Browsing by Author "Sanga, G. J."
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Item Climate change, smallholders farmers’ adaptation in Pangani Basin and Pemba implications for redd+ initiatives(Climate Change Iimpacts and Adaptation and Mitigation Project (CCIAM) - Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA), 2016) Hella, J. P.; Sanga, G. J.; Haug, R.; Mziray, N.; Senga, H.; Haji, M.; Lyimo, S.; Moshi, A.; Mboya, S.; Bakar, M.This chapter is based on a study conducted in Pangani river basin and on Pemba Island in Tanzania. The main objective of the study was to assess evidence of the climate, small farmers’ adaptive strategies and associated implications for REDD+ initiatives in the country. Historical climate data over more than 30 years were collected from nine stations in Pangani river basin and on Pemba. Qualitative and quantitative data were collected from 11 villages purposively selected based on the location (upper and lower basin and altitude). A questionnaire survey and Focus Group discussions were used to collect data from 387 respondents and 40 key informants, respectively. The respondents for the survey were randomly selected from 11 study villages. The results show evidence of rising temperatures, changing rainfall patterns, an increase in extreme weather conditions such as droughts, floods and hurricanes and the shifting distribution of pests and diseases. Expert opinions also confirmed major changes in climate parameters in recent years. About 89 percent and 95 percent of small-scale farmers perceive that there is a change in temperature and rainfall, respectively, and linked the changes to crop types, cropping patterns, and outbreak of human, animal and crop diseases in their respective areas. Results from Multinomial Logit Model indicate that farmers’ choices of climate change coping strategy depend on their access to extension services and credit, their education level, location as well as experience. Adaptive strategies range from change of crop types, farmers and livestock keepers moving to new areas near water sources and forests and increased farm activities. Unfortunately most of the smallholders’ adaptive strategies are compromising REDD+ initiatives. The study concludes that successful REDD+ initiatives within the framework of smallholders adaptive strategies to impacts of the climate changes requires externally sourced support for sustainable adaptation to climate changes.Item Willingness to pay for watershed conservation: are we applying the right paradigm?(Elsevier Sp. z o.o., 2017) Lalika, M. C. S.; Meire, P.; Ngaga, Y. M.; Sanga, G. J.The values of watershed services from watersheds has for many years been neglected, underestimated and not factored in land use decisions for sustainable management. Sustainable management of watersheds and environmental friendly economic activities are vital for sustained water flow, steady supply of ecosystem services for societal needs and enhancement of aquatic vegetation and animal species. The problem of the failure to capture actual values of ecosystem services from watersheds and incorporate them in the national income accounting is profound in developing countries which are characterized with constrained budget for financing conservation programs. To resolve this problem attention has moved to market based instruments such as payment for watershed services (PWS). However, the approach to elicit the necessary information for PWS to kick off is still lacking. Furthermore, Ecohydrology, defined as an integrative sustainability science using the interactions between hydrology, biota and natural processes as management tools to reinforce ecosystem services on a broad range of landscapes (Zalewski, 2015) is a basis for the development and application of market-based approaches in watershed conservation. This study investigated small holder farmers’ willingness to pay (WTP) for watershed services in Pangani River Basin. A contingent valuation method was employed to elicit the willingness to pay for watershed conservation. A probit model was used to determine respondents’ response to WTP and factors conditioning the maximum amount they are WTP. Findings indicates that majority of respondents are willing to pay for watershed services. Similarly, result reveals that marital status, household size and distance from the water source positively influence smallholder farmers’ WTP and the maximum amount to be paid. Equally important occupation, household size, income from irrigation, and amount paid for irrigation were found to negatively influencing smallholder farmers’ WTP. The result also revealed that education level, total land size and yield from irrigated farm plot positively influence smallholder farmers’ WTP. These results therefore, indicate that establishment of PWS is feasible.