Department of Veterinary Surgery and Theriogenology
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Browsing Department of Veterinary Surgery and Theriogenology by Subject "anatomy"
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Item Morphology of the thoracic limb of goat as evidenced by gross osteology and radiology(Anatomia Histologia Embryologia, 2017-12) Makungu, M.; Merere, B.The objective of this study was to provide the detailed normal gross osteology and radiographic anatomy of the thoracic limb in goats as a reference for clinical use and in biomedical research. Radiography of the thoracic limb was performed in five small East African goats. Radiographic findings were correlated with bone specimens from four adult small East African goats. The scapula was narrow. The major tubercle was large and extended proximally above the head of the humerus. The lateral supracondylar crest was less prominent. The lateral and medial epicondyles of the humerus were almost of the same size. The lateral surface of the lateral condyle of the humerus presented a prominent depression for the origin of extensors of the carpus and digits. The cranially located radial notch was deep seated and the radial tuberosity was represented by a rough area located nearer to the head of the radius. The fifth metacarpal bone was seen in all animals. The morphology of the thoracic limb of small East African goats indicated the presence of powerful extensor muscles and is restricted to forward and backward movements as an adaptation to terrestrial lifestyle.Item Radiographic abdominal anatomy in captive red pandas (Ailurus fulgens)(Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 2018-03) Makungu, M.; du Plessis, W. M.; Barrows, M.; Groenewald, H. B.; Koeppel, K. N.The red panda (Ailurus fulgens) is classified as an endangered species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. The aim of this study was to describe the normal radiographic abdominal anatomy in red pandas to provide guidance for clinical use. Radiography of the abdomen was performed in nine captive red pandas during their annual health examinations. Seven of nine animals had six lumbar vertebrae. The sacrum consisted mainly (8/9) of three fused segments. Hypaxial muscles were easily seen in animals weighing 5 kg and above. The pylorus was located to the right of the midline and cranially to the fundus in 8/9 individuals. Bunching of small intestine in the right central abdomen occurred in animals weighing 6 kg and above. The spleen was prominent. Knowledge of the normal radiographic abdominal anatomy of red pandas is important in the diagnosis of diseases and in routine health examinations.Item Radiographic Thoracic Anatomy of the Red Pand (Ailurus fulgens)(Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 2016-09) Makungu, M.; du Plessis, W. M.; Barrows, M.; Groenewald, H. B.; Koeppel, K. N.The red panda (Ailurus fulgens) is classified as an endangered species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. The natural distribution of the red panda is in the Himalayas and southern China. Thoracic diseases such as dirofilariasis, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, tracheal obstruction, lung worm infestation, and pneumonia have been reported in the red panda. The aim of this study was to describe the normal radiographic thoracic anatomy of captive red pandas as a species-specific reference for routine health examinations and clinical cases. Right lateral (RL) and dorsoventral (DV) inspiratory phase views of the thorax were obtained in 11 adult captive red pandas. Measurements were made and ratios calculated to establish reference ranges for the mean vertebral heart score on the RL (8.34 6 0.25) and DV (8.78 6 0.34) views and the mean ratios of the caudal vena cava diameter to the vertebral body length above tracheal bifurcation (0.67 6 0.05) and tracheal diameter to the width of the third rib (2.75 6 0.24). The majority of animals (10/11) had 14 thoracic vertebrae, except for one animal that had 15 thoracic vertebrae. Rudimentary clavicles were seen in 3/11 animals. The ovoid, oblique cardiac silhouette was more horizontally positioned and elongated in older animals. A redundant aortic arch was seen in the oldest animal. The trachea was seen with mineralized cartilage rings in all animals. The carina was clearly seen in the