Browsing by Author "Sikira, A. N."
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Item Community perception on male circumcision for HIV/AIDS prevention in Makete district(JCEE, 2013) Sikira, A. N.; Sanga, A. P.A study was conducted to assess community perception towards male circumcision and HIV prevention in Makete District. A cross-sectional research design was used employing quantitative and qualitative for data collection. Quantitative data were collected using a questionnaire administered to 420 respondents; while qualitative data were collected using a checklist with questions administered to key informants and focus group discussants. The prevalence rate for HIVIAIDS was found to be 11% determined using secondary data from Makete district Hospital. It was noted that 59.7% of the respondents had a negative perception towards male circumcision while 32.7% had a positive perception. Positive perceptions of men and women were found to be an important aspect towards male circumcision. It was also noted that cultural factors hinder men to opt for male circumcision. The need for including women in the campaign towards male circumcision was found to influence male circumcision of their sexual partner. These findings lead to the conclusion that in order to have an effective HIVIAIDS prevention programs, a combination of approaches is required. Nonetheless, male circumcision should never replace other known methods such as use of condom for HIV prevention.Item Engaging men in women’s economic empowerment in Butiama district, Mara Region, Tanzania(IGI Global, 2018) Sikira, A. N.; Matekere, T.; Urassa, J. K.The chapter addresses women’s income poverty using men as active participants in empowering women economically. Butiama district was used as a study area, using 120 women and their husbands who were beneficiaries of the programme dealing with loan provision. As an outcome of the study, men had little participation in women’s economic activities, hence, women’s economic empowerment was at medium level. Unlike men, women’s income was used for fulfilling basic needs of the family, therefore, had little impact on their economic empowerment. By conclusion, men as decision makers have high impact on women’s economic empowerment. It is recommended that, awareness creation among men would enhance their participation in empowering women. Improvement of women’s access to and control over production resources would improve their income. It is recommended that lobbying and advocacy approaches should be applied to enable women’s control over the production resources.Item Factors influencing extractive companies benefits sharing with host communities in Kilwa district, Tanzania(2018-05-05) Mwakyambiki, S. E.; Sikira, A. N.; Massawe, F. A.The effects of stakeholder influential attributes in benefits sharing fromextractive companies have not beenmuch emphasized.Extractive companies feels that , it is the role of the Government to provide social services to her citizens because campaniespaid statutory taxes they are obligated to pay. However, communities surrounding extraction activities have theright to share benefits because they are exposed to different risks. The paper analysed factors influencing extractive companies sharing benefits with host communities in Tanzania. Specifically, this paper examined; respondents’ characteristics, stakeholder expectations, the perceived benefits sharing and factors influencing extractive companies to share benefits with host communities. A cross-sectional research design was used to collect quantitative data from 373 respondents. Binary logistic regression was used to determine factors influencing benefit sharing. It was found that the stakeholder had higher expectation of benefit sharing however; they perceived low level of benefits sharing from extractive companies. The binary logistic analysis confirmed that distance, education and legitimacy influenced benefit sharing from extractive companies. It is recommended that extractive companies and the Government should take into consideration the stakeholder’ expectations as a starting point to improve benefits sharing from extractive companies. It is also recommended that extractive industry should improve communication channels with the host communities to allow local people to understand opportunuties available from extraction busines companies.Item Gender aspects in the dairy value chain in Tanzania: A review of literature(LRRD, 2018-04-30) Sikira, A. N.; Waithanji, E. M.; Galie, A.; Baltenweck, I.Gender inequalities in the dairy value chain in Tanzania cannot be over emphasized. A desk review of (29) published and (32) gray literature was done to analyze gender inequalities in the Tanzanian dairy value chain from independence to date. Lack of sex disaggregated data used for monitoring, evaluation and impact assessment of the interventions soon after independence was among the outcome of the study. Further, women, unlike men, lack skills for enhancing dairy income generation owing to their limited access to training and other technologies. The study concludes that the Tanzania’s dairy value chain is predominantly gender aware, but stuck at a place where gender issues identified are not dealt with. The projects also appear to have a low commitment to address the gender issues identified which could be due to a low political will or a low capacity to collect sex disaggregated data, conduct gender analysis of the recommended interventions that will narrow the gender gaps and implement these recommendations. The authors recommend projects to recruit gender experts and train project staff on the economic benefits of integrating gender and how to mainstream gender in projects including collecting sex disaggregated data, analyzing it by gender and how to develop indicators to measure progress. The projects should be informed by comprehensive gender mainstreaming strategies that indicate how gender will be mainstreamed at every step of the project cycle. Ways of creating space for and maintaining women in male dominating nodes of the dairy value chain should be sought, tested and applied by research and development actors.Item Gender based violence and legal aid services interventions among rural women in Morogoro rural and Kongwa Districts, Tanzania(2016) Nyange, T. M.; Sikira, A. N.; Lyimo-Macha, J. G.Several initiatives have been implemented to promote human rights targeting women. Despite, Legal Aid Services (LAS) provided to women, violation of human rights manifested in the form of Gender Based Violence (GBV) is still high among women globally, regionally and Tanzania in particular. Using Freire’s theory, this paper analyses the contribution of LAS interventions to combat GBV incidents among rural women. The study involved 240 rural women in Morogoro Rural and Kongwa Districts. Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) Version 16 was used to analyze the data. A GBV index was constructed indicating levels of GBV in the study areas. Women in the study areas were experiencing a medium level of GBV. Wife battery, deprivation of basic necessities and marital rape were the most common forms of GBV practised in the study areas. Generally, beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries of LAS experienced some forms of GBV regardless of their involvement in LAS interventions. However, Mann-Whitney U test revealed a significant difference in the actions taken against perpetrators of GBV for beneficiaries (Md = 5, n = 98) and for non-beneficiaries (Md = 2, n = 95), U =2837, Z = -4.730, p = 0.000, r = 0.3. The distinguished differences might be related to the acquired knowledge through LAS intervention on women’s legal rights education. Hence, the knowledge inspires them to take legal actions of reporting GBV incidents. These results have implication on changing the odds of GBV status. Therefore, the government and LAS stakeholders should put more emphasis on raising awareness about women’s legal right education and publicizing the availability of LAS providers, particularly at the grassroots level where the majority is less informed.Item Gender issues in dairy and beef value chains in Tanzania(Tanzania Journal of Development Studies, 2012) Nombo, C. I.; Sikira, A. N.This study was conducted to assess the role and level of participation of women, men and youth in the dairy and meat value chains. The study also focused on gender constraints and challenges that hinder equitable involvement of women and men in the chains. Using Kilimanjaro, Arusha and Dar es Salaam as study areas, interviews with key informants were conducted using a checklist of questions. Desk review of relevant literature was also done. Content analysis was used to analyze the information collected. The study found out that men and women play important role in both milk and beef value chains, but the extent of their involvement differ significantly. Women were found to be concentrated in lower and insecure nodes of the milk and beef value chain. However, few women who are milk producers have been able to engage or develop horizontal linkages by forming processing and marketing groups. Though there is use of improved technologies, some of these seem to increase women workload. Generally, socio-cultural issues hinder women from fully participating in the beef value chain. Thus, the study recommends that simple and appropriate dairy and beef technologies be developed so as to promote women's participation in the chains. Also, awareness creation to community members is important to sensitize the people on the role women can play in both dairy and more so in beef sector.Item Gendered access and control over land and water resources in the southern agricultural growth corridor of Tanzania(2017-04-28) Sikira, A. N.; Kashaigili, J. J.This paper assessed the gendered access and control over land and water, using the Ihemi cluster of the Southern Agricultural Growth Corridor of Tanzania (SAGCOT) as a study area. Specifically, the paper answered the question on how decisions are made between men and women over land and water in the SAGCOT area, as well as how access and control over land and water is conducted. Data for this paper was drawn from the baseline study which was conducted for the project known as Laying Foundation for Effective Landscape-level Planning for Sustainable Development (LiFELand). A cross-sectional research design was used, whereby a questionnaire was administered to 167 women and 440 men. In addition, focus group discussions and key informant interviews were also conducted to complement and allow triangulation of data. Quantitative data was analyzed descriptively; while, qualitative data was analyzed using content analysis. In general, the results show that female headed households accounted for more than a quarter of the surveyed households; the number was slightly higher in the Njombe region. Results further show that women had no control over land and water as important productive resources in rural areas. The results also show that a larger proportion of both men and women had no right of occupancy over the land they owned hence their inability to use it as collateral in accessing loans from formal financial institutions. The paper therefore recommends efforts be made to empower women, hence enabling them to actively participate in decision-making, particularly regarding land and water. Equitable decision-making power can immensely enhance ecosystem conservation and sustainable utilization over land and water as women are the major actors in agriculture. To achieve gender equality there is a need for awareness creation for both men and women using gender sensitive programs that will allow not only equality in use but a sustainable utilization of Land and Water as important natural resources in the SAGCOT (Southern Agriculture Growth Corridor) areas.Item Gendered opportunities, challenges and prospects of the dairy value chain in Tanzania(2018) Sikira, A. N.; Waithanji, E. M.; Galie, A.; Baltenweck, I.This paper discusses the gender gaps in the dairy value chain in Tanzania and the challenges and opportunities for addressing them. A desk review was conducted to study various interventions carried out in Tanzania from colonial period to-date. Results show that there was no gender consideration during colonial period and soon after independence. Interventions by Heifer Project International from 1980s were the first to consider gender issues in the Tanzanian dairy value chain. Gender gaps such as high workload for women, lack of market information on milk and other dairy products and lack of capacity to control resources emanating from the dairy value chain were identified. Other challenges identified include lack of skills for improving dairy management owing to their limited