Browsing by Author "Kifaro, G.C."
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Item Alternative goat kid-rearing systems for improved performance and milk sharing between humans and offspring in climate change mitigation(Springer International Publishing AG, 2015) Chigwa, Fanny C.; Eik, Lars Olav; Kifaro, G.C.; Muhikambele, V.C.M.; Mushi, Daniel E.Intensification of livestock production reduces the amount of land required to sustain a livestock unit and frees up the land necessary for carbon sequestration. Transforming the goat sector from meat only to a dual-purpose system with both milk and meat is reported to increase food production per unit of land. Dairy goats have been widely adopted among smallholders in Tanzania and are now gaining popularity in Malawi. High mortalities due to poor feeding of goat- kids have been identified as a major challenge and therefore kid rearing systems of different milking systems for dairy goats and use of different creep feeds and alternate rearing systems for meat goat on Likoma Island were evaluated. In study I, the methods used were (a) suckling one teat twice daily and milking the other teat; (b) suckling in daytime only and morning-milking of dams, and (c) early weaning and bottle-rearing using goat’s milk. In study II, three different types of locally available creep feed supplements were evaluated for animals grazed on unimproved rangeland. The third study qualitative differences in kid rearing systems for local goats, with or without milking, were evaluated on Likoma Island in Malawi using a semi-structured questionnaire. In study I, kid growth rates, ranging from 62 to 76 g/day did not significantly differ; one teat milking provided the most milk for human consumption and artificial rearing was found to be the most labor intensive and therefore not recommended under small-holder condi- tions. Goat farmers on Likoma Island preferred faster kid growth to more milk for human consumption. It is concluded that successful kid rearing systems should address farmer milk utilization and kid growth and evaluate locally available feeds for creep feeding and dam feeding.Item Analysis of genetic Diversity and relationships of Tanzania local goat populations using microsatellite DNA markers(2002) Chenyambuga, S.W.; Watts, P.C.; Hirbo, J.; Kemp, S.J.; Hanotte, O.; Kifaro, G.C.; Gwakisa, P.S.; Rege, J.E.O.; Petersen, P.H.Genetic diversity among seven Tanzanian goat populations (Ujiji, Sukuma, Ugogo, Maasai, Mbeya, Newala and Coastal goats) was investigated by determining polymorphisms at 19 microsatellite DNA loci, West African Dwarf Tswana, Landim and Toggenburg were included to serve as reference breeds. Among the Tanzanian populations, mean number of alleles per locus was highest (6.26 ± 0.670) in Sukuma and lowest (5.74 ± 0.545) in Newala. Gene diversity ranged from 0.553 ± 0.036 (Newala goats) to 0.646 ± 0.028 (Mbeya goats). The coefficient of gene differentiation (Gsr) indicated that 13% of the genetic diversity in all populations was due to difference between the populations. The genetic distance values ranged from 0. 068 (between Sukuma and Ugogo goats) to 0.2178 (between Ujiji and Coastal goats). The neighbour-joining dendrogram constructed to show population relationships indicated that the Tanzanian populations were separated from the populations, used as reference, breeds. The dendrogram revealed three, sub-clusters of the Tanzanian populations. Coastal and Maasai goats Ugogo and Ujiji goats and Sukuma Mbeya and Newala goats. The principal component analysis separated the Newala goats from the other Tanzanian goat populations. It is concluded that the level of genetic variation within, the goat populatiions was reasonably high and there was no significant difference between the population with respect to the number of alleles and the level of heterozygosity.Item Developmental changes of fat depots-in male Saanen goats(2005) Mtenga, L.A.; Owen, E.; Muhikambele, V.R.M.; Kifaro, G.C.Thirty-four male British Saanen goats were reared on milk substitutes from birth to weaning at 35 days and then given barley-based concentrate diet ad libitum. They were slaughtered serially at birth (3.5 kg), weaning (9.5 kg), 24.5,36.5, 48.5 and 72.5 kg live weights. Weights of fat depots were recorded. With the exception of channel fat, all fat depots increased significantly (P< 0.001) with increasing slaughter weight. Fat growth coeffients were greater than 1 (P<0.001) and was highest for subcutaneous fat (1.887), followed by gut fat (1.802), dissected fat I. 687), inter-muscular fat I.6I9) and lowest for channel fat I.I27). Relative to total fat, the greatest change in proportion of fat occurred between birth and 24.5 kg of live, weight. There were little consistent changes in proportion of subcutaneous fat relative to change