Articles, Conference and Workshop Papers Collection

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Pedological and edaphological properties of the soils of two soil associations in the Morogoro area, Tanzania
(Trop. Agric. (Trinidad), 1982) Moberg, J. P.; Msanya, B. M.; Kilasara, M.
Pedological and edaphological properties of two soil associations forming a continuum from the Uluguru \mountain ranges to the Mindu mountain in the Morogoro area, Tanzania, have been investigated. The general /eatures of the area, including climate, geology and vegetation are discussed as is the movement of soluble salts on the slopes and its effects on soil composition. The investigation shows that there is a close connection between the three soil forming factors, climate, parent material, and relief and the mineral composition of the soils and their edaphological properties. This means that a thorough understanding of the soil forming factors and the soil development processes provides a key to land use evaluation of an area like this, where soil data often are lacking.
Classification of soil profiles from alluvial plains of greece (thessaly and pelopennesos) according to the USDA and FAO soil taxonomy systems
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 1986) Ala Loannis
Fifty profiles are studied for reclassification according to the USDA Soil Taxonomy System, The data come from soil surveys and investigations carried out since 1977 by the Institute of Soil Classification and Mapping of Larissa and by the Agriculture Faculty of Athens. According to the USDA Soil Taconomy Stystem (1975) the studied profiles are classified in five orders i.e. Mollisols, Entisols, Vertisols, Inceptisols and Alfisols, 7 suborders, 7 great groups, 20 subgroups. In the FAO-Unesco system they fall among the Gleysols, Fluvisols, Regosols, Luvisols, Vertisols, Cambisols and among 15 subunits. There were not sufficient data for the classification purposes and this as well for the chemical analyses (base saturation, cation exchange capacity, extractable cations, sulfidic material, C/N ratio, sometimes organic matter content and amorphous material) as for the particle size analysis (fine sand, fine clay), the physical analyses (bulk density, water retension capacity, n-value, Cole), the mineralogical analyses (clay mineralogy, amorphous minerals, weatherable minirals of 20-200 micron size) and the field observa tions (designation of organic matter, rubbed, dry and moist colour, colour, quantity and size of mottles, depth of cracking pattern, presence of pyroclas tic material, presence of ground water table, orientation, vegetation). Finally many of the chemical analysis should be considered as not accurate
Testing and improvement of a questionnaire to users soil maps
(Geo Abstracts Ltd, Norwich, 1987) Msanya, Balthazari, M; Langohr, R; Lopulisa, C
Ninety-four people from 35 countries responded to a questionnaire on the use of soil maps. Most respondents had used soil maps in the fields of agriculture, of forestry, soil conservation, environmental pollution and protection. 98% of the respondents had used soil maps for locating suitable areas for their professional work, 15% for teaching and research and 13% had also used soil maps to help get financial assistance. Less than half of the respondents had used interpretation maps derived from soil maps. Most maps were produced by government soil survey institutes, but 51% had also used soil maps produced by other government institutions including universities and research stations. Only 19% had used soil maps made by private soil survey organizations. Major problems encountered in using soil maps include poor legibility, problems of location on the maps, vague and complicated terminology. Most respondents felt that soil maps are essential for their projects. Only a few found soil maps completely useless. Based on the problems encountered while using soil maps, recommendations have been made to those involved in soil resource inventories. A revised questionnaire has also been proposed following comments made by the respondents of the previous one
Land use and land evaluation Systems Research Project
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 1993) Kimaro, D. N.; Msanya, B. M.; Maggogo, J. P.; Msaky, J. J.; Araki, S.; Hirai, H.
Soils and land evaluation of part of the sokoine university of agriculture farm (Tanzania) for some crops under rainfed conditions
(The Center for African Area Studies, Kyoto University, 1994) Kaaya, Abel K; Mrema, Jerome P; Msanya, Balthazar M
A detailed soil survey of about 420 ha of the central part of the Sokoine Uni versity of Agriculture farm was carried out for soil characterization. laboratory physico chemical characterization, soil classification and land suitability evaluation of the area with respect to maize (Zea mays), sorghum (Sorghum bic%r), paddy rice (Oryza sativa) and field beans (Phaseo/us vulgaris); all under rainfed conditions. The soils were mapped at 1/10,000 scale besed on slope, soil drainage, topsoil texture and effective soil depth and five mapping units were identified. Land suitability evaluation indicated that none of the identi fied mapping units was highly suitable for the above listed crops
Pedological studies and characterization of some benchmark soils of Morogoro district, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 1994) Msanya, B. M.; Kaaya, A. K.; Nyadzi, G. I.
