Browsing by Author "Laswai, G.H."

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Assessment on the availability of cattle and feeds for quality beef production in Tanzanian
(ENRECA IGMAFU, 2008) Nandonde, S.W.; Tarimo, M.; Laswai, G.H.; Mgheni, D.M.; Mtenga, L.A.; Kimambo, A.E.; Madsen, J.; Hvelplund, T.; Weisbjerg, M.R.
Growing demand for quality beef has motivated livestock keepers to finish cattle under feedlot. However, there is no reliable information on feed and animal resources that could sustainably support beef fattening in Tanzania.
The Effect of Processing Method of Dolichos Bean (Lablab purpureus L. Sweet) on the Digestibility and Perfonnance of Growing-finishing pigs
(1998) Laswai, G.H.; Lekule, F. P.; Kimambo, A. E.; Sarawatt, A. E.; Sundsto, F.
A 4 x 4 Latin sqf!.are experiment was carried out using 4 bancows to investigate the effect of processing method on the digestibility ofnutrients of dolichos beans and nitrogen retention in pigs. Four diets were formulated to contain the control diet with 0.09 soybean meal or 0.33 of the control diet and O. 67 of each of either raw, boiled or roasted dolichos bean meal in diets I, II, III and IV, respectively. In another experiment, four diets were formulated such that O. 18 of raw (Diet 2), boiled (Diet 3) or roasted (Diet 4) dolichos bean meals replaced the 0.09 soybean meal contained in the contro[,(Diet I). These diets were ded to 12female and 12 castrated male pigs in a 4 x 2 factorial arrangement. Feed intake, growth performance and slaughter characteristics were evaluated. Mean values of crude protein digestability and nitrogen retention in the raw dolichos meal (50.6% and 18g/d) were relatively lower than in the processed meals (p ~ 0.05). The' corresponding values for boiled dolichos meal were higher (p < 0.05) than those of roasted meal (73.6% versus 65.2% and 12.8g/dversus 8. 7g/d)~ Animals fed on the raw dolichos diet (Diet 2) had significantly lower growth rates and poorer feed conversion ratio. The two parameters were improved on the animals fed on heat-treated dolichos diets. It was concluded that thermC!-processing, particularly boiling greatly improved nutrient availability and overall utilisation of dolichos bean meal for pigs.
Effects of castration, level of feeding and body weight on Energy partition and efficiency of energy utilisation in growing pigs
(2001) Laswai, G.H.; Close, W.H.; Mtenga, W. H.
Efects of castration, feeding level and body weight on energy partition and efficiency of energy utilisation in growing pigs were studies. Eighteen entire and 18 castrated males, fed on either high (3.34 x maintenance) or low (225 x maintenance) level of feeding in a 2x2 factorial design, with 9 pigs per treatment were used. Energy nitrogen balance and calorimetry were recorded at 30, 60 and 90kg body weight. Increased feeding level resulted into increasing rates of energy (ER), protein energy (Pe) and fat energy (Fe) retention by 0.45, 0.29 and 0.62, respectively. Castration increased ER and Fe by 0.16 and 0.42, respectively but decreased protein energy retention by 0. 13. Energy requirement for maintenance (MEm) was 0. 10 higher in the entire than castrated males and tended w increase with increased protein energy retention. Net energetic efficiences for protein (kp) and fat retention (kj) were higher for the entire (0.61 and 0.98) than for castrated males (0.56 and 0.92) The results indicate that an increase in the rates of energy expenditure with increased lean tissue growth potential may be attributed to increased energy requirement for maintenance.
Effects of substituting sunflower seed cake with Acacia tortilis pods as protein source in supplementary diets of Small East African goats
(2002) Ntakwendela, L.; Mtenga, L.A.; Pereka, A.E.; Chenyambuga, S.W.; Laswai, G.H.; Kimambo, A.E.; Muhikambele, V.R.M.
A study was undertaken to avaluate the effects of substituting sunflower seed cake with Acacia tortilis pods as a protein source in supplementing Small East African goats fed a basal diet of Brachiaria brizantha hay. Twenty-four growing female goats with mean body weight of 9. 71 = 1.56 kg were used in a growth experiment. Twelve adult bucks were used in a digestibility experiment. In the growth experiment the animals were divided into four groups, each with six animals, while for the digestibility experiment the animals were divided into four groups, each with three animals. These groups were randomly assigned to four supplementary diets containing different proportion of sunflower seed cake and Acacia tortilis pods. In treatments one (T1). two (T2); three (T3) and four (T4) sunflower seed cake was replaced with Acacia tortilis pods at levels of 0.0%, 3.33%, 66.7% and 100%, respectively. The intake of hay and total DM tended to increase with increasing levels of Acacia tortilts pods in the supplementary diet, the highest intake (430 g DM/day) was observed in goats offered supplementary diet T4. The CP intake (49.1 to 58.9g/day) did not differ significantly (P>0. 0.5). among the treatments. The intake of ME was significantly (P<0. 05) lower (3.0 MJ) for animals in T1 than those in T4 (3:7 MJ). In the digestibility trial, no significant (P>0.05) effect on apparent digestibility of DM, OM, CP and NDF on nitrogen utilisation was observed between treatments. In the growth trail, significant (P<0.05) lower growth rate was observed in animals under T1 (20g/day) than those in T3 (32g/day) and T4 (32g/day). Similarly the feed utilisation efficiency for animals in T1 (FCR=18.5) was significantly (p<0.05) lower than those of the animals in T3 (FCR=13.1) and T4 (FCR=13. 5). Replacement of sunflower seed cake with Acacia tortilis pods in the supplementary diets at the level of 66.7% and 100% gave the highest hay and total DM intake, daily live weight gain and feed utilisation efficiency. Therefore, Acacia tortilis pods may be used in place of high cost oil cakes in the feeding of goats.
