Browsing by Author "Magayane, F. T."

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Heat intolerance syndrome associated with foot and mouth disease in cattle in Tanzania: occurrence and Its effect on animal behaviour and physiological parameters
(Tanzania Veterinary Journal, 2006-01-30) Chibunda, R. T.; Makene, V. W.; Pereka, A. E.; Magayane, F. T.
A heat intolerance (HI) syndrome in cattle has been suspected to occur in Tanzania and is associated with previous exposure to foot and mouth disease (FMD) virus. For the present study, a survey was used to explore livestock keeper knowledge of its occurrence and association with FMD in Morogoro, Mwanza and Shinyanga regions. In addition, a field experiment was conducted to evaluate changes in behavioural activities and physiological parameters of HI cattle during variation of ambient temperatures. Large percentage (45.3%) of informants from Morogoro region reported occurrence of HI and associated it with FMD. Livestock keepers' perceptions of association between HI and FMD were confirmed by using the detection of antibody to FMDV. From the field experiment it was shown that HI animals had significantly (P< 0.001) higher rectal temperatures and respiration rates than health cows. Duration of grazing and rumination were significantly (P< 0.001) lowered in the HI cows than in the health ones during sunny days. Also, shade seeking was significantly (P< 0.001) higher in HI than in healthy animals. Furthermore, for HI animals grazing was higher during the morning and on cloudy days, than in late evening and sunny days respectively. It was also evident that HI animals preferred wallowing in water. Based on the knowledge of livestock keepers, from the present study, it is concluded that livestock keepers in Tanzania recognize HI as a disease, which sets in as a sequel to FMD outbreak. Based on the results from the field experiment it is concluded that during sunny days HI animals exhibit behavioural changes which reduces their feeding time.
Reconsidering human-wildlife conflicts in communities around wildlife protected areas of Tanzania
(African Journal Online (AJOL), 2008-02-21) Maganga, S. L.; Tarimo, T. M.; Magayane, F. T.; Senkondo, E. M.; Kideghesho, J. R.
Tanzania has a number of wildlife protected areas (WPAs), surrounded by rural communities undertaking various socio-economic activities. These communities are constantly in conflict with wildlife because of the damage they cause. Surveys in some WPAs indicate that the damages of major concern include crop predation and attacks to people and livestock. These damages have social and economic implications to communities in terms of food security. This situation has existed for long without any satisfactory ways of addressing it. Recently, Community-Based Wildlife Conservation (CBWC) through established Wildlife Management Areas (WMAs) has been envisaged as an approach to mitigate the conflicts. This approach is still under experimentation in Africa. However, there are indications that it may not be a plausible solution instead it may worsen the problem. Moreover, CBWC is feasible only where WPAs are large enough to establish WMAs. Another complication is that the wildlife policy clearly states that there is no intention of introducing a compensation scheme for wildlife based damages. It is high time this problem is reconsidered for example by instituting a compensation scheme. This would help the poor rural communities who bear the cost of wildlife conservation.
The role of informal and semi-formal finance in poverty alleviation in Tanzania: Results of a field study in two regions
(REPOA, 1998) Kashuliza, A. K.; Hella, J. P.; Magayane, F. T.; Mvena, Z. S. K.
Liberalization policies implemented in Tanzania after the mid 1980s have created some impetus to the growth of informal and semi-formal finance and credit operations in the country. This study set out to investigate the modus operandi and performance of some selected informal and semi-formal credit arrangements in two regions of the country (Mbeya and Iringa). Data for the study were collected between January to March, 1996 from a total of two hundred farmers (the majority of whom used informal and semi-formal credit), ten informal lenders, ten input stockists and fourteen semi-formal lenders (including NGOs). Survey information collected by the study indicates that the main sources of informal credit for smallholders are: relatives, neighbours and friends, shop owners and businessmen, and medium and large scale farmers. Such credit is used for both consumption and production activities. Overall, informal lending is still far from being a specialized activity, rather it is a side activity integrated into the enterprise undertakings of various farmers, businessmen and shop owners. A variety of semi-formal lenders are operating in the rural areas mainly providing production credit (often accompanied with some training, supervision, and interest on loans which are generally lower than commercial rates). Some of the semi-lenders target specific groups such as women, youth, farmers of certain crops etc. Most of the semiformal credit channels studied have poor records of loan collection partly because such programmes were being set up without elaborate procedures for education and collection of loans from farmers. Both informal and semi-formal credit access are linked with the attempt to alleviate poverty in several ways including: ability to cultivate larger farms, getting higher crop yields, and better food security status than before (or in comparison to farmers without credit access). Thus more efforts should be made by Government and relevant institutions to promote the development and growth of informal as well as semi-formal credit channels for them to be more effective tools in the efforts to alleviate poverty.