Browsing by Author "Selemani, Ismail Saidi"
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Item Dry matter intake, dry matter digestibility and growth performance in goats fed grass-based diet (Brachiaria or Cenchrus) compared with a concentrate-based diet(Academic Journals, 2021-09) Ruvuga, Peter Rogers; Wredle, Ewa; Fupi, George Ferdinand; Mtwange, Christopher Augustino; Kasiba, Boniface Richard; Selemani, Ismail Saidi; Kronqvist, CeciliaDry matter digestibility (DMD), dry matter intake (DMI) and growth performance of concentrate- and forage-based diets were investigated using 24 growing Blended goats (12 males, 12 females) weighing 16.5±1.2 kg (mean±sd). Goats were blocked by sex and assigned randomly to three dietary treatments that were fed for 10 weeks, after two weeks of adaptation. Dietary treatments were MRG (40% maize bran, 40% rice bran, 20% Gliricidia leaf meal), BG (80% Brachiaria brizantha cv. Piatã, 20% Gliricidia leaf meal) and CG (80% Cenchrus ciliaris, 20% Gliricidia leaf meal). All diets contained sufficient nutrients to meet the requirements of growing goats. The MRG diet had lower DMI than CG, likely because MRG had small particle size and goats adapted slowly to that diet. Average daily weight gain was 10.7, 9.9 and 22.8 g/day for MRG, BG, and CG respectively, and did not differ among the diets. Goats fed MRG had lower overall live weight change than goats fed CG, while goats fed BG were intermediate. These findings indicate that B. brizantha cv. Piatã and C. ciliaris are equally useful as supplementary feedstuffs for growing goats during the dry season.Item Feeding strategies for improved beef productivity and reduced GHG emission in Tanzania: effect of type of finish-feeding on carcass yield and meat quality of Zebu steers(Springer International Publishing Switzerland, 2015) Selemani, Ismail Saidi; Eik, Lars Olav; Holand, Øystein; Ådnøy, Tormod; Mtengeti, Ephraim J.; Mushi, Daniel E.; Oddvin, SørheimThe study was conducted to elucidate the effects of grazing on natural pastures alone versus total stall feeding on growth performance, carcass character- istics, and meat quality of Tanzania Zebu steers. In this experiment, 27 steers were distributed into 2 dietary groups; stall feeding (SF) and natural pasture feeding (NP). Animals in SF were totally confined in the feedlot with free access to wheat straw as a basal diet and supplemented with concentrate mixture, while those in NP were freely grazed on natural pasture. Animals in SF displayed 500 g higher average daily gain (ADG) and four units higher dressing percentage than those in NP. The marbling scores, hind leg length (HL), and hind leg circumference (Circ.) was also statistically higher among animals in SF than among those in NP (P 0.05). Moreover, postmortem temperature was observed to decline more rapidly among animals in NP than in SF. However, postmortem carcass pH, meat tenderness, meat color, meat chemical composition (moisture content, dry matter (DM), ash, Ether Extract (EE), and Crude Protein (CP)) were independent of concentrate supplementation (P > 0.05). The high performance of the SF group in terms of ADG, dressing percentage, and intramuscular fat deposition was associ- ated with utilization of high energy rich concentrate and improved utilization of wheat straw following concentrate supplementation. It was concluded that, in addition to the manipulation of the animals’ body through nutrition, other factors such as reducing pre-slaughter stress and appropriate ageing of meat should be manipulated to improve the meat quality of indigenous Zebu cattle.Item Grazing and feeding strategics for improving small-scale agro-pastoral livestock production in Tanzania(Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 2014) Selemani, Ismail SaidiTanzania is highly populated with domesticated ruminant livestock, with about 3.9 % gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate. More than 70 % of the ruminant livestock population is in the north-western and central parts of the country': Shinyanga. Simiyu, Mwanza, and Manyara. Ruminant production depends largely on communal rangelands that are constrained by scarcity of forage, especially during the dry season. Growth in human and livestock populations in Tanzania has increased the pressure on grazing land and overwhelmed traditional grazing practices. Transformation of traditional land use systems to official land use policies has resulted in an expansion in cultivation and wildlife conservation areas, and thus greater pressure on grazing land. The existing grazing systems and feeding strategics were studied in order to provide information that