Browsing by Author "Kinimi, E."
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Item Distribution and diversity of mosquitoes and the role of Aedes in the transmission of arboviruses in selected districts of Tanzania(2017-12-25) Patrick, N. P.; Kinimi, E.; Shayo, M/ J.; Ang eenyi, S. O.; Weyer, P.; van Vuren, P. J.; Paweska, J. T.; Mboera, L. E. G.; Rweyemamu, M. M.; Misinzo, G.; Kasanga, C. J.Arboviruses belong to various families of viruses that are transmitted by arthropods, mainly mosquitoes and often cause diseases in humans. The objective of this study was to determine mosquito diversity and transmission of arboviruses by Aedes in selected ecosystems in Tanzania. Adult mosquitoes were collected from rural and urban settings using carbon dioxide-baited CDC light traps, Biogent sentinel traps, and the Mosquito Magnet traps. Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction assay was performed on pooled adult Aedes mosquitoes to detect the presence of Chikungunya, Dengue, Rift Valley fever (RVF) and Yellow fever (YF) viruses. A total of 42, 77 mosquitoes belonging to five genera (Aedes, Anopheles, Culex, Mansonia and Mimomyia) and 18 species were collected. Culex accounted for the largest (62.7%; n= 2,682) proportion of the mosquitoes while Anopheles for the lowest proportion (5.7%; n=245). Of the total mosquitoes collected, Culex quinquefasciatus accounted for more than a half (53.4%; n=2692), followed by Aedes aegypti 12.1% (n=520). Of the 34 adult Ae. aegypti pools tested, arboviruses were detected in 33(97%) pools. Dengue virus was detected in 47.6% (10/ 21) pools which tested positive for Flaviruses. Chikungunya virus was detected in 30% (3/ 10) pools which were positive for Alphavirus genera. Of 2 pools tested positive for Bunyavirus genus, Rift Valley fever virus was detected in 1 pool (50%). The presence of various mosquito vectors and detection of arboviruses in aedes mosquitoes leave the population of Tanzania at great risk of transmission of different pathogens and highlight a need for vector control measures in the country.Item Evidence of anti-chikungunya virus igg and igm antibodies among patients seeking treatment in different health facilities in Kyela District, Tanzania(2018) Patrick, B. N.; Angwenyi, S.; Kinimi, E.; Shayo, M.; Hugo, M.; Kasanga, C. J.Chikungunya is an arboviral disease transmitted by aedes mosquitoes, caused by Chikungungunya virus. It consists of an acute illness characterized by fever, rash, and incapacitating arthralgia. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of Chikungunya fever in patients presenting fever at different health facilities located in Kyela district. Out of 132 recruited patients, 94(71.2 %) were female and 38 (28.8 %) were male. The majority of them 80 (60.6%) were adults (≥25 years). Anti-Chikungunya virus anti-immunoglobulin G (IgG) and anti-immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies were detected in serum samples using indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Chikungunya virus IgG or IgM antibodies were detected in 19 among 132 serum specimens tested indicating a seroprevalence of 14.3%. Out of 132 sera tested, 14 (11%) had IgG antibodies and 5(3.8%) had IgM antibodies. The higher anti-CHIKV IgG seroprevalence was found in female patients (OR= 3.22; 95% CI: 1.03-10.06) than in male. Similarly patients who took some medication before going to the health centre were found with high CHIKV IgG antibodies (OR= 13.912; 95% CI: 1.76-109.78) as well as in patients who never been vaccinated (OR=4.6; 95%CI: 0.02 – 1.71). Additionally, the uni-variate analysis results revealed, feeling nausea as the symptom of significant association with Chikungunya IgG seropositivity (OR = 4.5; 95% CI: 1.3– 14.4). These findings confirm that CHIKV infection seems to be among the common causes of febrile illness in Kyela district and appears to be actively circulating in the population but is routinely misdiagnosed. This suggests a need to raise awareness among health facilities and policy makers on the use of specific diagnosis for better control of arbovirus diseases in the study region.Item Evidence of chikungunya virus infection among febrile patients seeking healthcare in selected districts of Tanzania(Taylor & Francis, 2018) Kinimi, E.; Shayo, M. J.; Patrick, B. N.; Angwenyi, S. O.; Kasanga, C. J.; Weyer, J.; Vuren, P. J.; Paweska, J. T.; Mboera, L. E.G.; Misinzo, G.Introduction: Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection is an emerging mosquito-borne disease that has been associated with frequent epidemics in the world. However, there is a dearth of information on its magnitude and associated risk factors in Tanzania. Objective: A study was conducted to determine seroprevalence of CHIKV among febrile patients seeking medical care at health facilities