Browsing by Author "Mtambo, M.M.A"

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Acceptability of wastewater resource and its impact on crop production in Tanzania: the case of Dodoma, Morogoro and Mvomero wastewater stabilization ponds
(2013) Kilobe, B. M; Mdegela, R. H.; Mtambo, M.M.A
The study was carried out to assess the views of urban farmers in relation to acceptability of wastewater resource in agriculture and examine its impact for crop production. A total of 200 respondents were involved in this study. The study found that 90% of the 112 households using wastewater and 85% of the 88 households not using the resource indicated effluents from WSPs as main and reliable source of water for irrigation. Wastewater utilization in agriculture was accepted by 97.3% of farmers using wastewater and 64.8% of farmers not using it and the difference was significant (p<0.01). The study found that on average farmers utilizing wastewater produced 4.5 bags of rice per acre more than farmers not utilizing wastewater and the difference was significant (p<0.05). In conclusion, wastewater utilization in agriculture was accepted by both groups of farmers engaging in agriculture in urban and peri-urban areas and that high crop yield was realized by farmers utilizing wastewater in agriculture . Since some respondents indicated that the resource may have health effects to farmers and consumers of the produce, it is recommended that, more research on microbial analysis be carried out to establish evidence of health effects associated with the use of wastewater in agriculture from infectious agents
Eimeriosis in dairy cattle farms in Morogoro municipality of Tanzania
(Elsevier Science B.V., 1996-10) Muhairwa, A.P; Chibunda, R.T; Kambarage, D.M; Mtambo, M.M.A; Kusiluka, L.J.M; Kazwala, R.R
Coccidial oocysts were detected in 35% of 445 cattle in four medium-scale and 20 small-scale dairy farms in Morogoro municipality, Tanzania. The highest prevalence (56%) was observed in animals aged between 5 and 18 months, whereas lower prevalences were observed in calves (29%) aged between 12 days and 4 months and adults (30%). No coccidial oocysts were detected in calves less than 12 days old. The oocyst output was high in calves, followed by weaners; adults had the lowest oocyst output. The number of oocysts per gram of faeces was significantly higher (P < 0.001) in diarrhoeic animals than in non-diarrhoeic animals, and more so in young calves. Eimeria species infecting the animals included Eimeria bovis (68%) and Eimeria zuemii (57%), Eimeria ellipsoidalis (25%), Eimeria cylindrica (23%), Eimeria aubumensis (22%), Eimeria alabamensis (12%) and Eimeria subspherica (5%). Mixed infections involving two or three species were common. Our findings indicate that eimeriosis is common in cattle in Morogoro municipality. Published by Elsevier Science B.V.
Evaluation of the efficacy of the crude extracts of Capsicum frutescens, Citrus limon and Opuntia vulgaris against Newcastle disease in domestic fowl in Tanzania
(Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd, 1999-02) Mtambo, M.M.A; Mushi, E. J; Kinabo, L.D.B; Maeda-Machang’u, A; Mwamengele, G.L.M; Yongolo, M.G.S.; Temu, R. P. C
Prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy of a combination of Capsicum frutescens (red pepper), Citrus limon (lemon) and Opuntia 6ulgaris (prickly pear) against Newcastle disease (ND) in domestic fowl were evaluated. Eighty-eight broiler chickens were divided into five groups. Birds from three groups were inoculated with velogenic ND virus strain, whereas birds from two groups were left as controls. Two groups received a mixture of the plant extract three days prior to inoculation and birds from one group were given the plant extract for two days following development of clinical signs. Blood samples were collected for haemaglutination inhibition tests (HI) for detection of ND virus antibodies. Body weights were monitored during the experiment. Three birds died from the group that was inoculated with ND virus and treated with the plant extract; two died from the group that received the plant extract as a prophylaxis and inoculated with ND virus; and one bird died from the group that was inoculated with ND virus but not given the plant extract. No death was observed in any of the birds in the control groups. Antibody titers for ND virus rose four-fold in the inoculated birds but remained low in the un-inoculated groups. Mean body weights of birds in group B declined markedly compared to the other groups. The results indicated that there was no prophylactic or therapeutic value of the plant extract against ND. The plant extract showed a negative effect on body weights in birds with ND. © 1999 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
Helminthosis in local and cross-bred pigs in the Morogoro region of Tanzania
(Elsevier, 1997-01) Muhairwa, A.P; Mtambo, M.M.A; Kambarage, D.M; Elsrony, K; Kusiluka, L. J. M
We investigated the prevalence, burden and types of gastro-intestinal helminths in 424 local and cross-bred pigs kept under different management systems in two climatic zones in the Morogoro region of Tanzania. Coprological examination revealed that 53% of the pigs excreted hehninth eggs in their faeces. The median eggs per gram of faeces (EPG) was 500 (range 100-22000). Local breeds in the Mgeta location with tropical highland climate showed signifi- cantly higher prevalence (P < 0.001) and median EPG values ( P < 0.001) than the cross-bred animals in the semi-arid area. There was no significant difference in the prevalence (P = 0.90) of helminth infection and egg outputs (P = 0.78) in cross-bred pigs raised under the small-scale and semi-mtensive management systems in the semi-arid zone. Piglets showed significantly lower prevalence of helminthosis (P < 0.001) than the weaners, growers and adults in both local and cross-bred animals. Median EPGs of growers and adult animals were significantly higher than those of piglets and weaners (P = 0.006). The prevalences of various hehninth species were Oesophagostomum sp. (40%), Ascaris suum (12%), Strongy loides ransomi (9% ) and Trichuris suis (St% ). 0 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.
Isolation of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus from apparently healthy human animal attendants, cattle and cattle wastes in Tanzania
(2018-01) Muhairwa, A.P; Lupindu, A.M; Madoshi, B.P; Mtambo, M.M.A; Olsen, J.E
Aim: The study aimed to isolate and characterize Enterococcus species from apparently healthy waste attendants, cattle and cattle waste in Tanzania. Emphasis was given to antimicrobial resistance and in particular occurrence of vancomycin (VA)-resistant enterococci. Methods and Results: Faecal samples were collected from healthy cattle, cattle waste attendants and cattle house wastes, and isolation of Enterococcus species was performed using Slanetz Bartley agar. Isolates were characterized with regard to species, antimicrobial susceptibility and presence of VA resistance genes. Enterococcus faecalis was the most prevalent species from all sources of isolation (43 5%), followed by Enterococcus faecium (38 4%). Isolates of E. faecium showed a higher number of phenotypic antimicrobial resistance than isolates of E. faecalis. Fifty-eight isolates, which showed resistance or intermediate resistance to VA by disc diffusion test, were analysed for VA- resistant Enterococcus (VRE) by PCR. The vanA gene was detected in 14 isolates of E. faecium and 12 isolates of E. faecalis, while vanB was detected in three isolates. No isolates were found to carry vanC1-gene. Conclusion: VRE was detected in both human and cattle samples, despite no known use of antimicrobial agents that can select for VRE in livestock in Tanzania. Enterococcus faecalis was the most commonly isolated species from cattle and humans. Significance and Impact of the Study: The study provides information on the prevalence of VRE in human and nonhuman samples in Tanzania calling for further studies on the origin of VRE in such isolates, since no selection mechanism in Tanzania are known.