A detailed characterization of soils earmarked as "Benchmark Soils of Morogoro District" in Tanzania was carried out to provide basic data required in planning and execution of soil fertility studies in the area. Benchmark soils are defined as those occuring in extensive areas and whose comprehensive characterization could contribute substantially to transfer of agro-technology from one area to another.
Land use and land evaluation research project
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 1994) Msanya, B. M.; Msaky, J.J.T
Land use and land evaluation research work was initiated in the Department of Soil Science of Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA) in collaboration with the Center for African Area Studies (CAAS) and Faculty of Agriculture of Kyoto University and the National Soil Service (NSS). This research project is funded through the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). Among the objectives of this research project is the development of a computer-based land evaluation system specific to and using data from Tanzania. To achieve this goal, the approach has been to direct studies on the major agroecological zones of the country. Lots of data on soils, crops and climates have been and continue to be generated (Kimaro et al., 1993; Magoggo et al., 1993) based on the concepts elaborated in the original research write-up on land use and land evaluation systems research (Msanya et al., 1991). Recently the trend has been to store these data in such a way that they can easily be retrieved by various users. This current compilation gives preliminary results and partly processed data of some agriculturally important areas including Sukumaland; Mtwara and Sumbawanga.
Socio-economics of land development for sustainable agricultural production in some villages in Mikese division, Morogoro district, Tanzania.
(1995) Shayo-Ngowi, A. J.; Msanya, B. M.; Klmaro, D. N.
The purpose of this study was to examine the socio-economics of resource use in the traditional farming system in selected villages in Mikese Division, Morogoro Rural District. Data collection was based on surveys using a structured questionnaire. Tools of analysis employed included descriptive statistics, gross margins, mUltiple regression and correlation analysis. The results reveal that most of the farmers in the survey area have one plot around the homestead and additional plots located away from the households. Households with one plot vary from 35% in Mkambarani to 45% in Fulwe. Forty to thirty five percent in Rubungo and Maseyu respectively have one plot. In basically all villages, households with 2 to 3 plots ranges between 30 and 45 percent. About 25% of the households in the villages have 4 to 5 plots. Households with more than 5 plots range from 4% in Rubungo to 10% in Maseyu. Thirty five to forty five percent of the households in the four villages have their plots located 1.0 km away from the homesteads. A greater percentage of households from Fulwe and Maseyu however, have their plots located some 2.0 km away from the homesteads. Only 20% of Rubungo and 15% of Mkambarani have their plots located 2.0 km away from the homesteads. Plots located 3-5 km away from the homesteads vary from 10-15% in Rubungo, Fulwe and Maseyu and 10-25% in Mkambarani. The average cultivated area per family ranged from 10.5 to 23.5 hectares for all crops. The main crops grown in the four villages are maize, paddy, cotton, sesame, sunflower, cowpeas and cassava. The results indicate that maize was grown in all villages and form the biggest crop farm size. Maize yields per hectare varied from 800 kilogrammes per hectare in Rubungo to 1000 kilogrammes per hectare in Mkambarani. Paddy, which forms the second biggest crop farm size is mainly grown in Mkambarani (3.5 ha per household). The other villages grow about 1.0 ha per household. Cotton which forms the third biggest farm size in the villages studied yields 2,500 kilogrammes per hectare in Maseyu and 3,500 kilogrammes per hectare in Mkambarani. Mkambarani has also the biggest hectarage of sunflower with 3.9 ha per household, followed by Rubungo, Maseyu and Fulwe with 1.4, 1.3, and 1.2 hectares per household respectively. Mkambarani appears also to lead in cassava production, 1.8 ha per household followed by Rubungo and Maseyu with 1.2 ha per household each. Fulwe has an average of 0.8 ha per household.