could be used to improve agro-pastoral practices. The study encompasses four papers. In paper I. the effect of a deferred grazing system on rangeland vegetation in the north-western semi-arid regions of Tanzania was assessed using aboveground biomass, vegetation cover, and species composition as indicators of range condition. In paper II, the effects of seasonal variation in quality and quantity of pasture and management of exclosurcs (ngitili) on grazing behavior of cattle and goats were assessed. In paper III, the effect of natural pasture versus concentrate supplementation on growth performance and foraging behavior of Zebu cattle was tested. The fourth component of the study (paper IV) evaluated the effect of natural pasture versus concentrate feeding systems on carcass characteristics and meat quality of Tanzania Zebu steers. In paper I. five grazing systems (old private ngitili, young private ngitili. old communal ngitili. young communal ngitili, and continuously grazed land) were compared in terms of aboveground herbaceous biomass, vegetation cover and species composition. The herbaceous vegetation cover was significantly higher in all exclosures than on continuously grazed land, but the aboveground herbaceous biomass was only significantly higher in old private ngitili than in the other grazing systems. Neither herbaceous species diversity nor woody density were significantly dependent on grazing regimes. In paper II, the quality (i. e. crude protein content, neutral detergent fiber, and in vitro organic matter digestibility) of five important forage species and quantity of forages (i. c. aboveground biomass and bulk density) were found to be significantly belter in the rainy season than in the dry season. This was also evident from the foraging habits of cattle and goats, as both Vspent considerably more time walking around searching for high quality forage during the dry season. Similarly, the reduction in quantity of forage in the communal ngitili. as compared with private ngitHi, had a marked effect on the foraging behavior of goats, but had no significant effect on the feeding behavior of cattle. In experiment three (Paper III), the average daily gain (ADG) was significantly higher for cattle grazing on natural pasture supplemented with concentrate (PS) than those grazing on natural pasture alone (NP). This was also evident from grazing behavior. Animals on PS were found to spend more time idling on natural pasture than those on NP. The last experiment (paper IV) revealed that Zebu cattle fed on wheal straw as a basal diet and supplemented with locally available concentrate mixture demonstrated significantly higher values for ADG. dressing percentage, and marbling scores than pasture-grazed cattle. However, post mortem carcass pH. meat tenderness, meat chemical composition (moisture contents, dry matter, ash. ether extract, and crude protein) and color was not found to be dependent on concentrate supplementation. It is conclude that: the deferred grazing system (ngiiili) is an important coping strategy that enables Sukuma agro-pastoral communities to alleviate the shortage of forage in the dry season. However, use of ngitili appears to be of limited effect for the restoration of severely degraded communal rangelands in terms of aboveground herbaceous biomass, vegetation cover, and species composition. Stocking animals in mixed herd (cattle and goats) is also beneficial due to their varying foraging habits, resulted in the resource partitioning between cattle and goats. However dietary' overlap was noted during acute shortage of forage in the dry season. Thus, concentrate supplementation is of environmental merit because resultant changes in the grazing behavior of steers reduce the defoliation pressures on vegetation on pastureland. Indeed, strategic supplementation of Zebu steers with locally made concentrate mixture has a positive effect on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality. For further improvement of agro-pastoral livestock production in Tanzania. It is recommended that: institutions that manage communal rangelands be reorganized in order to improve agro pastoral livestock production. Both formal and informal rules and codes of conduct that regulate rights of common pool resource should be clearly defined. Decision-making powers be participatory and the benefits accrued from common resources be shared equally. Locally available and affordable concentrate supplementation should be used to enhance ruminant livestock viproductivity and reduce degradation of rangeland vegetation. Implementation of a well planned rotational grazing system that offers appropriate