in Karagwe, Sengerema, Kilombero and Kyela districts. Methods: Structured questionnaires were administered and 728 serum samples were col- lected between May and June, 2015 and tested for the presence of CHIKV-IgM and IgG- specific antibodies using Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results and discussion: The common clinical characteristics exhibited by outpatients were fever, headache and joint pains (100%, 70%, and 68.3% respectively). Out of 728 outpatients screened for CHIKV, 105 (14%) tested CHIKV IgG positive whilst 11 (1.5%) tested CHIKV IgM positive. Chikungunya seropositivity was significantly higher than previously reported in Tanzania. The most affected age group was 20–29 years. Our results indicate that CHIKV infection is prevalent and contributes to the burden of febrile illnesses in Tanzania. The seroprevalence varies between districts, reflecting variation in mosquito vector transmission dynamics in different parts of the country. Received 23 September 2018 Accepted 19 November 2018 KEYWORDS Chikungunya; seroprevalence; febrile illness; mosquito-borne; Tanzania Abbreviations: CHIKV: Chikungunya virus; EDTA: Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; ELISA: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; IgG: Immunoglobulin G; IgM: Immunoglobulin M; NIMR: National Institute for Medical Research; RU: Relative Units; SACIDS: Southern African Centre for Infectious Disease Surveillance; USA: United States of AmericaItem Prevalence of diabetes mellitus in patients seeking medical care at Morogoro Regional Referral Hospital in Tanzania(2017-10) Kinimi, E.; Balthazary, S.; Kitua, S.; Msalika, S.Background: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a key metabolic endocrine disorder escalating in the course of rapid population growth, aging, urbanization, and increasing prevalence of obesity and physical inactivity. This study was conducted to assess prevalence of DM and associated risk factors among outpatients seeking medical care at Morogoro Regional Referral Hospital in Tanzania. Method: A cross-sectional study was carried out amongst 129 outpatients. Diabetic status was assigned using Gluco-plus Random Blood Glucose (RBG) ≥ 11.1mmol/L and a subject was confirmed to have diabetes when fasting plasma glucose was ≥7mmol/L. Structured questionnaire was administered to collect socio-demographic characteristics. Body Mass Index (BMI) was computed, with normal values ranging from 18.5-24.9 kg/m2, ˂18.5kg/m2 suggests underweight and/or malnutrition, from 25.0-29.9 is overweight; 30-39.9 is obese, while ≥40.0 is severe obesity. Data were analysed and Chi-square test was applied to test association between DM and overweight, age, smoking and alcohol intake. Results: Our findings indicated that an overall prevalence of diabetes was 10.08% for undiagnosed town dwellers outpatients. Out of 13 diabetic individuals, 4 (31%) were males and 9 (69 %) were females. In this study population, 26 (20.16%) were overweight and One of diabetic subjects had severe obesity, two were obese, seven were overweight and three had normal weight. The age, alcohol intake and overweight were found to be the risk factors significantly associated with DM. Conclusions: Our results indicate a higher prevalence of DM than the national estimate of 9.1 %. Thus DM still indicates a considerable health burden in Morogoro Municipality. Overweight, aging, alcohol consumption and physical inactivity were the main predisposing factors for DM morbidity. A regular screening and intervention programme for preventing DM in Morogoro Municipality is necessaryItem Prevalence of gastro-intestinal helminths in slaughtered cattle in Walungu territory, South Kivu Province, Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo(2018) Bisimwa, N. P; Lugano, R. M.; Bwihangane, B. A.; Wasso, S. D.; Kinimi, E.; Banswe, G.; Bajope, B.An abattoir cross sectional survey was carried out to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasitic helminths in slaughtered cattle at Kankinda and Mugogo Municipal abattoirs located in Walungu territory, South Kivu province, eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. Using qualitative and quantitative coprological examination, 200 fecal samples were tested. Gastrointestinal helminths’ eggs were detected in only 148 samples tested giving an overall prevalence of 74%. The most diversity class was nematodes with four species, followed by trematode and cestode with two species in each, both representing species abundances of 44.4%, 22.2% and 22.2% respectively and only one protozoan species was identified (11.1%). However, the prevalence of helminths in relation to sex and age group revealed no statistical difference at P value >0.05. The exotic breed presented the highest infection rate of 72.5% (OR=4.6, 95% CI: 