Browsing by Author "Malimbwi, R.E."

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Allometric tree biomass and volume models in Tanzania
(Department of Forest Mensuration and Management Faculty of Forestry and Nature Conservation Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2016) Malimbwi, R.E.; Eid, T.; Chamshama, S.A.O.
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Contribution of charcoal extraction to deforestation: experience from CHAPOSA Research Project.
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2000) Malimbwi, R.E.; Zahabu, E.; Kajembe, G.C.; Luoga, E.J.
The Charcoal Potential in Southern Africa (CHAPOSA) project which commenced in November, 1999 aimed at increasing the understanding of the effects of utilization of charcoal in three countries of Zambia, Mozambique and Tanzania in southern Africa. The main ecological activities carried out in order to understand the impact of charcoal production on the ecology include: determination of species composition and diversity through forest inventory; determination of mean annual increment for Kitulangalo area from two time series measurements of 1996 and 1999; charcoal tree species and size gradient as influenced by proximity to access roads in Kitulangalo and Mbwewe areas through forest inventory; kiln efficiencies, species and tree sizes preference for charcoal making for Kitulangalo, Mbwewe and Bana areas; woodland cover change between 1991 and 1998; and 1991 and 2000 in the northern and southern catchment parts respectively using satellite imageries. Socio-economic data were collected from Kitulangalo, Mbwewe and Bana. The selection criteria for these sites were: presence of actual charcoal production activities; accessibility relative to other areas in the earmarked catchment area for the study; representative-ness of the study sites in making broad conclusions of the study and availability of ecological and socio- economic data. This study demonstrated that charcoal production and cultivation have an impact on large-scale deforestation that has occurred in the area between 1991 and 1998. Tree species suitable for charcoal production have been depleted at the roadside and the average distance to charcoal production sites has increased. Tree cover is worse today than ten years ago due to charcoal production. These observations have wide policy implications, given the increased demand for charcoal from the growing urban population with no reliable and affordable alternative sources of energy. Only 74% of the closed and 54% of the open woodlands, remain relatively unchanged; most of these were in forest reserves. However, these areas were also undergoing modification due to encroachment for charcoal, timber and other forest products. It is true that in the absence of any further disturbance after tree cutting, the areas may progressively revert to woodland. However, in the face of increased population and the demand for agricultural land, such areas may not be given enough room to regenerate. This calls for appropriate management strategies to ensure regeneration so that the remaining woodlands continue to supply charcoal to Dar es Salaam city and other urban areas. This study has shown that substantial regeneration has occurred in areas previously cut, if they have not been converted to farmland. This increases the potential of the regrowth woodland to supply charcoal over a much longer time period.
REDD, forest governance and rural livelihoods. The emerging agenda
(Center for International Forestry Research, 2010) Malimbwi, R.E.; Martins, O. S.; Ferguson, B.; Atmadja, S.
Executive summary Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD) initiatives are more likely to be effective in reducing emissions if they build on, rather than conflict with, the interests of local communities and indigenous groups (referred to henceforth as ‘forest communities’). To show how REDD could most benefit forest communities, lessons from incentive-based forest programmes and recent experiences in six countries were reviewed at an international workshop held at the University of East Anglia (UEA) in Norwich, United Kingdom, in the Spring of 2009. Workshop participants included researchers from the Center for International Forest Research (CIFOR) and UEA, and REDD experts from six focus countries: Brazil, Indonesia, Madagascar, Tanzania, Mexico and Nepal. REDD offers a critical opportunity to enhance the well being of forest communities, a principle upheld by several international agreements and widely accepted voluntary standards related to REDD. The workshop discussions focussed on how best to achieve this. The proceedings of the workshop are organised in two sections. In the first section, experiences from incentive-based forest management are examined for their effects on the livelihoods of local communities. In the second section, case studies from the six case study countries provide a snapshot of REDD developments to date and identify design features for REDD that would support benefits for forest communities. An introductory chapter provides a synthesis and overview of the workshop findings. Reviews of incentive-based experiences related to payments for environmental services, volunteer carbon markets and the Clean Development Mechanism show that incentives can be successful in supporting forest conservation. However, programmes tended to not benefit the poor, and marginalised