Browsing by Author "Malimbwi, R.E"

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Impact of charcoal extraction to the forest resources of Tanzania: the case of Kitulangalo area, Tanzania
(1998) Malimbwi, R.E; Misana, S; Monela, G.C; Jambiya, G; Zahabu, E
Research is being undertaken to expand the knowledge about the biomass potential for supplying charcoal to urban centres and find workable policy tools that will enable sustainable production and use of charcoal in the medium term perspective. The project, CHAPOSA (Charcoal Potential in Southern Africa) focuses on the dynamics of charcoal production in supply areas (mainly woodlands) and its consumption in three major cities: Lusaka, Zambia, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania and Maputo, Mozambique. The three year research project is funded by European Union (EU) and co-ordinated by Stockhom Environmental Institute (SEI). In each of the three partner countries, socio-economic and ecological aspects of charcoal are being studied in the supply areas and charcoal consumption and market forces studies are being undertaken in the cities. Preliminary results on the supply side are presented for Tanzania in this paper. At Kitulangalo one of the charcoal supplying areas in Tanzania, an average charcoal making household produce 43 bags of charcoal per month, charcoal is sold at kiln site at Tshs. 1,000/= per bag. The household realizes an income of Tshs. 43,000/= per month. This income is above the minimum salary rates paid currently to government workers and hence attracts more people to join the business. There are 7 trees of about 10 cm dhb for every 22 bags of about 50 kg of charcoal produced from this area. The mean charcoal kiln efficiency of 23.5% was found. Preferred tree species for charcoal includes, Julbernadia globiflora, Brachystegia boehmii, Tamarindus indica, Acacia nigresces, Acacia gerrardii, Acacia nilotica, Combretum adenogonium, Combretum molle, Combretum zeyheri, Boscia salicifolia, Diplorhynchus condylocarpon, Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia, Terminanalia mollis, Pteleopsis myrtifolia,Combretum collinum, Diospyros kirkii, Xeroderris stuhrmanii, Mimusops kummel, Albizia harvey, Acacia goetzei subsp. Goetzei, Lonchocarpus capassa and Mhungilo. Standing wood volume and basal area of these species are lower in public lands compared to forest reserves while stem numbers shows a reversed trend suggesting regeneration of these species in public lands. The public lands at roadside are dominated by large trees of Acacia polyacantha, a pioneer tree species which is not preferred for charcoal making due to its hooked thorns and lighter charcoal which breaks easily during transportation. An average stand growth rate of 2.3 m 3 ha -1 year -1 has been recorded for the re-growth miombo woodland at Kitulangalo.
Optimal rotation age of pinus patula in government forest plantations in Tanzania
(Tanzania Journal of Forestry and Nature Conservation, 2021) Mugasha, W.A; Laswai, F.F; Malimbwi, R.E; Chamshama, S.A.O.; Abdallah, J.M; Mauya, E.W
A study to determine the optimal rotation age of Pinus patula was conducted in five forest plantations in Tanzania, i.e., Kawetire, Kiwira, North Kilimanjaro, West Kilimanjaro and Meru. Growth and yield, and mechanical properties data were collected from compartments representing age from 5 to 25 years. In addition, revenues and management costs data were collected for the purpose of determining the economic rotation age. For the purpose of determining the optimal rotation age based on growth and yield, the following basic models were developed: 1) site index curves model, 2) height-D model, 3) Single tree volume model, 4) Basal area growth model 5) stand volume model, 6) mortality model, and 7) simulation of thinning. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was carried out to ascertain whether the wood properties vary across age classes. Economic analysis of rotation age data involved computation of Net Present Value (NPV). Growth and yield data revealed irrespective of site class, P. patula can be harvested at age of 18 years while mechanical wood properties show that harvesting ages range between 16 and 21 years. Based on NPV, the optimal age was 16 years. Therefore, it is recommended P. patula be harvested at age of 18 years irrespective of site class.
