Browsing by Author "Tryphone, George M."

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Common weeds found in selected cassava farms in Eastern zone of Tanzania
(Greener Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2022-04-04) Leonard, Joseph A.; Kudra, Abdul B.; Baijukya, Frederick; Tryphone, George M.
A field study was conducted at Kiimbwanindi village, Mkuranga district and Ilonga village, Kilosa district. Coast and Morogoro regions of Tanzania, respectively to identify the common weeds affecting cassava fields. A total of 24 random 1 m × 1 m quadrat were placed in each cassava field where by all weed species found in each quadrat were identified to a species level. During weed identification, weed density, uniformity and frequency were calculated according to Thomas methodology and used to determine weeds’ relative abundance. Also, a composite soil samples were collected based on random sampling procedure at a depth of 0 to 50 cm from each field before land preparation and analysed in the laboratory in order to determine the amount of nutrient content available in the soil. A total of 22 weeds species belonging to 16 families were identified, whereby out of these 14 were broad leaved weeds, 6 grassy weeds, 1 mushroom and 1 sedged weed belonging to 10 perennial and 12 annual weeds plant. During weed identification, Cyperus rotundus and Echinochloa colona were the most abundantweed species while Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Portulaca oleracea, Agaricus sp and Bidens pilosa were the least occurred weed species. Perennial weeds Cyperus rotundus, Echinochloa colona, Trichodesma zeylanicum, Reissantia sp, Mucuna pruriens and Commelina benghalensis found to be the mostly abundant weed species due to their ability to adapt into various soil types and their ability to reproduce as compared to other weeds. The study recommended that, research toward new or improved weed control measures is needed and also more survey work is needed on a regular basis to identify possible weed population shifts.
Cost-benefit analysis of the selected weed control options in cassava production system
(Greener Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2021-12-31) Leonard, Joseph A.; Kudra, Abdul B.; Tryphone, George M.
Weeding activity is one of the major constraints in cassava production as it requires highcapital and it takes 50 to 80 percent of the total production budget. Based on this fact, there is a need to determine the most economical integrated weed control option(s) thatwill effectively control weeds and minimize cost of production. The effect of different weed control treatment combinations was studied and the most economical one(s) were determined during 2019/2020 planting season at Ilonga village, Kilosa and Kiimbwanindivillage, Mkuranga, Tanzania. Till only and till + Ridge, pre-emergence herbicides Primagram Gold a.i 290 g L S-metolachlor + 370 g L atrazine and Oxfen a.i Oxyfluorfen 24% EC), post emergence herbicides (Force up a.i 480 g/L of Glyphosate- Isopropylamine salt and back pack weeder were tested on Cassava variety Kiroba in a (2× 2 × 2) factorial experiment arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Data collected were all variable costs for the inputs applied oneach weed control treatment combination, costs of cassava harvest and the price of cassava per one kilogram. Data were subjected to benefit-cost ratio analysis. Results revealed that, at Mkuranga site, till × Oxfen × Force up and till × Primagram × Force up treatment combinations had high benefit cost ratio of 2.39 and 2.04 respectively while at Integrated weed Kilosa site, only Till and Rigde × Oxfen × Force up treatment combination had high benefit cost ratio of 2.31. These high benefit cost ratios indicate feasibility of using control option(s), Benefit cost respective weed control combinations in cassava production. Therefore, good farm ratio. preparation, the use of Oxyfluorfen 24% EC herbicides as pre-emergence herbicide and -1 480 g L of Glyphosate-Isopropylamine salt as post emergence weed control treatments are recommended in cassava production systems.
Effect of integrated weed control options on growth and yield of cassava at Kilosa district, Tanzania
(Society for Science and Education, 2023-12-25) Leonard, Joseph Adonia; Laswai, Emmanuel Vicent; Kudra, Abdul B.; Tryphone, George M.
Weeds are among of the major pest that hinders cassava growth and production. Also, weeds can host insect and disease pathogens, thus brings up difficulty in the growth of cassava. The effect of different weed control treatment combinations was studied at Ilonga village, Kilosa district during 2019/2020 planting season. Till only and till + Ridge, pre-emergence herbicides (Primagram Gold a.i 290 g/L S- metolachlor + 370 g/L atrazine and Oxfen a.i Oxyfluorfen 24% EC), post emergence herbicides (Force up a.i 480 g/L of Glyphosate-Isopropylamine salt and back pack weeder with modified tines were tested on Cassava variety Kiroba in a factorial experiment arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) replicated three times. Combination of tillage practices and pre-emergence herbicides application increased number of days weeds took to re-emerge. The correlation analysis showed a highly significant strong positive relationship, r = 0.925, p < 0.001 and r = 0.781, p < 0.05 between cassava stem height and cassava fresh root weight, and cassava stem girth and cassava fresh root weight, respectively. Weed control combinations did not significantly affect the cassava fresh root weight, p = 0.514 and cassava biomass p = 0.732. Also weed control combinations did not significantly affect soil quality. The combination of till + ridges, application of S-metolachlor + atrazine herbicides and glyphosate provided favorable environment for cassava growth and root formation as compared to other treatment combinations. Therefore, it is recommended as a best option for controlling weeds in cassava production system.