1.9–11.1; p=0.0004) compared to the local breed. Similarly high prevalence of helminthes was found in slaughtered cattle from local farms 90.6% (OR=4.1; 95% CI: 1.9–9.5; p=0.0001) compared to cattle imported from Rwanda. The prevalent helminthes species identified were Eimeria bovis (74%), followed by Schistosoma bovis (41%); Hymenolepis diminuta (39%); Toxocara vitulorum (32.5%) and the least species observed were Fasciola gigantica (18%); Strongyloides papillosus (11.5%); Trichonstrongylus sp (7%); Haemonchus spp (6.5%); and Moniezia spp (6%). These findings reflect a growing burden of gastrointestinal parasite infections at abattoir level. Therefore, a proper management, improved hygiene and regular deworming practices should be institutionalized for prevention and control of parasitic infections in livestock.Item Prevalence of gastro-intestinal helminths in slaughtered cattle in Walungu Territory, South Kivu Province, Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo(Austin Publishing Group, 2018-04-13) Bisimwa, N. P.; Lugano, R. M.; Bwihangane, B. A.; Wasso, S. D.; Kinimi, E.; Banswe, G.; Bajope, B.An abattoir cross sectional survey was carried out to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasitic helminths in slaughtered cattle at Kankinda and Mugogo Municipal abattoirs located in Walungu territory, South Kivu province, eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. Using qualitative and quantitative coprological examination, 200 fecal samples were tested. Gastrointestinal helminths’ eggs were detected in only 148 samples tested giving an overall prevalence of 74%. The most diversity class was nematodes with four species, followed by trematode and cestode with two species in each, both representing species abundances of 44.4%, 22.2% and 22.2% respectively and only one protozoan species was identified (11.1%). However, the prevalence of helminths in relation to sex and age group revealed no statistical difference at P value >0.05. The exotic breed presented the highest infection rate of 72.5% (OR=4.6, 95% CI: 1.9–11.1; p=0.0004) compared to the local breed. Similarly high prevalence of helminthes was found in slaughtered cattle from local farms 90.6% (OR=4.1; 95% CI: 1.9–9.5; p=0.0001) compared to cattle imported from Rwanda. The prevalent helminthes species identified were Eimeria bovis (74%), followed by Schistosoma bovis (41%); Hymenolepis diminuta (39%); Toxocara vitulorum (32.5%) and the least species observed were Fasciola gigantica (18%); Strongyloides papillosus (11.5%); Trichonstrongylus sp (7%); Haemonchus spp (6.5%); and Moniezia spp (6%). These findings reflect a growing burden of gastrointestinal parasite infections at abattoir level. Therefore, a proper management, improved hygiene and regular deworming practices should be institutionalized for prevention and control of parasitic infections in livestock.Item Serological evidence of chikungunya and malaria co-infection among febrile patients seeking health care in Karagwe district, Tanzania(2018-10) Kinimi, E.; Patric, P. N.; Misinzo, G.Background: Chikungunya is an emerging mosquito-borne viral illness of major public health concern and is becoming a common infection in many geographical areas of Tanzania. This study was carried out to determine the incidence of malaria and chikungunya infections among febrile patients seeking medical care in Karagwe district, Tanzania. Methods: Febrile patients were enrolled into the study at Nyakahanga district designated hospital and Kayanga heath centre in May and June 2015. Questionnaires were administered to collect clinical and socio-demographic characteristics of patients. All participants were tested for malaria using malarial rapid diagnostic test and those tested positive by mRDT were confirmed by microscopy. Both outpatients tested malaria positive and negative were further screened for immunoglobulin M (IgM) and G (IgG) antibodies for chikungunya using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: A total of 400 febrile patients were enrolled in the study. Out of 400 febrile outpatients tested for malaria, 116 (28.75%) tested positive with mRDT. Microscopy confirmed presence malaria parasites in 112 (96.55%) of the malaria RDT-positive. The overall seroprevalence of chikungunya infection was 24.25% (97/400). Out of those chikungunya seropositive subjects, 89 (91.75%) had no malaria. Co-infection rate of chikungunya and malaria was found to be 7.14% (8/112). Conclusions: Our findings confirmed the existence of chikungunya and malaria co-infection among febrile patients seeking health care in Karagwe district. Chikungunya should be considered in the differential diagnosis of malaria for appropriate case management and in order to monitor the public health burden and to inform possible preventative and control measures.