significantly higher (P<0.05) contents of soluble (a=32.2-38.6 vs 18.4-30.7%) and potential (total) degradable matter (a+b = 67.5- 85.6 vs 62.9-79.6%) than barks and hay. Species comparisons showed significant difference concluded that with low A. quality in lebbek, these sepium and T. G. roughage It parameters. Could was indica fed improve animal productivity through increased DM intake if mixed browses are offered simultaneously with hay. Further studies on protein. There is need fordegradability and factors limiting browse intake and their effects on actual (growth rates, milk yield etc) animal performance.
Appropriate use of local resources in integrated farming as a strategy for sustainable agriculture in central Vietnam
(Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 1996) Rodriguez, Lylian J.
The research was conducted from February 1995 to February 1996 in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam . Located in the Asia-Pacific region, Vietnani has an area of 329,560 km2 and its population is over 70 million people. The overall objective was to devise ways of making better use of the local resources, especially the livestock, in order to improve the well being of the people. The first study was carried out in two villages in a rain-led hilly region in Central Vietnam (Paper I). The original idea of evaluating an intervention based on restricted milking of the local cattle was abandoned in the light of the insistence of the farmers that the expected benefits vvere too long term and they had other more immediate pnonties. In contrast, discussions about the potential benefits from introducing low-cost biodigestcr technology were enthusiastically received, especially by the women. The traditional diet fbr pigs in the region is lacking in protein. Conventional protein suppknK ui.5 are expensive and their availability is low. Biodigesters produce nitrogen-nch effluent and arc a logical source of the required nutrients fbr growing aquatic plants such as duck weed as a local source of protein. Thus there was a potential connection between the biodigcsters (being installed primarily as a source of fuel) and the need to improve the diet of the pigs. It became apparent during the development of the "duck weed" project that tiiere were many factors which influenced duck weed production, some controllable and others determined by climatic conditions (flooding!). Management was found to be the most important factor —eg. the levels of eflfluent to be used, water exchange and the need to renovate the seed. Very little was known in the use of the biodigester effluent to produce duck weed in such conditions, so this aspect was a logical subject fbr ,,on-stationH research (Paper II) In Paper II the hypotheses to be evaluated were that: effluent from biodigesters would be an effective source of nutrients with which to grow duck weed of high protein content; and the protein level in the duck weed would be a function of the amount of effluent added to the pond water. Six ponds were used, each lined with polyethylene film (0.2mm thickness) having 9.4 m2 area and 15 cm water depth. The two treatments were 32 and 4.5 kg eSluent/m3 pond water which were estimated to support N concentrations in pond water of 73 and 10.3mg N/litre respectively. The effluent was from plastic tube continuous flow biodigesters, charged with pig manure, and contained 6.5% of solids and 3.41% of N in the solids. 200 g of duck weed/m2 were added to each pond and the total biomass was harvested at 3 day intervals over a period of 9 days. Biomass yield and protein (N*6.25) in the duck weed dry matter were linearly related with the N concentration in the pond water and negatively related with root length of the duck weed. Optimum levels ofN in pond water were in the range 40-60mg N/litre. Duck weed of more than35% protein had a root length less than 10mm. Duck weed biomass yield at optimum pond N levels was of the order of 100 g fresh biomass/m2/day with 6% dry matter and 30-40% protein (N*6.25) in the dry matter. As a result of the project activities in the village and based on fanners expectations, research to document the local breeds became a pnonty. A survey was done to get some baseline data. These observations at village level about the efficiency of the Mong Cai breed in the use of local resources were the basis to carry out an ,;on-station experiment" to explore the digestion parameters and N metabolism of Mong Cai and exotic breeds and their crosses (Paper III). The hypotheses to be evaluated in paper III were: (i) Mong Cai pigs would eat greater amounts of duck weed (Lenina minor) and use it more efficiently