Identification of drought selection indices of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes in the Southern Highlands of Tanzania
(African Journal of Agricultural Research, 2019-12-05) Mazengo, Karantin D.; Tryphone, George M.; Tarimo, Akwilini J. P.
A study was conducted to evaluate common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes for drought tolerance in the Southern Highlands of Tanzania. Treatments included 18 genotypes laid out in a 3×18 split plot arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications. The data on yield under water stress and non-water stress treatments were used to calculate indices that can be used for predicting tolerant genotypes. This was accomplished by ranking the yield indices within the selection indices. Results showed that, selection index, YI, identified BFS60, KG104-72 and SER16 as the most tolerant genotypes, while STI, MP and GM identified SER16, BFS60 and KG104-72. Another index, SSPI, identified RCB266, 41-EX-VAM and SER83 as most sensitive genotypes to water deficit while HM showed BFS60, SER16 and KG104-72 as genotypes tolerant to drought. In contrast, SSI discriminated 41-EX-VAM, RCB266 and PASS as most susceptible genotypes under drought. Ranking the means of yield indices, genotypes SER16, BFS60 and KG104-72 were identified as the most drought tolerant genotypes. Correlation analysis showed that Yp were highly significant (p < 0.001) and positively correlated with STI, SSPI, MP, HM, and GM while Ys were highly significant (p<0.001) and positively correlated with YI, STI, MP, HM and GM. The findings suggest that these indices are effective for discriminating genotypes with higher yields under non stress and stress conditions, respectively. Genotypes, SER16, BFS60 and KG104-72 are among the most tolerant to drought conditions therefore are recommended for cultivation in drought prone environments and subsequently as parental materials in breeding for drought tolerance.
Response of common bean genotypes (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to drought for growth and yield characteristics in the Southern Highlands of Tanzania
(International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology (IJEAB), 2019) Mazengo, Karantin D.; Tryphone, George M.
Common bean cultivation is affected by drought up to 60% worldwide and makes the second for yield loss contribution after diseases. Despite the loss, it is estimated that over 75% of rural households in Tanzania depend on common bean for daily sustenance. The objective of the study was to evaluate the response of common bean genotypes in growth and yield characteristics under induced moisture stress in the field at Inyala Agriculture Training Institute in the Southern Highlands of Tanzania. In this study, eighteen common bean genotypes investigated included SER125, MR13905- 6, and 41-EX- VAM, BFS20, RCB233, CZ109-22, CZ104- 61, KG25-21, SER82, PASS, SER83, KG104-72, SER16, KG4-30, SER45, SER124, BFS60 and RCB266. The experiment was designated in a 3 x 18 split plot arranged in a complete randomized block design (CRBD) with three replications. The main plots were the three moisture treatments such as non moisture stress, stress at flowering and stress at mid pod filling and the sub plots were the common bean genotypes. The plants’ variables recorded were number of days to 50% flowering, number of days to 85% maturity, number of pods per plant, weight of pods per plant, weight of seeds per plant, number of seeds per pod, 100 seed weight and yield per hectare. The collected data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using GenStat computer software 14th edition. The results showed significant (p < 0.05) differences between moisture treatments and bean genotypes. Genotypes SER16, BFS60, KG104 -72 and CZ109-22 were significantly superior in grain yields Also, BFS60 was recorded with highest number of pods per plant, weight of pods per plant and weight of seeds per plant, while KG104-72 was recorded as the earliest in 50% flowering and 85% maturity. Genotype SER16 also excelled in weight of seeds per plant. These genotypes therefore can be considered as drought tolerant common bean genotypes and also can be used as parental materials for breeding programmes.
Studies on the Influence of Altitude on Abundance of Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera Frugiperda (Je Smith)) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Tanzania
(Society for Science and Education, 2023-08-25) Mbemba, Kiva F.; Rwegasira, Gration M.; Tryphone, George M.