Estimation of body gain of entire and castrated male pigs at two feeding levels and three body weights, using energy/nitrogen balance and comparative slaughter techniques
(2000) Laswai, G.H.; Close, W. H.; Longland, A.C.
Rates of tissue gain and body composition of 18 entire (E) and 18 castrated (C) male pigs, fed at one of two levels offeeding (high (H) or low (L)), were investigated in a 2x2factorial experiment. Calorimetric, energy and rlitrogen balances were carried out on each animal at 30, 60 and 90 kg live weight. The animals were slaughtered at 95 kg and their body composition was determined. The higher feeding level resulted in greater (P < 0.001) rates of body weight gain, protein andfat deposition in all treatment combinations. Castration was associated with decreased and increased potentialfor protein andfat deposition, respectively. Mean values of shoulder fat thickness, loinfat and subcutaneousfat (P2) were greater (P< 0.01 )for the animalsfed at the high compared with thosefed at the low level and thesefat measurements were greater in the castrated than the entire male pigs. Relative to the slaughter method, the balance method overestimated and underestimated the rates of protein andfat deposition by 0.16 and 0.10, respectively.
Gender roles, local knowledge, food security and biodiversity in different livestock production systems in Tanzania
(FAO, 1999) Machang'u, A. D.; Mutayoba, S.; Laswai, G.H.; Mwaseba, D.; Kimambo, E.; Lazaro, E.
Tanzania has a large livestock population of about 13 million cattle; 3.7 million sheep; 6.4 million goats; 275,00 pigs and over 22 million chickens (1984 Census). The ruminant population is mainly concentrated in Northern zone (Arusha), Central Zone (Dodoma and Singida); Western zone (Shinyanga and Tabora) and Lake zone (Mwanza and Mara). This distribution has an important implication in terms of production, marketing and resource use pattern (particularly land resource). Livestock production in Tanzania is organised under two main sectors; the commercial and the traditional sectors. The commercial sector was once dominated by a few para-statal dairy farms and beef ranches which have recently been privatised. This sector also include a thriving urban and peri-urban private commercial poultry and small-scale dairy farms and accounts for about 15% of the total livestock population in the country. The traditional sector accounts for about 99% of the country's cattle herd and 85% of the chicken. Under this sector animals kept are mainly indigenous breeds like Tanzania shorthorn zebu (TSZ) (98%) while pure beef and dairy breeds constitute 0.8% and 1% respectively (Shayo and Mlay 1986).
Growth performance and carcass characteristics of Tanzania Shorthorn Zebu cattle finished on molasses or maize grain with rice or maize by-products
(Elsevier Inc., 2015-11-03) Asimwe, L.; Kimambo, A.E.; Laswai, G.H.; Mtenga, L.A.; Weisbjerg, M.R.; Madsen, J.; Mushi, D.E.
Forty five steers (2.5–3.0 years of age and 200 7 5 (SEM) kg body weight) were allotted randomly into five diets to assess the effects of finishing Tanzania Shorthorn Zebu (TSZ) cattle in feedlot using diets based on either molasses or maize grain combined with maize or rice by-products. The diets were hay and concentrate mixtures of hominy feed with molasses (HFMO), rice polishing with molasses (RPMO), hominy feed with maize meal (HFMM), rice polishing with maize meal (RPMM) and a control of maize meal with molasses (MMMO). All concentrate mixtures contained cotton seed cake, mineral mixture, salt and urea. Both hay and concentrate were fed ad libitum and with free access to drinking water for 90 days. Feed intake, body weights and carcass characteristics were recorded. The daily total dry matter intake (DMI, kg/day) was greater (Po 0.05) in molasses based diets (7.64 for RPMO and 7.35 for HFMO) than in maize grain based diets (6.94, 6.73 and 6.19 for RPMM, MMMO and HFMM, respectively). Energy intake was highest (P o0.05) in HFMO (86 MJ/day) and lowest in RPMM (69 MJ/day). Crude protein intake was highest in HFMO (867 g/day) and lowest in RPMO (725 g/day). Feed conversion ratio (kg feed DMI/kg gain) was lower (P o0.05) for steers fed on HFMM (7.87) and HFMO (8.09) than those fed on MMMO (10.4), RPMM (11.0) and RPMO (11.5). Steers fed on HFMO had the highest (Po 0.05) daily weight gain (919 g/day), total weight gain (83 kg), final live weight (283 kg), empty body weight (268 kg) and hot carcass weight (151 kg). The proportion of internal fat to empty body weight (2.7%) in steers fed on HFMO was higher (P o0.05) than those from other diets. Nevertheless, all carcasses showed relatively high fat cover (1.1–1.6 cm). It is concluded that agro-processing by products are good feed resources for finishing TSZ cattle in feedlots with formulations based on molasses being superior over those based on maize meal, and hominy feed being superior over rice polishing. A combination of molasses and hominy feed (HFMO) could be used successfully as an alternative to maize meal in finishing TSZ cattle in feedlot.