time for vegetation recovery need further investigation. Moreover, other feeding strategies such as use of crop residues treated with urea and quicklime and supplementation with fodder tree leaves need to be considered. SAM MEN DRAG Tanzania har Afrikas tredjc storstc husdyrbestand eller Sudan og Etiopia. Mcr enn 70 % av drovtyggerbestanden befinner seg i nord-vest og sentralc dcler av landct: Shinyanga. Simiyu, Mwanza og Manyara. Husdyrbestanden i landct er stor, men bidraget fra husdyr til okningen i bruttonasjonalproduklcl (BNP) er mindre enn fem prosent. Drovtyggerproduksjoncn er i stor grad avhengig av felles bcitcomrader med begrenset fortilgang. spesiclt i torkcpcriodcn. Okning i menneskc- og husdyrbestanden i Tanzania har medfort ct okt beitepress pd bcilcomrddene og tradisjoncll beitepraksis gir ikke longer tilstrekkclig beitevern. Oppdyrking av omradcr tradisjonclt brukt til beiting og utvida viltreservat i samsvar med offentligc planer har okt presset p3 beiteomradene. I denne oppgaven blir eksisterende beitesystemcr og fdringsstrategier studert med mdl om a kunne forbedre beitepraksisen innen husdyrbruk. Studien bestdr av firc artikler. I artikkcl I sa en pa effekten av a ulsette beiting pa utmarksvegetasjonen. Dette ble gjort pa steppen nord-vest i Tanzania. Biomasse over bakkeniva. dekningsgrad av vegetasjon og artssammensetning ble brukt som indikatorcr pit tilstanden til bcitcomradet. 1 artikkcl II ble cffcktcnc av scsongvariasjoner i kvalitet og kvantitet pa bcitcatferd hos geit og storfc undersokt for ulik forvaltning av avsperredc bcitcomrdder (ngitili). I artikkcl III ble effekten av kraftfortilskudd og naturlig beitc pa vckstytelse og beiteatferd hos Zebu testet. Den fjerde studien (artikkcl IV) evaluerte effekten av naturlig beite kontra kraftfortilskudd pd slakte- og kjottkvalitetcn hos tanzanianske zebukastrater. 1 artikkcl 1 blc fem beitesystemcr (gamle private ngitili, nye private ngitili, gamle felles ngitili, nye felles ngitili og kontinuerlig beitede omrader) sammenlignet. Biomasse over bakkenivd, vegetasjonsdekket og artssammensclning ble mdlt. Vegetasjonsdekket av gras og urter var signifikant hoyere i alle beiteomradene sammenlignet med i de kontinuerlig beitede omrddene. men biomassen bestaendc av gras og urter var bare signifikant hoyere i gamle private ngitili. Det ble funnel at hverken mangfoldct av gras og urter eller tettheten av tner var signifikant avhengig viiav beitcsystcmct. I artikkel II ble kvaliteten (dvs. rdproteininnhold. NDF og in vino fordoyelighet av organisk matcriale) av fem viktigc fortyper og mengdcn av for (dvs. biomasse over bakkeniva og masseletthct) var signifikant bedre i regntiden enn i torkeperioden. Dette kom ogsd fram av foringsatferden til storfc og geit siden begge brukte betydelig mer lid pa forflytning i torkeperioden for a kunne finne for av god kvalitet. Tilsvarendc hadde nedgangen av formengden i fclles ngitili sammenlignct med private ngitili markant effekt pa foringsatferden hos geit. men ingen signifikant effekt pa foringsatferden hos storfe. I forsok III ble det vist al gjennomsnittlig daglig tilvckst (ADG) var signifikant hoycrc hos storfe som gikk pa naturlig beite med tilgang pS kraftfor (PS) enn de som gikk pa naturlig beite uten tilgang pa kraftfor (NP). Dette syntes ogsd i beitcatferden: Dyr i PS var mer uvirksommc pa naturlig beite enn de som gikk i NP-gruppa. Det siste forsokcl (artikkel IV) vistc at zebu som fikk hvetehalm som primaemsering og ble supplert med lokalc tilgjengelige kraftfortypcr hadde signifikant hoyere ADG, marmoreringsscore og slakteprosent enn de som bare gikk pa beite. Kjottets morhet, pl l i slaktet. kjemisk sammcnsetning (vanninnhold, TS. askc. EE og raprotein) og farge kunne ikke sies a vaere avhengig av kraftfortillegg. Det konkhiderer at: Det ble funnet at utsatt beiting (ngitili) var en viktig mestringsstrategi som gjorde at Sukuma-Iandbrukssamfunn kunne minske mangclcn pa for i torkeperioden. Det ser ut til at ngitili har liten effekt ndr cn vil bygge opp et sterkt forringet beitclandskap mdll som biomasse av urter/gras over bakkeniva. vegetasjonsdekke og artssammensetning. En buskap med ficre arter (storfe og geit) ble funnet a vaere fordelaktig pa grunn av forskjellig beiteatferd. Ulik resursutnytting for storfe og geiter var tydelig. men under akutt mangel pa for i torkeperioden var det konkurranse om noen beiteplanter. Tilleggsforing av zebu med lokalproduscrt kraftfor hadde en positiv effekt pa tilveksten. slakte- og kjottkvalitet. Endringer i beitcatferden hos kastrater som ble tilleggsforet ga en miljofortjeneste i form av redusert press pa bladvcrket i beiteomradene. for