Fall armyworm (FAW) (Spodoptera frugiperda) is one of the most devastating polyphagous field crop pests in many parts of the world, including Tanzania. Influence of altitude on the abundance of S. frugiperda was studies by using Pheromone (Frugilure S. frugiperda, Chemtica international, S.A) embedded cup traps. The study was conducted along sites of Mt. Uluguru slopes including; SUA (525 masl), Mlali (579 masl), Mgeta (1050 masl) and Nyandira (1691 masl) located in Morogoro Region, Tanzania. A total of 16 cup traps (four at each site equidistantly arranged at 100 m apart) were used. Weather data were recorded using Hygrocron i-button hung on a tree at equidistant from the four traps. Data on S. frugiperda counts and weather variables were recorded weekly for duration of six months from January to June 2020. Results showed that S. frugiperda was abundantly recorded across he tested altitude albeit at varied abundance. There was significant difference (p < 0.001) among altitude on S. frugiperda abundance, whereby at low altitude, S. frugiperda abundance was high compared to medium and high altitude. Rainfall had positive correlation on S. frugiperda abundance (r = 0.16, r = 0.04) for SUA and Mlali and negative correlation (r = -0.44) and (r = -0.03) for Mgeta and Nyandira. Temperature had positive correlation (r = 0.21) on S. frugiperda abundance at Nyandira while SUA (r = -0.03), Mlali (r = -0.35) and Mgeta (r = -0.28) had negative correlation. Relative humidity for all four locations showed negative correlation with S. frugiperda abundance. Thus, appropriate and effective management practices of S. frugiperda should be considered throughout maize production areas and across crop production seasons regardless of the altitude.
Studies on the influence of altitude on abundance of fall armyworm (spodoptera frugiperda (Je Smith)) (lepidoptera: noctuidae) in Tanzania
(Society for Science and Education, 2023-08-25) Mbemba, Kiva F.; Rwegasira, Gration M.; Tryphone, George M.
Fall armyworm (FAW) (Spodoptera frugiperda) is one of the most devastating polyphagous field crop pests in many parts of the world, including Tanzania. Influence of altitude on the abundance of S. frugiperda was studies by using Pheromone (Frugilure S. frugiperda, Chemtica international, S.A) embedded cup traps. The study was conducted along sites of Mt. Uluguru slopes including; SUA (525 masl), Mlali (579 masl), Mgeta (1050 masl) and Nyandira (1691 masl) located in Morogoro Region, Tanzania. A total of 16 cup traps (four at each site equidistantly arranged at 100 m apart) were used. Weather data were recorded using Hygrocron i-button hung on a tree at equidistant from the four traps. Data on S. frugiperda counts and weather variables were recorded weekly for duration of six months from January to June 2020. Results showed that S. frugiperda was abundantly recorded across he tested altitude albeit at varied abundance. There was significant difference (p < 0.001) among altitude on S. frugiperda abundance, whereby at low altitude, S. frugiperda abundance was high compared to medium and high altitude. Rainfall had positive correlation on S. frugiperda abundance (r = 0.16, r = 0.04) for SUA and Mlali and negative correlation (r = -0.44) and (r = -0.03) for Mgeta and Nyandira. Temperature had positive correlation (r = 0.21) on S. frugiperda abundance at Nyandira while SUA (r = -0.03), Mlali (r = -0.35) and Mgeta (r = -0.28) had negative correlation. Relative humidity for all four locations showed negative correlation with S. frugiperda abundance. Thus, appropriate and effective management practices of S. frugiperda should be considered throughout maize production areas and across crop production seasons regardless of the altitude.
Studies on the Influence of altitude on abundance of fall armyworm (Spodoptera Frugiperda (Je Smith)) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Tanzania
(Discoveries in Agriculture and Food Sciences, 2025) Mbemba, Kiva F.; Rwegasira, Gration M.; Tryphone, George M.
Fall armyworm (FAW) (Spodoptera frugiperda) is one of the most devastating polyphagous field crop pests in many parts of the world, including Tanzania. Influence of altitude on the abundance of S. frugiperda was studies by using Pheromone (Frugilure S. frugiperda, Chemtica international, S.A) embedded cup traps. The study was conducted along sites of Mt. Uluguru slopes including; SUA (525 masl), Mlali (579 masl), Mgeta (1050 masl) and Nyandira (1691 masl) located in Morogoro Region, Tanzania. A total of 16 cup traps (four at each site equidistantly arranged at 100 m apart) were used. Weather data were recorded using Hygrocron i-button hung on a tree at equidistant from the four traps. Data on S. frugiperda counts and weather variables were recorded weekly for duration of six months from January to June 2020. Results showed that S. frugiperda was abundantly recorded across he tested altitude albeit at varied abundance. There was significant difference (p < 0.001) among altitude on S. frugiperda abundance, whereby at low altitude, S. frugiperda abundance was high compared to medium and high altitude. Rainfall had positive correlation on S. frugiperda abundance (r = 0.16, r = 0.04) for SUA and Mlali and negative correlation (r = -0.44) and (r = -0.03) for Mgeta and Nyandira. Temperature had positive correlation (r = 0.21) on S. frugiperda abundance at Nyandira while SUA (r = -0.03), Mlali (r = -0.35) and Mgeta (r = -0.28) had negative correlation. Relative humidity for all four locations showed negative correlation with S. frugiperda abundance. Thus, appropriate and effective management practices of S. frugiperda should be considered throughout maize production areas and across crop production seasons regardless of the altitude.