Pedological investigations of sites for slash and burn experiment in Lupilo village and soil erosion studies in Tukuzi village, Mbinga District, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture and ARI Mlingano, 1995) Kimaro, D.N; Msanya, B.M; Maggogo, J.P
The study area (Mbinga district) is under the Miombo Woodland zone of Tanzania which are areas that are or at one time were under Miombo Woodlands. Two villages namely Lupilo and Tukuzi were covered in the study at the request of other scientists interested to carry out experiments respectively on "slash and burn" type of agriculture and on soil erosion. Detailed characterization of two sites representative of the two villages was done including general ecological conditions, pedological measurements and soil clay mineralogy.
Pedological investigations and land resources characterization in Lupilo village, Mbinga district, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture and ARI Mlingano, 1995) Msanya, B. M.; Maggogo, P. J.; Kimaro, D. N.
This report describes the natural resources study of Lupilo village as part of the continuing project on the assessment of the natural resources of Mbinga district. The study involved measurements of terrain characteristics, quantitative investigations of soil properties, inventory of land use systems and an assessment of the ecological potential and constraints as determined from a balance sheet analysis of resources and land use requirements.
Investigation of environmental factors for Land management in Litembo village, Mbinga District, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture and ARI Mlingano, 1996) Kimaro, D.N; Meliyo, J.L; Msanya, B.M; Maggogo, J.P; Wickama, J.M
This report describes the natural resources study of Litembo village as part of the continuing project on the assessment of the natural resources of Mbinga district. The study covers measurements of terrain elements, soil physical and chemical properties, land use systems including farming and production systems and an appraisal of the ecological potential and constraints of the village natural resources.
Investigation of the environmental attributes for agricultural development in kitanda village, Mbinga district, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 1996) Msanya, B.M; Wickama, J.M; Kimaro, D.N; Maggogo, J.P; Meliyo, J.L
This report describes the study of environmental attributes of Kitanda village as part of the continuing project on the assessment of the natural resources of Mbinga district. The study involved measurements of terrain elements, quantitative investigations of soil properties, inventory of land use systems and an assessment of the ecological potential and constraints as determined from a balance sheet analysis of resources and land use requirements.
Effects of Kocide 101® on the bean (Phaseolus vulgaris, L.) - Rhizobium symbiosis
(Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B — Soil & Plant Science, 1998) Baijukya, F. P.; Semu, E.
A glasshouse study was undertaken to investigate the effects of the copper fungicide Kocide 101 and its residues in soil on the growth. nodulation and nitrogen fixation of beans (Phaseolus iulgaris, L.). The soil used was a sandy clay loam classified as Typic Rhodustalf. The bean variety SUA 90 was used as test crop. The bean rhizobia strains CIA T 899, PV1 and a local isolate were used. Kocide 101 applied at the recommended rate (equivalent to 1.7 mg kg-I soil) had no significant negative eff ects on the growth. nodulation or nitrogen fixation of bean plants. Higher levels of Kocide 101 significantly (P < 0.05) reduced plant growth, nodulation and nitrogen fixation.The bean plants inoculated with the "local isolate" rhizobia had the highest dry matter weights. nodule numbers and nodule dry weights,and also had more N fixation. They were followed by those inoculated with the PV1 strain and. lastly, those inoculated with CIA T 899.The growth and nodulation of bean plants were still curtailed by the Kocide 101 residues four months after the fungicide was first applied to the soil. Therefore, occurrence of high levels of Kocide 101 in soils can have long-term effects on the performance of the bean-rhizobia symbiosis.
The potential of Sesbania rostrata as green manure: nitrogen fixation and the relative contributions of root and stem nodules to fixation in Morogoro, Tanzania
(UN1SWA, 1998) Lwekoramu, P. E.; Semu, E.
The legume plant Sesbania rostrata, an important green manure plant in some parts of Asia, occurs also in Tanzania where its manurial value is not exploited. In order to assess its potential as green manure in Tanzania, a glasshouse study was undertaken to evaluate the ability of S. rostrata to fix nitrogen (N) under Morogoro conditions. The S. rostrata seeds, and nodules for the Rhizobium inoculum, were obtainedfrom the Dodoma area of Central Tanzania. The seeds were grown in a Vertic Ustifluvent soil in 20-litre plastic pots. The split-plot design was used. Waterlogged and drained soil conditions were imposed as main-plot treatments. The sub-plots were the control, seed inoculation, stem inoculation, and seed + stem inoculation. By 60 days ofplant growth, root nodule weights were higher (P=O.05) in the inoculated treatments in the waterlogged soil. Stem nodule weights were not significantly different between the moisture regimes, though numbers were higher (P=O.OI) in the drained soil. Stem inoculation resulted in higher (P=O.OI) nodulation compared to that under seed inoculation or control. Put together, nodule weights at 60 days after emergence were lower (P=0.05) in the drained soil. Overall, inoculation increased the level of nodulation over that in the controls. Consequently, N2fixation was greater (P=O.05) in the waterlogged than in the drained soil. Inoculation resulted in more N,fixation than that in controls. Stem nodules contributed significantly (P=O.05) to total nodulation and N2fixation. The higher level of Nsfixation followtng inoculation as compared to that in the controls indicates feasibility of improving the N content of S. rostrata plants/manure through inoculation. The poorer performance under drained soil conditions was attributed 10 infestation of the plants by root-knot nematodes in that moisture regime.
