Browsing by Author "Misana, S."

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Charcoal potential of Mombo woodlands at kitungalo, Tanzania
(Forest Research Institute Malaysia, 2005-04-01) Malimbwi, R. E.; Zahabu, E.; Monela, G. C.; Misana, S.; Jambiya, G. C.; Mchome, B.
A study was carried out to determine the charcoal potential of the miombo woodlands of Kitulangalo area, near Morogoro, Tanzania. Systematic sampling design used in an inventory in 1996 was repeated in 1999 in order to determine the general current stand parameters and forest change. A total of 46 sample plots were laid out in the forest reserve. In adjacent public lands stratified random sampling was applied where a total of 30 plots were laid out. The layout was meant to study how species richness and wood stocking vary in public lands and forest reserve. Preferred tree species for charcoal making had standing wood volume of 24.5 m 3 ha- 1 and 56.5 m 3 ha-' in public lands and reserved forest respectively with corresponding basal area of 3.7 m 2 ha-' and 7.2 m2 ha- 1 . Stem numbers were 909 stems ha- 1 in public lands and 354 stems ha-'in the reserved forest. These values indicated more regeneration in public lands following disturbance than in the forest reserve. The weight of charcoal that can be extracted from the woodland at the roadside was 56 kg, equivalent to only one bag of charcoal per hectare. Similarly 54 bags may be extracted at 5 km distance while 125 bags may be extracted from beyond 10 km from the highway. With the established stand growth rate of 2.3 m 3 ha- 1 year-1' for the regrowth of miombo woodland at Kitulangalo, it will take about 8 to 15 years for the degraded woodlands to recover for charcoal production. Therefore, for sustainable charcoal production in this area, felling cycles of 8 to 15 years are recommended, provided the minimum tree size of > 10 cm dbh (diameter at breast height) for charcoal making is observed.
Features of successful syndrome mitigation: enhancing resilience and empowering the vulnerable in East Africa
(Global Change and Sustainable Development, 2010) Kiteme, B. P.; Obrist, B.; Kessy, F.; Speranza, C. I.; Misana, S.; Mvena, Z.; Lelo, F.; Wiesmann, U.
This paper examines how knowledge-based interventions improve the quality of life in communities where they are implemented. It draws on case studies of three interventions implemented as Partnership Actions to Mitigate Syndromes (PAMS) within the Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) North-South programme. The case studies consist of a qualitative evaluation based on experience, knowledge and expertise gained through participants’ observations, as well as relevant documents and reports. The concepts of 1) syndrome mitigation; 2) participation and empowerment; and 3) vulnerability and resilience are used as assessment indicators to demonstrate the levels of and differences in contributions by and among the respective interventions. The assessment reveals that although each of the three projects contributed to syndrome mitigation in its respective context, there are marked disparities in the level of individual achievement that are influenced by the nature of problems of unsustainability, technological requirements, and the implementation costs of the preferred intervention.
Impact of charcoal extraction to the forest resources of Tanzania: The case of Kitulangalo area, Tanzania
(CHAPOSA, 2014) Malimbwi, R. E.; Misana, S.; Jambiya, G.; Zahabu, E.
Research is being undertaken to expand the knowledge about the biomass potential for supplying charcoal to urban centres and find workable policy tools that will enable sustainable production and use of charcoal in the medium term perspective. The project, CHAPOSA (Charcoal Potential in Southern Africa) focuses on the dynamics of charcoal production in supply areas (mainly woodlands) and its consumption in three major cities: Lusaka, Zambia, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania and Maputo, Mozambique. The three year research project is funded by European Union (EU) and co-ordinated by Stockhom Environmental Institute (SEI). In each of the three partner countries, socio-economic and ecological aspects of charcoal are being studied in the supply areas and charcoal consumption and market forces studies are being undertaken in the cities. Preliminary results on the supply side are presented for Tanzania in this paper. At Kitulangalo one of the charcoal supplying areas in Tanzania, an average charcoal making household produce 43 bags of charcoal per month, charcoal is sold at kiln site at Tshs. 1,000/= per bag. The household realizes an income of Tshs. 43,000/= per month. This income is above the minimum salary rates paid currently to government workers and hence attracts more people to join the business. There are 7 trees of about 10 cm dhb for every 22 bags of about 50 kg of charcoal produced from this area. The mean charcoal kiln efficiency of 23.5% was found. Preferred tree species for charcoal includes, Julbernadia globiflora, Brachystegia boehmii, Tamarindus indica, Acacia nigresces, Acacia gerrardii, Acacia nilotica, Combretum adenogonium, Combretum molle, Combretum zeyheri, Boscia salicifolia, Diplorhynchus condylocarpon, Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia, Terminanalia mollis, Pteleopsis myrtifolia,Combretum collinum, Diospyros kirkii, Xeroderris stuhrmanii, Mimusops kummel, Albizia harvey, Acacia goetzei subsp. Goetzei, Lonchocarpus capassa and Mhungilo. Standing wood volume and basal area of these species are lower in public lands compared to forest reserves while stem numbers shows a reversed trend suggesting regeneration of these species in public lands. The public lands at roadside are dominated by large trees of Acacia polyacantha, a pioneer tree species which is not preferred for charcoal making due to its hooked thorns and lighter charcoal which breaks easily during transportation. An average stand growth rate of 2.3 m3ha-1year-1 has been recorded for the re-growth miombo woodland at Kitulangalo.
Socio-economics of charcoal extraction in Tanzania: A case of eastern part of Tanzania.
(CHAPOSA, 2007) Monela, G. C.; Zahabu, E.; Malimbwi, R. E.; Jambiya, G.; Misana, S.
A socio-economic study was conducted in 1999 in the eastern part of Tanzania covering woodlands in charcoal potential areas of Kitulangalo,Mbwewe and Bana which lie in the miombo woodlands. The purpose of the study was to assess socio-economic factors related to charcoal extraction in the study area. Data were collected by a household survey using structured questionnaire, interviews, focussed discussions and participant observation. Results show that there have been substantial immigration of people into charcoal potential areas in search for employment by engaging in charcoal extraction. Most of these people are from distant ethnic groups who have been retrenched in urban centres and in consequence have decided to settle in these areas. Even indigenous inhabitants who have been stricken by poverty and thus have low income and limited access to alternative energy sources have been forced to find refuge in charcoal extraction for employment and income. Thus poverty seems to be the prominent factor compelling people to engage in charcoal extraction. Most of the charcoal is locally and extracted by traditional often inefficient earth-kilns using simple implements and household labour. Urban –based charcoal dealers are the main buyers and sometimes employ local people to produce charcoal for them for sale in urban centres. There is a lucrative charcoal trade between producers and urban traders rendering the often regarded minor forest product a source of livelihood and income to many people. The huge number of preferred species available in the area and many producers has made the price of charcoal relatively low to the disadvantage of producers. There is also an apparent undervaluation of charcoal hence its relative cheaper price, coupled with availability and reliable supply charcoal has been rendered a more affordable source of energy. It is concluded that with the burgeoning population, demand for charcoal will continue to rise under conditions of declining income. These factors will compel more people to extract more charcoal from dwindling woodlands. Thus as more people will engage in charcoal extraction for sale, strains on the woodlands will rise and result in further depletion of the resource base due to increasing deforestation. Intervention measures to improve efficiency in charcoal extraction are crucial. Also sustainable forest management practices involving communities need to be introduced. Furthermore affordable alternative energy sources need to be solicited.