Browsing by Author "Ngaga, Yonika M"

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Economic assessment of ecosystem goods and services delivered by Pangani basin, Tanzania.
(2006) Lalika, Makarius C.S; Deckere, Eric; Ngaga, Yonika M
Ecosystem services are increasingly promoted as a means for documenting the values humans place on ecosystems and evaluating benefits derived from natural resources. However, one of the main reasons that scientists and decision-makers are worried about the current trend of ecosystem degradation is that ecosystems provide valuable services and there are strong indications that these services have been degraded considerably. This draft paper on economic assessment of goods and services delivered by Pangani Basin is part of a PhD study that focuses on Potential for Payment for Water Services in Pangani Basin Tanzania. Field surveys, structured questionnaires, interviews with key informants and literature reviews were the main tools for data collection. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was the main software for data analysis. Microsoft excel was used to produce figures and tables. Although the analysis is still going on, preliminary findings indicated that goods and services include water for power production, domestic uses, irrigation; aquaculture and small scale fishing nutrient regulation; commercial crops irrigation; enjoyment of scenic beauty and eco-tourism; just to name a few a just some of the ecosystem goods and services delivered by Pangani Basin. Commercial flower growers (mainly companies from Holland) are the water user stakeholders in Pangani Basin. These include: Dekker Tanzania-Arusha, Tanzania Flowers, Dekker Moshi, Kilflora Fower Cuttings, etc. The average value of water in Basin and Pangani Basin was Tanzania shilling 36, 769 and 52, 960 millions respectively where as the upper bound was 45, 962 and 66, 200 respectively. Also the average prices of water in villages were Tsh1.50/lt in the highlands, 1.25/lt in the Kirua Swamps area and Tsh1.20/lt at the coast. These prices, equivalent to Tsh 1500, Tsh 1250 and Tsh 1200 per m3 respectively. It can be concluded that, a thoroughly economic assessment of water values should be undertaken in Pangani Basin. The way forward is to finish data analysis for the data collected so far and collect more information for the study.
The economic of water in paddy and non-paddy crop production around the Kilombero valley ramsar site, Tanzania: Productivity, costs, returns and implications to poverty reduction
(Journal of Agriculture Science, 2011) Musamba, Emmanuel; Ngaga, Yonika M; Giliba, Richard A; Boon, E. K; Sirima, Agnes; Chirenje, L I
Water scarcity is globally getting worse in the light of increase in demand for water use. Human and ecosystem health and economic development are affected by problems of water scarcity and water pollution. This paper assessed the net benefit of water resource in crop production around the Kilombero Valley Ramsar Site in Tanzania. Specifically, the study determines and estimates costs and benefits in crop production and quantify its monetary value using both market and non-market techniques. Household questionnaires, checklist for key informants, participant observation and participatory rural appraisal techniques were employed for data collection. Questionnaire survey was administered to 120 households to establish the major agricultural activities, crops, costs of production and income accrued from these activities. Data relating to household characteristics and water related economic activities were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences whereby the cost for production, inputs and returns were analysed and compared using Microsoft Excel. The residual imputation approach was used to estimate the value of water in crop production. Findings revealed that, 88.3 percent of the respondents own land and 11.7 percent of them rent the land for crop production. The net values of water for irrigated paddy and non-paddy crops were estimated to Tsh. 273.6 (US$ 0.23) and Tsh. 87.7 (US$ 0.073) per m3 of consumed water respectively. The average productivity of water for paddy and non-paddy crop production is estimated at 0.85 kgm-3 and 0.69 kgm-3 of consumed water respectively. Furthermore, the returns from agriculture are less compared to returns from other water uses. Nevertheless, since majority of households are depending on agriculture this study recommends that emphasis should be put on effective and efficient use of water to improve its productivity.
