Browsing by Author "Muhanga, M. I."
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Item How informal is the informal sector? an analysis of the setting and characteristics of the informal sector in Morogoro, Tanzania(MWECAU, 2015) Muhanga, M. I.; Urassa, J. K.This study was conducted in Morogoro Municipality to analyze the setting and characteristics of the Informal Sector (IS). Collection of primary data from 80 respondents was done using a questionnaire. The study results show that those most involved in the IS had low levels of education and no business skills, and generally use family labour, willing to operate businesses at times and locations convenient to customers. The study further shows that 55 % of the IS activities obtained capital from owners’ own sources, and it was further revealed that 82.5 % of the businesses or activities operating in the IS in the selected wards were not licensed and rarely used any machinery. The results further show that 50% of the activities /businesses surveyed were owned by families.The study recommends that: a need for, addressing training needs for the IS andLGAs ’ to intervene the IS’s operations for better performance and contribution to the livelihood but also to allow the LGAs earn income in form of taxes.Item Socialisation and health literacy: theories, agents, and the influence(MOCU, 2021) Mshingo, D. M.; Muhanga, M. I.This article reviews literature on the influence of socialisation agents towards the promotion of health literacy (HL) to attain better health hence productive society. The paper specifically reviews theories, debates, and realities on the influence of socialisation agents on HL. A systematic literature review was conducted using a documentary research method, various search engines were used to obtain information based on the keywords. The key words included in the study were socialisation, socialisation theories, socialisation agents, means/ ways of socialisation, HL, and the influence of socialisation on HL. In conducting systematic literature review, aspects of the protocols by Cochrane Methods and the criteria articulated by PRISMA for reporting in the field of health were employed. The articles which met those criteria were selected and underwent the quality assessment and data extraction. The search identified 1692 publications, abstract screening was done from 1021 qualified publications, and 340 full-texts were screened for eligibility. Only 77 articles reflected the theme of this review. The review revealed that literature indicated the existence of influence of socialisation on HL through socialisation agents. This indicates that efforts to enhance HL should significantly focus on these agents. It is recommended that various stakeholders should devise interventions which will enhance health knowledge beginning at socialisation agents.Item Work and Human Ethics in Public Service in Malawi(The College of Social Sciences and Humanities, Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2019) Mphepo, P. J.; Muhanga, M. I.The effectiveness of the public service in most of the least developed countries (LDCs) is highly questionable. Malawi is not an exception. The government of Malawi launched a code of ethics and conduct in 2013 basically to enhance the delivery of quality services to the public. Despite that, the media has been almost daily reporting a lot of misconduct and malpractices in the public service including non-adherence of the Public servants' work ethics, embezzlement of public resources, corruption, among others. This article discusses work ethics and human ethics in Malawi. A documentary research method was used in collecting relevant information from peer-reviewed journals, conference papers, and the media. Different search engines and databases were used in information search. The search strategy involved key words such as work ethics, human ethics, public service, Malawian public service', misconduct and malpractices in the public service, Public servants' work ethics, embezzlement of public resources, corruption, among others. The literature search identified a total of 2,132 references related to a set of specified search terms. Only Sixty (60) studies met the final criteria for review. The study found out that most of these misconducts are taking place because of the low salaries civil servants receive, lack of knowledge about the work ethics and code of conduct, weaker structures enforcing the code of ethics, shortage of staff, lack of resources in the government and also because of lack of proper channels for reporting unethical behaviour. Non-adherence to work ethics has resulted into poor services being delivered. This, therefore, calls for a need for the government for sensitization of staff on work ethics and improve working condition in the public service. In recruitment, the government has to make sure that it employs that have good reputation of work ethics in their previous employment and there has to be a routine performance appraisal.