some groups even further. Programmes tended to be biased towards particular geographic regions, and populations that were better off. The poor often could not afford to participate because of high transaction costs and, where carbon markets led to more formalised rights than existed previously, the poorest often lost rights. Clear, formal rights supported implementation of programmes. Where rights are unclear, conflict over carbon benefits can be expected. The papers from case study countries described their preparedness for REDD in the lead up to the December 2009 UN Copenhagen meetings. Brazil and Indonesia, as two of the world’s highest emitters of forest-related carbon, have taken significant steps to establish policy and project frameworks for REDD. Most countries have Readiness Plans for the World Bank’s Forest Carbon Facility. Madagascar and Tanzania plan to build on existing policies for participatory forestry or conservation. The main concerns in all countries were how to design REDD to reduce emissions effectively: how to establish relevant baseline levels, how to reduce leakage and how to assess additionality. Little attention has been given to helping forest communities participate in REDD decisionExecutive summary making processes that will affect their livelihoods. Only two of the countries so far, Brazil and Indonesia, have developed ways to distribute REDD-related benefits to different stakeholders and provide multi-tiered benefits to forest communities. Assuring transparency and accountability, free, prior and informed consent, and participation in REDD decisions will be necessary to ensure even ‘good enough’ governance in REDD. The workshop findings show that to make REDD work for forest communities there will need to be clear links between incentives, drivers and benefits at multiple scales. There will need to be long-term development opportunities. Not least, forest communities will need to be involved in making REDD decisions that affect them. National REDD programmes will need to be complemented by pro-poor programmes adapted to local conditions. The introduction to these proceedings presents a framework for analysing the design of REDD in terms of these multiple requirements and different groups. The framework allows REDD strategies to be analysed according to the extent to which interest groups at different levels and scales (e.g. households, communities, local government and the timber industry 1) share the burden for forest management beyond forest communities, 2) provide pro-poor, locally adapted incentives that are linked to long-term development opportunities and 3) create safety nets and livelihood options for forest communities that link and cross multiple levels. The framework can also be used to assess equity (e.g. across different kinds of forests, including areas most at threat of deforestation and conserved forests), the mix of private and public benefits, or other equity attributes of interest. Workshop participants identified research priorities for understanding the links between REDD and forest communities. These address four main questions: 1. How can REDD support the deeper structural changes needed to stabilise climate and economies in the future? 2. Where should REDD initiatives in the landscape focus (in relation, for instance, to carbon density, opportunity costs and potential for co-benefits)? 3. What are the substantive practical concerns in the design and implementation of REDD, and what are the roles of different stakeholders (in setting baselines, capacity for monitoring, incentive structures)? and 4. What are the links between REDD processes and the political, economic and social structures that affect what sorts of REDD projects are established and how they are defined?
Stump diameter : a potential predictor of removed biomass through tree cutting
(Tanzania Journal of Forestry and Nature Conservation, 2021) Mugasha, W.A; Mauya, E; Karlsson, K; Malimbwi, R.E.
Stump diameter (SD) has been rarely considered as an important tree parameter in forestry. It is until recently that SD has been found to be important predictor of tree diameter at breast height (D) and forest stand parameter such as volume and biomass. This study, developed D-SD relationships for nine different forest cover type in Tanzania mainland. A total of 32265 sample trees covering miombo woodlands, humid montane, lowland forests, bushlands, grasslands, mangroves, cultivated land, wetlands forests and plantations (Pines and Eucalyptus species) were used for fitting D-SD models. The findings revealed a linear relationship between D and SD for all forest covers. In addition, we found forest covers having similar D-SD allometry while others had unique D-SD allometry. This prompted fitting Generalised Linear Model where three forest cover groups were generated, i.e. group 1 (bushlands, woodlands, lowlands and grasslands); group 2 (mangroves, cultivated land, plantation and wetlands); and group 3 (humid montane). We fitted linear model to each forest cover group. Large variations in D were adequately explained by SD for each forest cover group. We further compared AGB values estimated from the measured D and estimated D from the D-SD equation. The estimated AGB from both approach did not differ significantly. We therefore, recommend the developed D-SD relationships models be applied to predict D of the missing trees for which their stumps still exist.