than exotic pigs such as those of the Large White breed, and (ii) duck weed grown in ponds fertilized with biodigester effluent would be a satisfactory source of supplementary protein in a low protein basal diet of sugar cane juice. Four Mong Cai male piglets (5-10 kg) were obtained from the local market; four Large White male piglets (12-17 kg) from a nearby State farm and four Mong Cai*Large White piglets (2 male and 2 female) (9-14 kg) from a litter (Mong Cai mother; LW sire) bom at the farm. They were housed in metabolism cages made from bamboo and wood (floor area 70*70 cm) with freedom to move around Relationships between tlic percentage of diet dry matter consumed as duck weed (X) and apparent cbgestibilin/ (DM and N) and N metabolism (retention as % of intake and digested N) v-ere denied lor the combined data for the 2 breed groups (8 pigs) and expressed as linear the regression coefficients of which were all significantly different from zero. Thee: were no significant diflcrenccs between Mong Cai and Mong Cai*Large White crosses for - of parameters and the results indicated that the nutritive value of duck weed is high /h to indigenous pigs and their crosses as a supplement in a basal diet of sugar cane juice. Fifty percent of the pigs were able to consume fresh duck weed in proportions sufficient to provide a diet with more than 10% of protein in the dry matter. Purebred exotic pigs (Large White) appeared to be less adapted to consume the duck weed. Key words: Sustainability^; Vietnam; Women; On farm research; Extension; Mi/k production; Low cost plastic biodigester; Effluent; Duck weed; Lemna; Integration; Ponds; Nitrogen; Protein; Pigs; Indigenous breeds; Animal welfare; Mong Cai: Energy; Sugar cane juice; Digestibility; N balance; Biodiversity.
Effect of level of inclusion of lablab meal in diet on carcass characteristic of Blackhead Persian Sheep
(1998) Muhikambele, V.R.M.; Mtenga, L.A.; Mafwere, W.D.
Twenty four Black Head Persian (BHP) castrate lambs weighing 14.1 ± 2.7 kg were randomly allotted to four dietary treatments . Animals on treatment A (control) were fed Rhodes (Chloris gayana) hay, ad libitum as basal diet, plus 3BO-g maize bran daily. Animals on treatments B, C and D were fed 'basal diet plus 3BO g of "maize bran and lablab meal" mixture at a ratio of 2.B:1, 0.9:1 and 0.27:1, respectively daily. Four animals from each treatment were selected for slaughter at the end of 99th day of feeding. The level of inclusion of lablab in the lambs' diet had no significant effect on all killing-out characteristics. However, the increase in dietary lablab level in supplement increased the hot carcass weight (HCW) and empty body weight (EBW). The mean HCWfortreatmentsA, B, C, andD were B.O, B.B, 9.2 and 9. 7 kg, respectively, while the respective mean EBWs were 15.3, 16.9, 17.B and 1B.2 kg. Dressing percentage showed no definite pattern. Regression of HCW on EBW and on slaughter weight showed high correlation coefficients (r = 0.91 and r = 0.90, respectively). Lean tissue weight increased with increasing lablab level in the supplement diet, while fat tissue decreased with increased dietary lablab levels (P < 0.10). Differences among treatments in carcass fat were however small and statistically non-significant. Although bone tissue did not show any defined trend, animals on treatment Chad heavier (B30 vs 716 g) carcass bone than animals on treatment A (P< 0.10). Expr,essed as percentages of the carcass, the weights of lean, fat and bone showed no significant treatment effects. However, the trend was an increase in percentage of lean tissue and a decrease in percentage offat tissue with increasing level of lablab in the supplement diet (60.9,51.3, 61.1 and 63% lean and 19.1,20.2, 1B.4and 17.5%fat,for treatments A, B, C and D, respectively).
Muscle distribution in farm animals: comparison between goats and other farm animals
(1998) Mtenga, L. A.; Owen, E.; Muhikambele, V.R.M.
Eight,male goats w,ere 'slaf.lghtered at. 36 kg, live weight (approximately two thirds of mature weight) and dissected, into individual anatomic m'((s(;les. Weights of individual muscles were then grouped into 8 functional units and compared with published data on bulls, rams and boars.' There was a wide species d(tference;in "size index'~ musGles..· Abdominal wall index was highest !'n boars followed by goats, bulls and'rams, the values being 108, 1.00, 91 m:zd 90 resp.ectivety. 9,o(lts had. higher i!ldices ill four;functional units: agility, locomotion, supporting muscles 'and specialised funCtionai mu~cles.· Muscle data .. o/ goa~s indicated that goats are most aggressive followed by bulls, rams and pigs.
