Browsing by Author "Mwakyambiki, S. E."
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Item Factors influencing extractive companies benefits sharing with host communities in Kilwa district, Tanzania(2018-05-05) Mwakyambiki, S. E.; Sikira, A. N.; Massawe, F. A.The effects of stakeholder influential attributes in benefits sharing fromextractive companies have not beenmuch emphasized.Extractive companies feels that , it is the role of the Government to provide social services to her citizens because campaniespaid statutory taxes they are obligated to pay. However, communities surrounding extraction activities have theright to share benefits because they are exposed to different risks. The paper analysed factors influencing extractive companies sharing benefits with host communities in Tanzania. Specifically, this paper examined; respondents’ characteristics, stakeholder expectations, the perceived benefits sharing and factors influencing extractive companies to share benefits with host communities. A cross-sectional research design was used to collect quantitative data from 373 respondents. Binary logistic regression was used to determine factors influencing benefit sharing. It was found that the stakeholder had higher expectation of benefit sharing however; they perceived low level of benefits sharing from extractive companies. The binary logistic analysis confirmed that distance, education and legitimacy influenced benefit sharing from extractive companies. It is recommended that extractive companies and the Government should take into consideration the stakeholder’ expectations as a starting point to improve benefits sharing from extractive companies. It is also recommended that extractive industry should improve communication channels with the host communities to allow local people to understand opportunuties available from extraction busines companies.Item Gendered access to indirect benefits from natural gas extraction in Kilwa District, Tanzania(International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2020-01-01) Mwakyambiki, S. E.; Sikira, A. N.; Massawe, F. A.Natural gas extraction contributes substantially to the economy of many countries around the world were natural gas resource is found. Despite its potential benefits, it is not known to what extent the benefits are equally enjoyed by both men and women in the respective host communities. The existing studies focus more on benefit-sharing at the national level and lack gender analysis. Using a cross-sectional design, a study was conducted to establish gendered access to indirect benefits from natural gas extraction. Quantitative data were collected from 373 households and qualitative data through focus group discussions, key informant interviews, and participant observation Findings revealed that about 53% of community members categorized access to indirect benefits to be of high level. The indirect benefits largely cut across investments and support in education, health, water, and employment opportunities. The study concludes that, while investment by Extractive Companies (ECs) has managed to improve health services the shortage of technical staff has remained unsolved. Likewise, while various benefits revealed to exist in education the chronic problem on girls drops out of school remains to be a challenge. Therefore, the study recommends various strategies to be adopted to address the remaining gender-related challenges that limit fully enjoyment from ECs investment among men and women.Item Host communities' attitude towards benefit sharing from natural gas extraction: insights from Kilwa District, Tanzania(College of Social Sciences and Humanities, Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA),, 2020-05-19) Mwakyambiki, S. E.; Sikira, A. N.; Massawe, F. A.Tanzania is among the blessed countries in Africa in terms of minerals endowment. However, natural gas extraction is in its infancy stage. The existing studies on natural gas extractions in Tanzania focused more at the national level with limited understanding of the host community’s issues. This study was conducted to examine the host community’s attitude on natural gas extraction in Kilwa District. Specifically, the study assessed: (i) host communities’ attitude towards benefits sharing, and (ii) factors that influence host communities’ attitude towards benefit sharing. A structured questionnaire was administered to 373 respondents. A Likert scale was used to measure the attitude of host community members towards benefit sharing. An Ordinal Logistic Regression (OLR) technique was used to examine factors influencing attitudes of communities towards benefits sharing. The findings revealed that overall the respondents had a negative attitude (60%) towards benefits sharing from the extractive industry. Distance from extraction activities, access to electricity, the relationship between the community and extractive companies and sex of respondent were important determinants of attitude (p < 0.05). The study concludes that the high level of negative attitude implies host communities dissatisfaction towards natural gas investment that may translate into resource curse in the country. This calls for immediate practical interventions by policymakers, planners, and extractive companies to address challenges that limit equitable access to various benefits by host communities.Item Natural gas extraction and gendered access to benefits among host communities in Kilwa district, Tanzania(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2018) Mwakyambiki, S. E.Since adoption of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) of 1992, demand for access and benefits sharing that arise from utilisation of natural resources have gained unprecedented momentum. Unfortunately, researchers have been examining potential benefits sharing of natural gas much more at nation level, excluding communities living close to extraction sites. The study on which this thesis is based addressed the gap by using a gender lens whereby the analyses were framed to understand whether benefits sharing were gendered. The research examined gendered sharing of benefits that arise from utilisation of natural gas resources among communities living close to the extraction sites. A cross-sectional study design was employed to collect quantitative and qualitative data from 373 households in Kilwa District. Qualitative data were analysed using content analysis. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were used to analyse quantitative data including socio demographic characteristics, division of gender roles and distribution of benefits. Binary logistic regression was used to examine factors influencing extractive companies that share benefits with communities. An index scale was constructed to gauge gendered access to direct and indirect access to benefits. Moreover, host communities’ attitudes were measured on a five-point Likert scale, and factors influencing community’s attitudes were assessed using ordinal logistic regression. It was found that, generally, the majority of men and women had opinion that their gender roles were not changed by extractive companies. However, g radual shift of women’s and men’s roles was obse rved women were engaged in paid work created by extractive companies other women were engage d in fish business , fish storage and ice blocks making business due to availability of electrical power produced by natural gas. MMen’s workload increased due to restriction of access to fishing areas by extractive companies. It was evident that factors influencing extractive companies to share benefits with communities included distance, education and legitimacy (p < 0.05). It was found further that communities had higher expectations in getting employment opportunities and improvement in health, water and electricity services. The majority of respondents had low level of access to direct benefits. On the other hand, communities had higher level of access to indirect benefits, due to availability of education opportunities and electricity power which enabled them to be engaged in various income generating activities. Community in the study area had negative attitude towards benefit sharing. Sex, distance from home to extraction activities, access to electricity, and relationship between community and extractive companies were found to be important predictors of community attitude (p < 0.05). It is recommended that the Government and extractive companies should improve social wellbeing of host communities through evaluating the essential roles that women and men perform. Labour saving support including fishing gears, use of electricity to establish fish processing factories, supply of enough water, utilising local markets and improving health services would reduce workload. The extractive companies and the Government should take into consideration host community expectations as starting points for improving access to benefits. Government, in collaboration with extractive companies, should establish a foundation/organisation which would ensure sustainable utilisation of service levy. Extractive companies and Policy makers should prepare strategies to overcome communities’ negative attitudes towards sharing benefits in order to minimize chances of resource curse.