majority of animals (10/11). Variations exist in the normal radiographic thoracic anatomy of different species. Knowledge of the normal radiographic thoracic anatomy of the red panda should prove useful for routine health examinations and in the diagnosis of thoracic diseases.Item Thoracic radiographic anatomy in goats(Tanzania Veterinary Journal, 2014) Paulo, Peter; Makungu, M.; Paulo, P.The aim of this study was to describe the normal radiographic anatomy of the thorax of small East African goats as a reference for clinical use. Radiography of the thorax was performed under general anaesthesia in 10 healthy small East African goats. Right lateral (RL), left lateral (LL), dorsoventral (DV) and ventrodorsal (VD) views of the thorax were obtained at the end of inspiration. Reference ranges were established and ratios were calculated. The number of thoracic vertebrae ranged from 12 (1/10) to 13 (9/10). The mean number of sternebrae was 4.8 ± 0.42. The cardiac silhouette was rounded (7/10) and angular shaped (8/10) on the DV and VD views, respectively. The mean vertebral heart score (VHS) on the RL view (10.02 ± 0.33) was significantly (P < 0.0001) larger than that of the DV view (8.21 ± 0.49). The trachea was narrow and the mean ratio of the trachea diameter (TD) to thoracic inlet distance (TID) was 0.11 ± 0.02. On lateral views, the caudal vena cava (CVC) was frequently (9/10) clearly visible. The aorta was not clearly visible on lateral views. The mean ratio of the CVC diameter to the height of the fourth thoracic vertebral body (T4) was 1.08 ± 0.07. Species specific differences exist in the normal radiographic anatomy of the thorax. Knowledge of the normal thoracic radiographic anatomy of small East African goats should prove useful in the diagnosis of thoracic diseases.Item Thoracic radiographic anatomy in sheep(Tanzania Veterinary Journal, 2017) Makungu, Modesta;The objective of this study was to describe the normal radiographic anatomy of the thorax in sheep and to provide reference ranges for clinical use. Radiography of the thorax was performed in six East African blackheaded sheep. Right lateral (RL), left lateral (LL), dorsoventral (DV) and ventrodorsal (VD) radiographic views of the thorax were obtained under general anaesthesia at the end of inspiration. The number of thoracic vertebrae ranged from 12(1/6) to 13(5/6). The sternum was concave upward with the manubrium sterni almost vertically positioned. It consisted of manubrium sterni, xiphoid process and four (4/6) or five (2/6) sternebrae. There was no significant difference (P = 0.77) observed in the mean vertebral heart score (VHS) obtained on the LL (10.28 ± 0.37) and RL (10.23 ± 0.43) views. The mean ratio of the caudal vena cava (CVC) diameter to the height of the fourth thoracic vertebral body and aorta diameter was 1.19 ± 0.08 and 0.85 ± 0.08, respectively. The mean VHS on the VD view (8.62 ± 0.40) was significantly (P = 0.02) larger compared to that of the DV view (8.03 ± 0.25). The mean ratio of the trachea diameter to thoracic inlet distance was 0.14 ± 0.03. The right pulmonary cupula pleura was more radiolucent, wide and extended further cranially than the left pulmonary cupula pleura. Knowledge of the normal thoracic radiographic anatomy of individual species is important for accurate interpretation of thoracic radiographs.Item Ultrasonographic abdominal anatomy of healty captive caracals (Caracal caracal)(Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 2012-09) Makungu, M.; du Plessis, W. M.; Barrows, M.; Koeppel, K. N.; Groenewald, H. B.Abdominal ultrasonography was performed in six adult captive caracals (Caracal caracal) to describe the normal abdominal ultrasonographic anatomy. Consistently, the splenic parenchyma was hyperechoic to the liver and kidneys. The relative echogenicity of the right kidney’s cortex was inconsistent to the liver. The gall bladder was prominent in five animals and surrounded by a clearly visualized thin, smooth, regular echogenic wall. The wall thickness of the duodenum measured significantly greater compared with that of the jejunum and colon. The duodenum had a significantly thicker mucosal layer compared with that of the stomach. Such knowledge of the normal abdominal ultrasonographic anatomy of individual species is important for accurate diagnosis and interpretation of routine health examinations.