Browsing by Author "Ngaga, Y. M"

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Effects of income and price on household’s charcoal Consumption in three cities of Tanzania
(Hindawi, 2021) Nyamoga, G. Z; Sjølie, H. K; Latta, G.; Ngaga, Y. M; Malimbwi, R; Solberg, B
More than 80% of the urban and periurban population in Tanzania depend on charcoal as their main source of energy for cooking. This charcoal is supplied from natural forests, mainly Miombo woodlands, and the high charcoal consumption is a main trigger for deforestation, forest degradation, and climate gas emissions. The country’s urban population is increasing at an annual rate of 5-6%, and better understanding of the urban demand for charcoal is of high interest regarding the country’s energy development, climate mitigation, and land use. We surveyed 360 households situated in the Tanzanian cities Dodoma, Morogoro, and Mtwara and analyzed statistically the impacts of household income, charcoal prices, and household size on the per capita charcoal consumption. For the total sample, statistically significant elasticities were found to be 0.03, −0.13, and −0.62 for per capita income, charcoal price, and household size, respectively. In the low-income group, the elasticities of charcoal price and household size were found to be statistically significant with the values of −0.44 and −0.59, respectively, whereas in the middle-income group, the household size was the only statistically significant variable, with elasticity −0.81. In the high-income group, we got statistically significant elasticities of 0.17 for per capita income and −0.44 for household size. These results are based on small samples and should be followed up by larger surveys.
Increased biomass for carbon stock in participatory forest managed miombo woodlands of Tanzania
(2016) Lusambo, L. P; Lupala, Z. J; Midtgaard, F; Ngaga, Y. M; Kessy, J. F; Abdallah, J. M; Kingazi, S. P; Mombo, F; Nyamoga, G. Z
Miombo (Zambezian savanna) woodlands are important forest vegetation in Tanzania. The forests contain biomass which is vital for climate change mitigation strategy. However the extent of increasing biomass under participatory forest management for carbon sequestration and storage is not clear. Understanding of this biomass will aid development of effective climate change mitigation strategies and promote sustainable forest management. This study involved 276 systematically determined concentric sample plots laid out in eight miombo woodland forests (four in Mbeya region and four in Iringa region). Of these plots, 145 were laid in participatory managed forests and 131 in reference scenario, called business as usual (BAU) or open access forest selected in proximity. The main finding was that most of PFM forests had significant increase in biomass (P < 0.05) as compared to the reference scenario. Mean biomass increased from 48.05 t/ha ± 0.03 to 37.91 t/ha ± 0.19 in PFM forests. Likewise mean biomass was 37.91 t/ha ± 0.11 to15.79 t/ha ± 0.13 for reference scenario BAU forests. This implied higher average carbon stock in participatory managed forests (21.37 t/ha) against the reference scenario (11.28 t/ha). The results provide evidence that participatory forest management approach in miombo woodlands of Tanzania have potential for climate change mitigation strategies. Despite the challenge in determining reference scenario, these findings present useful benchmark against which further study can be performed.
Market signals of unsustainable and inequitable forest extraction: assessing the value of illegal timber trade in the Eastern Arc mountains of Tanzania
(Elsevier, 2014) Schaafsma, M; Burgess, N. D; Swetnam, R. D; Ngaga, Y. M; Treue, T; Turner, R. K
Natural forests and woodlands of the Eastern Arc Mountains (EAM) in Tanzania are under threat from deforestation and degradation. The estimated annual revenues from EAM hardwood for domestic use are USD 10 million in terms of planks, and twice as much when processed into furniture. Timber profits are largely captured by people whose livelihoods do not directly depend on other EAM ecosystem services. Market data, such as declining plank sizes and shifts to low-quality timber species, contain possible early warning signals of unsustainable hardwood harvesting. Policy recommendations include simplifying regulations for legal trade, developing sustainable financing, and increasing softwood supply.
Participatory forest management for more than a decade in Tanzania: does it live up to its goals?
(Tanzania Journal of Forestry and Nature Conservation, 2013) Ngaga, Y. M; Treue, T; Meilby, H; Lund, J. F; Chamshama, S. A. O; Theilade, I; Njana, M. A; Ngowi, S. E; Mwakalukwa, E. E; Isango, J. A. K; Burgess, N. D; Kajembe, G. C
In Tanzania, Participatory Forest Management (PFM) was introduced in order to address the challenge of deforestation which continues at alarming rate. Equally, PFM aimed to involve communities adjacent to forests in management of forest resources while at the same time accrue economic benefits. PFM consists of Community Based Forest Management (CBFM) and Joint Forest Management (JFM). CBFM takes place on village land, in forests that are owned by the village while JFM takes place in Central or Local Government forest reserves (FRs) whereby owner of the FR and adjacent communities jointly manage and share benefits accrued from the FR. This study aimed to assess the role of PFM in sustainable exploitation of forest resources, equitable economic benefits and good forest governance. Generally, the study concludes that PFM can and does contribute to sustainable utilisation of forest resources and that, households across wealth categories benefit economically from PFM. However, there is a slight tendency that the rich benefit more than the poor. Similarly, the study concludes that, while CBFM and JFM have formally established appropriate institutions for PFM, this has not promoted enfranchisement and inclusiveness. The problem of elite capture in PFM should be addressed through information and education.
Socio-economic, cultural and livelihood factors influencing local people participation in Water resource management in the uluguru Mountains Eastern Tanzania
(Tanzania Journal of Forestry and Nature Conservation, 2008) Munishi, P. K. T.; Ngaga, Y. M; Soka G. E.
The social and economic circumstances prevailing in Tanzania today have made particular demands on water resource base and the environment and its sustainability is threatened by human induced activities. This study assessed the socio-economic, sociocultural and livelihood factors that influence community participation in restoration and management of water resource in the Uluguru Mountains Eastern Tanzania. Land ownership patterns and cultivation of seasonal crops were among the major factors that influence water resources as they entail more frequent soil disturbance, inadequate ground cover and increased risks of soil erosion and watershed degradation. Free range and semi – zero grazing system along stream banks is a potential problem in watershed management especially with increasing human and livestock population. Water resource management in the Ulugurus is mediated by both formal and informal institutions the strongest informal institutions being cultural. Majority of the population has had an opportunity to participate in watershed protection and conservation and tree planting was the major practice adopted. Increased capacity for conservation skills was the most important driver of community participation in conservation activities. The major livelihoods with regard to water use are various types of domestic use and irrigated agriculture especially during the dry season. Training and education opportunities to local communities can be powerful incentive to protection and management of water resources. Clear policies on water use and priority activities in the Uluguru catchments are important in order to avoid conflicts between water users. Key words: Water resources-wateshedlivelihoods- participatory-managementconflicts- riparian-ecosystems