Browsing by Author "Nyamonge M. Kenya"

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Alignment of expectations in electronic fiscal devices adoption: perspectives of enforcers and traders in Tanzania
(The Sub Saharan Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2024-12) Joseph Longo; Nyamonge M. Kenya
Taxation has been a fundamental source of government revenue throughout recorded history. While the forms of taxes and collection methods have evolved with time and technological advancements, the primary objective remains unchanged: enabling governments to fulfil their socio-economic responsibilities. Despite the long-standing history of tax collection, there has always been a degree of distrust between taxpayers and tax enforcers. This study examines the extent to which the expectations of tax enforcers align with those of traders regarding the introduction of Electronic Fiscal Devices (EFDs) in Tanzania’s tax system. A mixed-methods approach was employed, incorporating both qualitative and quantitative data collected in 2024 from Dar es Salaam, the country’s primary business hub. The Likert scale was used to gauge various qualitative variables of interest, while inferential statistical methods, including chi-square tests, were used to assess relationships between socio-economic characteristics and EFD adoption. The findings revealed that Tanzanian traders overwhelmingly agree that every citizen should pay taxes and that taxes are intended for the public good. Traders also supported the use of EFDs as efficient tools for tax collection, acknowledging that EFDs have led to an increase in tax revenue and have had a positive impact on their business performance. However, traders expressed concern about the lack of transparency regarding how the taxes they pay are spent. Additionally, they expressed discomfort with the enforcement of EFDs by the Tanzania Revenue Authority (TRA), citing perceived elements of unfairness in the process. Chi-square tests indicated significant associations between traders’ education levels and their perception of EFD benefits (χ² = 10.87, p < 0.05), as well as between business experience and compliance with EFD regulations (χ² = 9.45, p < 0.05). These findings suggest that traders with higher education levels are more likely to perceive EFDs positively, while those with extensive business experience exhibit better compliance. Overall, traders agreed with 71.4% of the tax-related practices in the country, indicating that the expectations of tax enforcers and traders are largely aligned, especially with tax collection and the introduction of EFD machines. This study highlights the importance of ensuring transparency in tax expenditure and addressing concerns related to fairness in enforcement to foster trust and improve the effectiveness of the tax system in Tanzania.
Beyond aggregate adoption: determinants and heterogeneity in the uptake of scientific poultry management practices in Ajmer, India
(The Sub Saharan Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2025-05) Joseph Longo; Nyamonge M. Kenya
The adoption of scientifically recommended management practices is critical for enhancing the productivity, profitability, and sustainability of smallholder poultry farming. While aggregate adoption rates are often reported, the heterogeneity among farmers remains poorly understood. This study moves beyond a monolithic view to analyze the spectrum of adoption and its determinants among poultry farmers in Ajmer District, India, a leading poultry-producing region. Guided by the Diffusion of Innovations theory, we assessed adherence to 21 key practices across housing, feeding, watering, and lighting. Data were collected via a structured questionnaire from a random sample of 322 farmers and analyzed using one- sample t-tests to compare actual practices against scientific benchmarks. Our findings reveal that, in aggregate, farmers adhered to 75% of the recommended practices. However, cluster analysis uncovered significant heterogeneity, segmenting farmers into three distinct adopter categories: High Adopters (23%), Medium Adopters (73%), and Low Adopters (4%). Critically, practices related to feed rationing and cage stocking density showed the lowest compliance, indicating specific areas for intervention. The study concludes that the predominance of the medium-adopter group represents a substantial opportunity for productivity gains. We propose a differentiated extension strategy: leveraging High Adopters as peer champions, nudging the large Medium Adopter cohort through targeted training and incentives, and providing intensive support to Low Adopters via subsidies and demos. This nuanced understanding of adoption heterogeneity provides a robust framework for designing more effective, evidence-based agricultural extension policies in India and other developing economies.
Male outmigration and women’s empowerment in rural Tanzania: unpacking the transformation of household decision-making dynamics in Kondoa district
(The Sub Saharan Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2026-06) Nyamonge M. Kenya
Rural-urban migration continues to reshape household dynamics across Sub-Saharan Africa, yet empirical evidence on how male outmigration influences left-behind women's decision-making authority remains limited, particularly in Tanzania's semi-arid regions where climatic stress exacerbates livelihood vulnerability. This study examined the implications of male rural-urban migration on left-behind women’s participation in household decision-making across 26 villages in Kondoa District, Dodoma Region, Tanzania. Using a mixed-methods convergent parallel design, data were collected from 177 purposively selected left-behind women through semi-structured interviews and from 18 key informants comprising Village Executive Officers and Ward Executive Officers. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS version 26, employing descriptive statistics and chi-square tests to examine associations between migration and decision-making patterns, while qualitative data underwent thematic analysis using NVivo version 12. Findings revealed that pre-migration decision-making was predominantly male-controlled (51%, n=90), with only 22% (n=39) of women identifying as primary household decision- makers. Post-migration, participation significantly increased, with 92% (n=163) of women involved in all or most decisions regarding productive activities and income utilization (χ²=24.67, p<0.001), while 89% (n=157) participated in remittance allocation decisions. Thematic analysis indicated enhanced agency, autonomy, and bargaining power, though challenges including limited remittance amounts (Tshs 10,000-20,000/US$4-8 monthly) and persistent patriarchal norms constrained full empowerment. This study contributes empirically by providing quantitative evidence of decision-making shifts in a climatically vulnerable context, and theoretically by extending the Sustainable Livelihood Approach to illuminate how migration-induced household restructuring transforms women’s livelihood outcomes. The findings underscore the need for targeted interventions strengthening women’s financial literacy and access to productive resources, alongside policies recognizing women’s emerging roles in household economic governance.