access to training and other technologies. Further, data used for planning, monitoring, evaluation and impact assessment of the interventions was not sex disaggregated; and there was a lack of political will to integrate gender issues by the project leaders.Opportunities available for bridging the gender gaps include availability of friendly technologies to women such as preservation of feeds for use in the dry season when the price of milk is high and use of mobile phones to access market information. The study concludes that proper integration of gender in the project cycle will help to narrow the gender gaps. The study recommends project leaders to integrate / mainstream gender in projects by engaging gender specialists to guide project staff on how to systematically integrate gender as well as develop or enhance the capacity of employees on gender; and to demonstrate, with examples, the economic benefits of integrating gender in projects.Item Small holder's peception towards gender inequitable practices at household level in Arumeru district, Tanzania(International Journal of Research and Methodology in Social Sciences, 2016-07) Ngoteya, G. B.; Sikira, A. N.Gender inequality in household decisions entails importanr economic and SOC10- psychological cousequeuces to women. In thi; paper. the perception of men and women towards gender inequitable practices in households was examined amoug. the smallholder couununities of Aruineru District. Three hundred participants (50% women and 50% men) were randomly chosen among the members of smallholder groups (including fanner producers' groups. rotating savings groups. dairy farming groups. faith-based and women's group', in Arumeru) and non-group members, Focus group discussion. in-depth. key-informant interviews and the household nl''\"eyquestionnaire was administered, V3Il0US statistical procedures including the Mana-Whitney U test was used to check the statistical significance of the factors influencing perception on gender equitable practices. Descriptive statistics like frequencies. percentages and means were also used. Owrall. the majority of smallholder farmers in Arnmeru District were found to have positive attitudes towards gender equitable norms/practices. Generally. the study has found negative relationship between perceptions on gender equitable practices/norms and various factors such as education level (P = 0.004 ). leadership experience (P = 0.001). group membership {P = 0.033}. and age cohorts (P = 0.000).Areas for improvement were also identified ill which it is generally recommended that gender inclusive approaches should be applied and that meu should also be part and parcel of processes implied ill desiguiug and implementing programs aiming at addressing gender inequalities.Item Women to women marriages (nyumba nthobhu): Violence among infertile women in Mara region, Tanzania(2012) Sikira, A. N.; Chingonikaya, E.; Ringo, J.This paper examines women to women marriages (nyumba ntobhu) and its relation with gender-based violence (GBV) in Serengeti District of Mara Region. It also explores types of gender-based violence and consequences of women to women marriages among women, girls and children in the society. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected. Questionnaire was used as a tool for quantitative data collection, while focus groups discussion and in-depth interviews were used as the main tools for qualitative data gathering. The study findings revealed that there are various forms of GBV practiced in Serengeti district such as wife batter, early marriage and women to women marriages involVing the old infertile women and young girls. This type of marriage is practiced for continuity of the old women ciao. The young girl is also the care giver of the old woman . Marriage between the two women is justified by the bride price paid before marriage; hence there is no intimate relationship between the two women . The man is selected from the clan of the old woman for reproduction purposes with the young woman. Gender-based violence are practiced before and after maniage to all individuals (old women, young girls, invisible husbands and children) involved. Consequences of women to woman marriage include the risk for contracting STis, and poverty among women raising their children as single parents. It is recommended that lobbying and advocacy by traditional leaders would reduce some of cultural norms exacerbating gender-based violence.Item Women’s attitude towards violence against women in relation to legal aid service interventions in Morogoro rural and Kongwa districts, Tanzania(2017-07-24) Nyange, T. M.; Sikira, A. N.; Lyimo-Macha, J. G.Understanding of women’s attitude toward Gender Based Violence (GBV) against Women in the context of LAS is crucial for effective utilization of the service and prevention strategies. Thus this study examines attitude of women towards GBV against women with regards to their involvement in Legal Aid Services (LAS) interventions in Morogoro Rural and Kongwa districts. Quantitative data were collected using a structured questionnaire while qualitative data from KIIs and FGDs were collected using interview guides. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were done using SPSS. A Likert scale was used to measure attitude of women towards GBV against women. Mann Whitney U test was used to determine differences in women’s attitude towards GBV against women in relation to LASs between LAS beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries. Also, ordinal logistic regression was employed to determine the effects of LAS intervention on attitude of women towards GBV against women. Overall, 58.3% of the women had negative attitude towards GBV against women, while 32.9% of the women had positive attitude. Generally, the attitude towards GBV against women was statistically different (p < 0.05) between beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries of LAS interventions. Involvement of women in LAS interventions and ethnic background were found to be stronger predictors of attitude of women towards GBV against women. It is recommended that LAS providers should arrange more sensitization campaigns and education sessions on human and women’s legal rights. The campaign should involve all communities focusing on raising awareness about existing myths fuelling GBV against women based on cultural background.