Payments for environmental services as incentive opportunities for catchment forest reserves management in Tanzania
(2022-02) Zahabu, E; Malimbwi, R.E; Ngaga, Y.M
Catchment forests occupy a total of 2.8 million hectares in Tanzania. This is about 8% of the total forested land in Tanzania. While catchment forests offer both direct tangible benefits and indirect benefits of which some are perceived as environmental services, they are threatened by prevailing high rate of deforestation and general degradation. Traditionally the management of catchment forests focused on expanding the area under state tenure by excluding local communities. This approach has resulted in greater forest degradation as a result of increasing demand for forest products by local communities due to population increase and lack of alternative sources of income. Inadequate government resources in terms of manpower and funding to effectively manage catchments forests and other forests also contributed to the failure. This reason and others have led to the emergence of Participatory Forest Management (PFM) in its varying facets reflecting varying degrees of involvement of local communities in the management of forest resources. PFM has two main scenarios in Tanzania, Joint Forest Management (JFM) where by villagers and the government jointly manages the forest, and Community Based Forest Management (CBFM) whereby management of the forest is vested wholly in the hands of the local communities. JFM is adopted in catchment forests because of their sensitive nature. The total forest area which is under PFM or is in the process of changing is 2,975,919 ha of which 1,890,613 ha are under JFM. The last decade has witnessed an overwhelming popularity of PFM in most developing countries with varying levels of success. A well managed catchment forest normally benefits a wide range of stakeholders, normally far away from the forest in the form of water for domestic use, hydroelectricity, tourism and carbon sequestration among others. It is logical that these stakeholders should pay for the outcomes of good forest management as incentives to the managers, the local communities. In a study carried out with respect to catchment forest reserves in Tanga, Morogoro, Arusha and Kilimanjaro regions the actual Total Economic Value (TEV) of the forests was rated at USD 496 million per year. A fraction of this value should be ploughed back to the local communities as payment for environmental services. Various benefit sharing mechanisms have been explored in this paper as incentives for improved forest management.
Pine resin productivity at Sao hill forest plantation, Southern Tanzania
(Tanzania Journal of Forestry and Nature Conservation, 2021) Beleko, S; Malimbwi, R.E; Mugasha, W.A; Balama, C; Mpiri, A
A study on resin productivity from Pinus patula and P. elliottii was carried out at Sao Hill Forest Plantation. Four and three compartments for Pinus patula and P. elliottii, respectively covering age between 5 and 25 years were selected. In each compartment, three plots (12m × 12m) were systematically established. All trees in each plot were measured for diameter at breast height (Dbh) and three trees (smallest, medium and largest in diameter) measured for total height and crown diameter. All trees in treatment plots were tapped for resin. Weighing and re-wounding of tapped trees was done after every ten days in ten sessions. The findings show that annual resin yield ranged from 0.56kg tree -1 to 1.32kg tree -1 and from 0.47kg tree -1 to 1.98kg tree -1 for P. patula P. elliottii, respectively. The Dbh and crown diameter were important predictors resin production. Over 31% of annual resin production was explained by stand level variables. It was recommended that integration of resin tapping into the current schemes of timber will improve the contribution of the forest sector in economic growth. Further, introduction of resin tapping may be an attractive option for early income generation while waiting trees to attain the rotation age.
Rotation age and fibre length of pinus patula at sao hill forest plantation, Tanzania
(Tanzania Forestry Research Institute (TAFORI) and Tanzania Forest Fund (TaFF), 2018) Laswai, F; Malimbwi, R.E; Chamshama, S.A.O; Abdallah, J.M; Balama, C.; Pima, N.E; Mugasha, W.A; Mauya, E
This study determined the rotation age of Pinus patula grown at Sao Hill forest plantation based on growth, yield, wood properties, and economic analysis. Previous Technical Orders on rotation age were not based on these considerations. Growth, yield, wood properties, revenue, and management costs data were collected and analysed using standard procedures. The results indicate that there were fewer and lighter prunings and thinnings than specified in the respective schedules. Many trees were found to have breast height diameter below 40 cm in all compartments except one. Growth and yield results showed that for P. patula grown at Sao Hill, the equity point of Mean Annual Increment (MAI) and Current Annual Increment (CAI) were achieved at between 16 and 17 years with the maximum MAI being maintained until about 20 years. Basic density and mechanical properties showed that strong wood was obtained when trees were 16 years and above and these properties increased with age. The mean fibre length for 5 - 25 years old P. patula was found to range from 2.29 to 3.53 mm and increased with age. Fibre lengths from 11 years and above exceed the minimum (3 mm) considered suitable for pulp and paper production. Based on economic analysis, net present value (NPV) was attained at between 16 and 17 years. Based on considerations of growth and yield, wood properties and economics of rotation age; P. patula from Sao Hill is recommended to be harvested at 18 years for timber and 11 years for pulp and paper production.