Bean Nodulation Patterns in Soils of Different Texture at Morogoro, Tanzania
(1998) Msumali, G.P.; Judith, A.K.
system in three soils of varying texture and % recovery of rhizobia I cells immediately after inoculation into such soils. Effects of inoculation methods (seed pelleting versus soil inoculation) on nodulation and plant growth were investigated in the three soils using a serologically- marked Rhizobium strain (ClAT 899) which was subsequently monitored in the nodules by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. When the major soil chemical factors affecting nodulation were standardized, bean nodulation patterns continued to be closely related to soil texture, being higher in the sandy and loamy soils than in the fine-textured clay. Soil inoculation consistently gave better nodulation than seed pelleting.According to the ELISA procedure however, percent nodule occupancy by ClAT 899 showed patterns completely the opposite of the nodulation trends outlined above, being 100% in the clay but only 10% in the sandy soil. Thus, nodulation success by the inoculum was total in the clay but only dismal in the sandy soil. The unexpected discrepancy between inoculum success on the one hand and nodulation plus plant growth response on the other, is discussed.
Bean nodulation patterns in soils of different texture at Morogoro, Tanzania
(1998) Msumali, G.P.; Judith, A.K.
This study was designed to examine the, relationship between nodulation in a bean-Rhizobium system in three soils of varying texture and % recovery of rhizobia I cells immediately after inoculation into such soils. Effects of inoculation methods (seed pelleting versus soil inoculation) on nodulation and plant growth were investigated in the three soils using a serologically- marked Rhizobium strain (ClAT 899) which was subsequently monitored in the nodules by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. When the major soil chemical factors affecting nodulation were standardized, bean nodulation patterns continued to be closely related to soil texture, being higher in the sandy and loamy soils than in the fine-textured clay. Soil inoculation consistently gave better nodulation than seed pelleting.According to the ELISA procedure however, percent nodule occupancy by ClAT 899 showed patterns completely the opposite of the nodulation trends outlined above, being 100% in the clay but only 10% in the sandy soil. Thus, nodulation success by the inoculum was total in the clay but only dismal in the sandy soil. The unexpected discrepancy between inoculum success on the one hand and nodulation plus plant growth response on the other, is discussed.
A Technique for Controlling Matric Suction on Filter Papers used in seed Gennination Tests, Imbibition, root and shoot Growth studies
(1998) Rwehumbiza, F.B.R.; Mullins, C.E.
Moist filter papers are widely usedfor seed gennination tests but their water confent and matric suction are not usually controlled. A technique for controlling filter paper matric suction is described and usedfor germination studies involving fresh and aged sorghum seed (Sorghummcolor (L) Moench). Filter papers wetted to matric suctions of 0.1 ,land 10 kPa were used to study germination, root and shoot growth rate offour cultivars (M35-1, ICSV-1l2, CSH-9 & CSH-ll) of sorghum at 25°C. Time to germination, root and shoot growth were all affected by the increase in matric suction from either 0.1 to 1, or 1 to 10 kPa. Root and shoot emergence ratefrom seeds, decreased with increasing matrie suction. The increase in matric suction resulted in significant reductions (P= O. 05) in final root and shoot length. Final germination percentage was not affected by variation§ in matric suction. Ageing delayed shoot emergence. Seedlings with emetged shoots were significantly fewer at 10 kPa as compared to 1 kPa only for aged seed, and for all cultivars except Icsv-i 12. A link between matrie suction, seed-liquid contact area and the rate of water uptake by seed is demonstrated. We conclude from this study: that changes in the matric suction on filter paper even at the wet end will cause variations in gennination rate and therefore ought to be controlled during germination tests. Seed tests separated in time and space can not be compared iffilter paper matric suction is not controlled.
