Browsing by Author "Nombo, C. N."
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Item Determinants of women empowerment in the onion value chain: a case of Simanjiro district in Tanzania(Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 2012) Jeckoniah, J.N.; Nombo, C. N.; Mdoe, N .S .Y.The impact of women participation in agricultural value chains into their empowerment is poorly understood. This paper explores the linkage between women’s participation in onion value chain development activities and their empowerment. The study involved 402 women of whom 207 (51.2%) were participating in the onion value chain development activities and 195(48.5%) were non non-participants. Data was analyzed using SPSS program, four index scales were constructed to measure women empowerment (personal autonomy, household decision making, economic domestic consultation and freedom of movement). A composite women empowerment index was developed to gauge women empowerment. Women in Simanjiro District were categorized in medium level of empowerment (mean score on CEI = 0.6033). Empowerment was found to increase with education attainment, age at first marriage and women income. Generally, women participating in the value chain development programme were more likely to be empowered than their counterparts. Ordinal logistic regression analysis revealed that there was a significant relationship between women empowerment and marital status, education level, age at first marriage, land ownership, access to credits and participation in onion value chain (P<0.05). The study recommends to the government, non-governmental organization and farmers groups to introduce gender and life skills education in value chain programmes to sensitize and mobilize actors to challenge gender inequalities and promote women empowerment.Item Gender and youth economic opportunity in Tanzania’s cassava, poultry, horticulture and oilseeds value chains: a literature review(Global Center for Food Systems Innovation, Michigan State University, 2018) Mroto, E.; Nombo, C. N.; Jeckoniah, J. N.This literature review provides a gender analysis of the cassava, poultry, horticulture, and oilseed value chains in Tanzania, with an emphasis on activities which offer the greatest potential economic opportunities for youth. The review found that men and women have different levels of knowledge, access and control over resources, and varying opportunities to participate across all value chains. Cultural traditions influence observed gender differences in the allocation of roles and responsibilities, ownership of production and processing assets, resource use and distribution of income accrued from economic activities. The review identified factors contributing to sex segmentation in employment and entrepreneurship, including gender differences in access to land, credit, market information, education and skills levels, and ability to travel. Finally, the review identified key policy, program, and knowledge gaps requiring attention in order to improve the design and implementation of more gender-inclusive youth training programs in the agrifood sectorItem How gender affects adherence to antiretroviral therapy in Tanzania(MEASURE Evaluation, 2017) Kahamba, J. S.; Massawe, F. A.; Nombo, C. N.; Jeckoniah, J. N.Background: AIDS was first diagnosed in 1983. We know that HIV and AIDS have been in Tanzania for more than three decades. Although efforts to find a cure for AIDS have not yet been fruitful, the Government of Tanzania initiated the rollout of free antiretroviral therapy (ART) in 2004. This intervention has dramatically reduced rates of mortality and morbidity and improved the quality of life for people living with HIV (PLHIV). However, the availability of ART does not guarantee that all PLHIV have equal access to it. Gender can increase a person’s vulnerability to HIV and influence his or her ability to access information about preventive measures, care, support, and treatment. The purpose of this study was to investigate how gender-related factors affect access to and follow-through of this important treatment for HIV and AIDS. Methods: We conducted our study in Njombe District of Njombe Region, Tanzania, from October to November 2015. The region has the highest HIV prevalence rate in the country. We used a cross-sectional design to collect data using a structured questionnaire administered at one public permanent care-and-treatment clinic (CTC) and one mobile CTC. The study population consisted of male and female PLHIV who were more than 18 years of age, were registered in an ART program in Njombe District for at least three months, and had consented to participate in the study. A combination of convenience and snowball sampling techniques was used to capture respondents with the desired characteristics. A total of 132 respondents (97 females and 35 males) completed the questionnaire. Five key informant interviews (KIIs) were conducted with health workers, nongovernmental organization (NGO) staff, and caretakers at the family level. Two focus group discussions (FGDs) were also conducted; one consisted of eight females, the other had seven males. In addition, secondary data from Njombe District health facilities were collected. Results: Our study found that heterosexual intercourse with a spouse was the leading cause of HIV transmission for more than two-thirds of the women (64.9%), and casual sex outside of marriage was the major cause for more than half of men (54.3%). The main reasons respondents gave for getting tested for HIV were compulsory HIV screening during prenatal visits, HIV awareness campaigns (especially for men), and unhealthy symptoms such as weight loss and frequent diseases. Most PLHIV (86% of men and 80% of women) started on ART within the same year they were diagnosed. Partners did not usually get tested for HIV together; men were typically more reluctant, and they denied the problem, usually asserting their wives were the source of the virus. Women were less likely than men to consult their spouse/partners before getting tested and less likely to get support from their partners after they were tested. Women (especially married women) were more likely to face social problems, including stigma, when disclosing their HIV status to their partners. Some women feared family quarrels and harsh consequences, such as being physically abused and/or divorced. Communication barriers during the early stages of deciding to get tested, and the poor responses women received from their partners when the women consulted them, affected women’s next phase of living with HIV and had a negative impact on ART access and adherence to services. Respondents had a working knowledge of how to adhere to ART and practice safe sex, but they rarely followed safe-sex practices. While nearly all the women (96.9%) took all their medicine, they were less likely than the men to follow the clinic schedule precisely. Women in the FGD said that heavy household workloads made it more difficult for them to take their medications on time. Conclusion: Gender inequity adversely affects adherence to ART in different ways for women and men living with HIV. This study has improved understanding of gender differences in ART access and adherence. We hope this will contribute to the development of more effective gender-based interventions that can potentially enhance ART access and follow-through.Item Mapping of gender roles and relations along onion value chain in northern Tanzania(International Journal of Asian Social Science,, 2013) Jeckoniah, J. N.; Mdoe, N. S. Y.; Nombo, C. N.It is argued that gender roles and relations determine distribution of benefits accrued from ones’ participation in value chain activities. But many value chain programmes are commonly designed and implemented without taking into consideration gender roles and relations. This study analysed onion value chain to determine its impact on gender roles, relations and distribution of income in the chain. The study adopted a mixed-methods design where focus group discussions, key informant interviews and household survey which were the main methods for data collection. Evolution in gender roles especially in production activities was found. Women participation in onion value chain activities, leadership in farmers’ organisation and in decision making over the income accrued from onion production was found to increase following interventions to develop the onion value chain. However, their participation in marketing of onion is constrained by many factors, including limitation on movement placed by their husbands or male partners. This study recommends to government and non-governmental organisations using value chain intervention to address gender roles and relation in value chain development activities to facilitate equitable access by rural producers’ men and women to agricultural inputs as and facilitate access to market of their crops and products. Gender sensitive intervention strategies should be used in forming and strengthening farmer organizations to competitively participate in onion value chain and increase women participation and benefit from onion production.