Browsing by Author "Sangeda, A. Z."
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Item Critical analysis of synergies between Kilimo Kwanza resolution and sustainable Forest Management in Tanzania(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2015) Said, I.; Sangeda, A. Z.; Mahonge, C. P.Like other agricultural development efforts in Tanzania, Kilimo Kwanza which was launched in 2009 that is literary translated as “agriculture first;” recognizes that the role of agriculture is to bring about social and economic development. Pillar number three of this resolution highlights in general terms, mainstreaming environmental conservation in Kilimo Kwanza activities. However, the term ‘environment’ is used broadly. Hence, there is no guarantee that forest conservation, a key component of environmental conservation, is being given due consideration when implementing Kilimo Kwanza activities. Besides, the Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, which is responsible for forest conservation is not included in the core team for Kilimo Kwanza implementation. It is therefore rational to anticipate possible negative consequences to forests in the operationalisation of the Kilimo Kwanza resolution. Agricultural development and sustainable forest management can hardly be separated, for successful achievement of objectives within the two sectors successfully, which calls for a holistic Kilimo Kwanza. This entails addressing soil and water conservation while adopting intensification and landscape conservation approaches including ecoagriculture. If this is not done, agricultural transformation through Kilimo Kwanza will not be sustainable. Using an intensive review of literature, this paper critically analyzed the synergies between objectives of agricultural transformation, using Kilimo Kwanza as a case study, and those of sustainable forestry management, in order to inform an integrated agricultural policy development in the country.Item Is Joint Forest Management providing attractive Incentives to Local Communities? Empirical Evidence from Uluguru and Udzungwa Mountain Forests, Tanzania(2014-06) Sangeda, A. Z.; Kajembe, G. C.Weak incentives for communities are reported as the primary cause of the high failure rate of Joint Forest Management (JFM) regimes. Reports have indicated that JFM does not pay under protected forests. On the contrary, this paper argues that JFM provides a number of existing and potential incentives to communities living adjacent to forests to facilitate their effective management. The study was conducted in Uluguru and Udzungwa Mountains within the Eastern Arc Mountains in Tanzania. Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) tools and a questionnaire were used to gather information while content analysis and descriptive statistics were used to analyse qualitative and quantitative statistics respectively. Existing incentives included; income from tourists and researchers, availability of basic needs obtained by conserving the forest, other climate regulation services, environmental awards, sale of forest products and equipment confiscated from culprits, and individual gain paid for providing various services related to managing the forest. Potential incentives were perceived to include; income from REDD payments, payment from water users, hunting rights, alternative income generating projects for households, working equipment, presence of a forestry staff on station, study tours . for Village Natural Resources Committee members and income from other ecosystem services. The study concludes that JFM remains attractive to communities living adjacent to these forests due to a good number of existing incentives and perceived benefits. Communities and practitioners are urged to explore additional unexplored opportunities including ecotourism and beekeeping to expand the spectrum of incentives, making JFM more attractive for rural communities living around them.Item The regeneration dynamics of Miombo tree species in Sub-Saharan Africa(International Scholars Journals, 2019-05-19) Matowo, G. S.; Sangeda, A. Z.; Katani, J. Z.Miombo woodlands support livelihoods of more than 100 million rural and urban dwellers by providing them with a wide range of products and services. Concurrently, Miombo shelters more than 10000 plants and animal species majority of which are endemic. However, overexploitation of Miombo through trees cutting for charcoal, firewood, tobacco curing, farmlands expansion, and wildfires have led to deforestation and forest degradation accompanied by multiple negative effects on human livelihoods. Regeneration as a survival strategy after disturbance is an important plant functional trait for its sustainability. This paper reviewed the regeneration dynamics of Miombo tree species. The aim was to explore regeneration methods, factors affecting regeneration in Miombo ecosystem and proposes the most promising disturbance-dependent regeneration method. Information for this study was obtained by the synthesis of academic articles obtained through standard literature search performed using multiple electronic databases. Studies in Sub-Saharan Africa have demonstrated the vital role of natural regeneration in the sustainable and post-disturbance management of Miombo woodlands. Conclusively, Miombo regenerates sexually through seedlings and vegetatively propagated through root suckers and coppicing. However, vegetative propagation is highly recommended as it offers maximum regeneration with fast growth rate contributing to the rapid recovery of disturbed Miombo woodland ecosystem.Item Tanzanian rangelands in a changing climate: impacts, adaptations and mitigation(2014) Sangeda, A. Z.; Malole, J. L.Livestock are central to the livelihoods of Tanzanians who rely on them for income via sales of milk, meat, skins and draught power. Owning livestock is amongst the ways in which many Tanzanians could diversify their risks, increase assets and improve their resilience to changes in climate. Though local coping strategies can deal with shocks in the short-term, they are hardly able to cope with more frequent and severe climate events. Observably, temperature, rainfall and atmospheric CO2 concentration interact with grazing and land cover change to influence rangeland quality and composition. Increased temperature increases drought stress and tissue lignifications in plants and, consequently, affects their digestibility and decomposition rate. Increased temperature and lower rainfall also increases vegetation flammability resulting in a shift in species composition due to increased fire frequency. Literature indicates that, Tanzania rangelands receiving between 400 and 1000 mm of rain per year (e.g. Kongwa, Monduli, Kiteto, Simanjiro, Ngorongoro, Babati, Hanang, Mbulu and Karatu) have greatest impact on climate change on surface drainage. A 10% drop in rainfall of 1000 mm per year in a rangeland results in a decline in surface drainage of only 17%, while in areas of 500 mm per year will result in a 50% decline. Interventions such as controlled animal stocking rates, sustainable yield and use of good pasture will lessen the negative impacts of climate change on rangelands. Opportunities for reducing greenhouse gas emissions on rangelands include maintaining or increasing carbon sequestration through better soil management and reducing methane production by altering animal management practices on rangelands. There is a need to focus on enabling herd mobility through securing better access to water resources, land use planning, and improve early warning systems and supporting a diversification of livelihoods.Item Testing of decision making tools for village land use planning and natural resources management in Kilimanjaro region(Scientific Research, 2014) Sangeda, A. Z.; Kahimba, F. C.; Kashaga, R. A.; Semu, E.; Mahonge, C. P.; Mkanda, F. X.This paper focuses on participatory testing of decision making tools (DMTs) at village level to assist in development of land use plans (LUPs) for sustainable land management (SLM) in Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania. Data were collected using conditional surveys through key informant interviews with the project’s district stakeholders in each district, focused group discussions with selected villagers and participatory mapping of natural resources. Soil health, land degradation, carbon stock, and hydrological conditions were assessed in the seven pilot villages in all seven districts using DMTs as part of testing and validation. Results indicated soils of poor to medium health, and land degradation as portrayed by gullies and wind erosion in lowlands and better in uplands. Carbon and forest disturbance status could not be assessed using one-year data but hydrological analysis revealed that water resources were relatively good in uplands and poor in the lowlands. Challenges with regard to land use include increased gully erosion, decreased stream flow, reduced vegetation cover due to shifting from coffee with tree sheds to annual crops farming, cultivation near water sources, and overgrazing. Empowering the community with decision making tools at village level is essential to ensure that village land uses are planned in a participatory manner for sustainable land and natural resources management in Kilimanjaro and other regions in Tanzania.