Characterization of soils on various planation surfaces in Tanzania
(Proceedings of the World Congress of Soil Science, 1998-08-26) Shigeru, Araki; Msanya, B. M.; Magoggo, Juvent P.; Kimaro, Didas N.; Kitagawa, Yasuo
Land characteristics, run-off and potential for rainwater harvesting in semi-arid areas of Tanzania
(1999) Rwehumbiza, F.B.R.; Hatibu, N.; Machibya, M.
Effective utilization of rainfall in semi-a~'d areas is very much depeliaent on lahd cha;"(lctelistics, land use, and managemellt practices. Important land cl19racteristics include soil, type, soil hy~ draulic properties down the profile, soil valiation along-the catena,_slope and vegetation cover. In most semi-mid areas -of'Tan'zallia~ three soil types dominate tlie c~tena. The top of the catena is normally occupied byLithisols. The middle piirt is usually subjected to erosion mzd is occupied by a complex of soils but usually Cambisolsl Arenosolsl Ferrosols. Soils with vel1ic propel1ies commonly Verlisols are found at 'the bottom of the catena. The relative proportions of the three sections in a given catena, how they are used and managed, detemzine the amount of runoff, erosion and the potential for rainwater harvesting (RWH). These factors also have a velY impOl1QIlt ilif/uence 011 the ability of the soil to receive, store, redis~libute and release rainwater. This paper presents case studies from' sites in Mwanga, Same, Morogoro' and Maswa Distlicts, Tanzania to elaborate the role of these factors in RWH. It is concluded that the landscape is an impOl1Q/zt factor in dete171zining yield, control and management of runoff, and hence potential for RWH. The catena is a natural set-up for rainwater harvesting where the top section acts as natural generator of runoff and' the-bottom section as natural receiver.
Pedological characterization, clay Mineralogy and classification of, some Soil of Mikese Area, Morogoro District, Tanzama
(1999) Msanya, B. M.; Kimaro, D.N.; Kimbe, G.G.
A study was carried out in Mikese Ward, Morogoro District, with the objective to make an inventory·of the soils of the area, to determine their physico-chemical and mineralogical properties and to classify them. Eight soil profiles were identified and form three major groups of soils ·namely, very deep, well drained, dark reddish brown to dark brown, sandy clay loams and sandy clays on the steep convex slopes; very deep, well drained, dark brown to dark red, sandy clay loams and; sandy clays on the linear slopes; and very deep, well and imperfectly drained sa1'1dy loams to sandy clay loams a~q sandy clays in the valley bottoms. The soils of the convex and linear slC?pes classified as Isohyperthermic, deep, mixed, Kanhaplic Haplustalfs and Isohyperthermic, deep, mixed Oxic Ustropepts representin~ a relatively advanced pedogenic development as indicated by high contents of Fe, Al and,Ti and relatively low SiiAI ratios. The soils of the valley bottoms classified as Isohyperthennic, deep, mixed, 'Typic Argiustolls, Isohyperthermic, deep, mixed, Typic Tropaquepts and Isohyperthermic, deep; mixed, Fluventic Ustropepts. These soils are of low to intermediate pedogenic development as indicated by the relatively lower Fe, Al and Ti contents and both high Stand SilAI ratios. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that the studied soils have a mixed clay mineralogy including kaolinite and mica. Small amounts of smeciite were identified in one profile with alkaline subsoil reaction. Bulk densities of surface horizons are rela~ tively lower than those of subsoils rangingfrom 1.1 to I. 6 Mglm3 in topsoils andfrom i.4 to i.-9Mglm1 in subsoils. Total porosity rangedfrom 40 to 58% in surface soiis and frbm'28 to,32 % in ~ubsoils. Available water holding capacities of the soils are between 155 and 248 mmlm of soil. The soils IWve overall poor supply of Nand P. The basic catio,!s Ca++, Mg+ + and, K+' are medium to high throughout the profiles. The CEC of the soils is very low with values rangingfroin 6 to 13 cmol(+ J/kg soil). These results imply that continuous utilization of the soils for c;rop production withoutproper management will result into a drastic loss of soil fertility.

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