Effect of level of inclusion of Lablab meal in diet on Carcass Chanlcteristi of blackhead Persian Sheep
(Tanzania Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 1998) Muhikambele, V. R. M.; Mtenga, L. A.; Mafwere, W. D.
Twenty four Black Head Persian (BHP) castrate lambs weighing 14.1 ± 2.7 kg were randomly allotted to four dietary treatments . Animals on treatment A (control) were fed Rhodes (Chloris gayana) hay, ad libitum as basal diet, plus 3BO-g maize bran daily. Animals on treatments B, C and D were fed 'basal diet plus 3BO g of "maize bran and lablab meal" mixture at a ratio of 2.B:1, 0.9:1 and 0.27:1, respectively daily. Four animals from each treatment were selected for slaughter at the end of 99th day of feeding. The level of inclusion of lablab in the lambs' diet had no significant effect on all killing-out characteristics. However, the increase in dietary lablab level in supplement increased the hot carcass weight (HCW) and empty body weight (EBW). The mean HCWfortreatmentsA, B, C, andD were B.O, B.B, 9.2 and 9. 7 kg, respectively, while the respective mean EBWs were 15.3, 16.9, 17.B and 1B.2 kg. Dressing percentage showed no definite pattern. Regression of HCW on EBW and on slaughter weight showed high correlation coefficients (r = 0.91 and r = 0.90, respectively). Lean tissue weight increased with increasing lablab level in the supplement diet, while fat tissue decreased with increased dietary lablab levels (P < 0.10). Differences among treatments in carcass fat were however small and statistically non-significant. Although bone tissue did not show any defined trend, animals on treatment Chad heavier (B30 vs 716 g) carcass bone than animals on treatment A (P< 0.10). Expr,essed as percentages of the carcass, the weights of lean, fat and bone showed no significant treatment effects. However, the trend was an increase in percentage of lean tissue and a decrease in percentage offat tissue with increasing level of lablab in the supplement diet (60.9,51.3, 61.1 and 63% lean and 19.1,20.2, 1B.4and 17.5%fat,for treatments A, B, C and D, respectively).
The Effect of Processing Method of Dolichos Bean (Lablab purpureus L. Sweet) on the Digestibility and Perfonnance of Growing-finishing pigs
(1998) Laswai, G.H.; Lekule, F. P.; Kimambo, A. E.; Sarawatt, A. E.; Sundsto, F.
A 4 x 4 Latin sqf!.are experiment was carried out using 4 bancows to investigate the effect of processing method on the digestibility ofnutrients of dolichos beans and nitrogen retention in pigs. Four diets were formulated to contain the control diet with 0.09 soybean meal or 0.33 of the control diet and O. 67 of each of either raw, boiled or roasted dolichos bean meal in diets I, II, III and IV, respectively. In another experiment, four diets were formulated such that O. 18 of raw (Diet 2), boiled (Diet 3) or roasted (Diet 4) dolichos bean meals replaced the 0.09 soybean meal contained in the contro[,(Diet I). These diets were ded to 12female and 12 castrated male pigs in a 4 x 2 factorial arrangement. Feed intake, growth performance and slaughter characteristics were evaluated. Mean values of crude protein digestability and nitrogen retention in the raw dolichos meal (50.6% and 18g/d) were relatively lower than in the processed meals (p ~ 0.05). The' corresponding values for boiled dolichos meal were higher (p < 0.05) than those of roasted meal (73.6% versus 65.2% and 12.8g/dversus 8. 7g/d)~ Animals fed on the raw dolichos diet (Diet 2) had significantly lower growth rates and poorer feed conversion ratio. The two parameters were improved on the animals fed on heat-treated dolichos diets. It was concluded that thermC!-processing, particularly boiling greatly improved nutrient availability and overall utilisation of dolichos bean meal for pigs.

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