ytterligcre Ibrbedringcr av husdyrproduksjonen i Tanzania det anbcfalcs at: institusjoncne som administrer fclles beileomrader bor omorganisercs. Bade formelie og uformelle regler og etiskc retningslinjer for bruk av fclles ressurser bor bli klart definert. De som har nylte av forvallningcn bor gis myndighet i beslutninger og nytte av fellcs ressurser bor deles likt. Et velorganisert rotasjonssystem som kan bidra til at beitene fiir nok tid til d hentc seg inn bor undersokes. Det anbefalcs bruk av lokalt og billig kraftfor for d okc produksjonen hos drovlyggcre og reduscrc viiiforringclsc av beitcvcgetasjoncn. Endrede fdringsstrategier, som bruk av avlingsbiprodukt og supplcring med bladvcrk fra trier som kan brakes som for, er ogsa a anbcfalc.Item The role of indigenous knowledge and perceptions of pastoral communities on traditional grazing management in North-western Tanzania(Academic Journals, 2012-10) Selemani, Ismail Saidi; Eik, Lars Olav; Holand, Øystein; Ådnøy, Tormod; Mtengeti, Ephraim; Mushi, DanielTraditional forage conservation, locally known as “ngitili”, which involves retaining an area of standing vegetation from the beginning of rainy season and opening it up for grazing at the peak of dry season, has become an important strategy for rangeland rehabilitation in the north-western semi-arid part of Tanzania. The present study assessed the current rangeland management practices, the role of indigenous knowledge on ngitili conservation and perceptions of agropastoralists on communal resources management. Data were collected from a total of 10 villages of Shinyanga rural and Meatu district. Over 90% of villagers were agropastoralists, where the mean numbers of specific livestock per interviewed household were 51 cattle, 40 goats, 20 sheep and 7 horses. The two most important traditional rangeland management strategies practiced by agropastoralists in this region were ngitiliconservation and seasonal movement of livestock herds. Management of common resources was perceived to be problematic and most agro-pastoralists shifted from communal rangelands toward individual private ngitili. Interviewed agro-pastoralists claimed that, unequal sharing of benefits accrued from communal resources and poor management of communal ngitili lead to the preference of private ngitili to communal ones. The contribution of indigenous knowledge of Sukuma people lead to the success of ngitili conservation. However, the sustainability of this vital local knowledge is questionable. This paper recommends participatory management that allows integration of existing local knowledge in rangeland improvement.Item Variation in quantity and quality of native forages and grazing behavior of cattle and goats in Tanzania(Elsevier B.V., 2013) Selemani, Ismail Saidi; Eik, Lars Olav; Holand, Øystein; Ådnøy, Tormod; Mtengeti, Ephraim; Mushi, DanielThe study was conducted to assess the effects of seasonal variation in the quality and quantity of pasture and management of livestock exclosures (ngitili) on the grazing behavior of cattle and goats. The study was 2 2 2 factorial design with three independent variables: season (Dry or Rainy), ngitili management (Private or Communal) and animal species (Cattle or Goats). Focal and scan observation methods were used to record different behavioral activities. Vegetation attributes from the study areas were measured in two consecutive seasons. Most key forage species had significant higher crude protein (CP) content and in vitro organic matter digestibility (INVOMD) in rainy than in dry season (Po0.05), but Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF) and Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF) did not vary significantly with season (P40.05). ADF and NDF were significantly higher in species from communal ngitili than those from private ngitili (Po0.05). Above-ground herbaceous biomass and bulk density (BD) were significantly higher in the rainy season and in the private ngitili than in the dry season and in the communal ngitili respectively. Cattle and goats spent considerably more time grazing and browsing respectively in the rainy season than in the dry season (Po0.05). Cattle foraging activities did not vary significantly (P40.05) with ngitili management, but goats found to spend considerably more time browsing in the communal ngitili and more time grazing in the private ngitili (Po0.05). Despite the merits of stocking cattle and goats together in the heterogeneous pasture, seasonal variation in forage resources requires investigation of other strategies such as use of multipurpose trees and treatment of crop residues to improve livestock production.