Effect of spacing and cutting management on survival, growth and biomass production of moringa oleifera intercropped with maize on-farm at Gairo Inland plateau, Morogoro in Tanzania
(2012) Edward, Ezekiel; Chamshama, Shabani A.O; Ngaga, Yonika M; Mndolwa, Mathew A
A study was carried out at Gairo, Tanzania to determine appropriate planting spacing and cutting management for optimising maize yield without jeorpadising the potential of Moringa oleifera to produce sufficient biomass. Two trials (on-farm spacing-intercropping and on-farm pollarding height-intercropping) were laid out using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Assessments were done at tree ages of 6, 12, and18 for the spacing trial and at tree ages of 6, 12, 18, 24 and 3 months for the pollarding trial. Grain weights were measured on a yearly basis (seasons). Plot means for all response variables were subjected to standard Analysis Of Variance (ANOVA) and significant means were separated by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT). Results for the spacing trial showed that, overall all growth parameters increased significantly with spacing, and tree growth was generally higher in monoculture compared to intercropped plots. During the last assessment, foliar and stem biomass ranged from 571.57 kg/ha for maize+150cmpollarding height to 682.15 kg/ha for maize+50 cm pollarding height and from 181.72kg/ha for 150 cm pollarding height to 254.29 kg/ha for maize+100 cm pollardingheight respectively. Moringa intercropping is recommended to be done only duringthe first cropping season, due to severe competition thereafter.
Monitoring costs and benefits under conventional and community-based approaches used in forest management in Iringa district, Tanzania
(Omics publishing group, 2016-01) Nyamoga, Greyson Z; Ngaga, Yonika M
Involvement of local communities in monitoring forest resources is perceived to lower monitoring costs and reduce burden to the government and ensure sustainability of those resources. This paper compared monitoring costs and benefits under conventional and community-based monitoring methods used in forest management in Tanzania. Specifically the paper intended to identify activities undertaken in conventional and community-based monitoring approaches, explore the perceptions of the local communities and experts on the two approaches, assess and compare monitoring costs in each approach and hence suggest the most effective approach for monitoring forest resources. Data were collected in eleven villages adjacent to Kitapilimwa and Nyang’oro forest reserves, Iringa district. Quantitative data were analyzed using Statistical Packages for Social Sciences and excel computer programs. Results show that under community-based monitoring approach the frequently performed activity was patrolling while in conventional monitoring was boundary consolidation. The average payment for patrolling was Tshs. 1445.46 (≈ 1.45 USD)/person/day while escorting researchers was Tshs. 2522.73 (≈ 2.52 USD)/ person/day. About 39% of the respondents perceived that people use much of their time in monitoring activities with little payments. Under community-based monitoring approach the average monitoring costs was Tshs. 11153.85 (≈ 11.15 USD)/person/year and Tshs. 114.78 (≈ 0.11 USD)/ha/year while under conventional monitoring was Tshs. 25755.73 (≈ 25.76 USD)/person/year and 392.08 (≈ 0.39 USD)/ha/year. Conventional monitoring was perceived to be more effective than community based monitoring approach in data collection activities. To ensure sustainability of forest resources in the villages, we suggest the use of both monitoring approaches than a stand-alone approach to complement each other and maximize the potentials. Mainstream it into the existing government structure to avoid duplication of efforts and ensure sustainability of conservation activities. We recommend further research to assess the effectiveness of community based monitoring system on data collection and its quality.
Survival, growth and biomass production of Moringa oleifera provenances at Gairo inland plateau and Ruvu coastal region in Tanzania
(Academic Journals, 2014-01) Chamshama, Shabani A. O; Edward, Ezekiel; Ngaga, Yonika M; Mndolwa, Mathew A
Survival, growth and biomass production was studied among 14 Moringa oleifera provenances at Gairo inland plateau-Morogoro, and Ruvu Coastal Region in Tanzania employing randomized complete block design with three replications. Growth assessment was done at six months intervals while biomass assessment was only done at 30 months. During final assessment, untransformed survival at Gairo site ranged from 65.33% for Chikwawa/Domasi (Malawi) to 98.67% for Ihumwa (Tanzania) while at Ruvu site, it ranged from 92% for PKM 2 (India) to 100% for Chikwawa/Domasi (Malawi), Mahalapye (Botswana) and Mbololo 472-029/03 (Kenya) provenances. Height ranged from 2.66 m for Makhanga (Malawi) to 5.04 m for Maun (Botswana) at Gairo site and from 4.82 m for Makhanga (Malawi) to 8.16 m for Maun (Botswana) at Ruvu site. Breast height diameter ranged from 2.80 cm for Makhanga (Malawi) to 6.07 cm for Mahalapye (Botswana) at Gairo site and from 5.18 cm for PKM 3 (India) to 8.58 cm for Maun (Botswana) at Ruvu site. Provenances Mahalapye and Maun (Botswana), Ihumwa (Tanzania), Mbololo 472-029/03 (Kenya) and PKM 1 (India) at Gairo site and Maun and Mahalapye (Botswana), Mbololo 472-029/03 (Kenya) and Ihumwa (Tanzania) at Ruvu site are recommended for planting at these and similar sites.