in lotal body fatItem Genetic and phenotypic parameters of reproduction and lactation traits of Friesian X Boran crossbred cattle in Kagera region, Tanzania(2002) Mwatawala, H.W.; Kifaro, G.C.; Petersen, P.H.This study was done to estimate genetic and phenotypic parameters for Friesian x Boran crossbred dairy cattle of Kagera region. Parameters estimated were heritability, repeatability and phenotypic correlations of various lactation and reproductive traits. Variance component (VARCOMP) procedure and general linear models (GIM) Procedure of SAS were employed in data analyses. Heritability estimates for 100-day milk yield, 305-day miik yield lactation milk yield (LMY) lactation length (LL). dry period (DP) age at first calving and calving interval (CI), were 0.27, 0.40. 0.40. 0.00. 0.04. 0. 05 and 0.06, respectively. Heritabilities first, second and third CI were 0.02, 0.06 and 0.11 re.spectively. Coefficients soil repeatability for 100-day. 305-day. LMY, LL, DP and CI were 0.34, 0.40, 0.38, 0.15, 0.12 and 0. 16, respectively. Correlation coefficients between mean dairy milk yield (DMY) in a month with 100-day and 305-day milk yield and LMY ranged from 0.11 to 0.90, 0.35 to 0.78 and 0.42 to 0. 63, respectively. Correlation coefficient between -100day miik yield and 305-day milk yield (rc=0.87) was higher than correlation coefficient between, 100-day and total lactation yield (rc=0.70). The correlation coefficient between 305-day milk yield and LMY was 0.85. All correlations were highly significant (P < 0.001). Heritability estimates were moderate for milk yields and l0w for LL, DP, AFC, and CI. Selection for genetic improvement in milk yield is possible while low estimates for LL, DP, CI and AFC, suggest that environment plays a major role in affecting these traits.Item Performance of boran and crossbred cattle for beef production under ranching conditions in Tanzania. 2. Weight at Slaughter and Carcass Measurements(2006) Kifaro, G.C.; Mchau, K.W.; Syrstad, O.Steers reared in a beef cattle crossbreeding experiment carried out in two ranches in central Tanzania were slaughtered at an average age slightly above four years. The genetic groups represented were purebred Boran and crosses out of Boran cows mated to bulls of 12 exotic breeds.· The steers were weighed prior to slaughter, and th,e carcasses were weighed and measured. A joint of the tenth rib was dissected into lean, fat and bone, and each fraction weighed. Various fractions of internal organs were also recorded separately. Crossbred steers yielded on average about 14 percent heavier carcasses than pure Boran. Among the crosses no significant differences in carcass weight according to breed of sire were observed. The heaviest carcasses were from steers·sired by Chianina bulls. Carcasses of Boran steers were shorter-and had more fat and slightly less bone on the 1 rfh rib joint than carcasses o/crosses. Steers sired by British beef or Simmental bulls were fatter than steers by Limousin or Piedmont bulls. Piedmont crosses were the lowest in both subcutaneous (loth rib)'and internal (heart and kidney) jat, and had the highest amount of lean in the 1rfh rib)oint. Research on beef crossbreeding in Tanzania should be directed more towards -Viability and reproductive performance rather than carcass quality.Item Public-Private Partnership for Sustainable Production and Marketing of Goat’s Milk in Light of Climate Change(Springer International Publishing AG, 2016) Msalya, G.; Lie, H.; Mfinanga, V.; Ringheim, A.S.; Sandvik, R.; Åsli, M.; Christophersen, O.A.; Haug, A.; Mushi, D.E.; Mwaseba, D.; Kifaro, G.C.; Eik, Lars OlavIn Tanzania, goat’s milk has a high market value due to its desirable nutritional profile and cultural recognition that it is beneficial to human health. A joint initiative between Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA) and the Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU) that introduced dairy goats to Tanzania has resulted in approximately 400,000 goats in the region to this day, providing households and communities with milk and various other animal byproducts. In areas such as the highlands of Mgeta in the Morogoro region, where there was previously no production of milk, dairy goats have achieved an average milk production of 1.4 L of milk per animal per day. This led to a rise in milk consumption from 0 L per household per day in 1988 to 1.6 L per household per day in 2012. Although the joint initiative between SUA and the NMBU was suc- cessful in diversifying the diets and improving the livelihoods of the poor, farm group efforts to distribute surplus milk to larger and more distant markets has remained a challenge. Suboptimum feeding practices and low education levels in milk handling and entrepreneurship may explain this lack of progress. In order to expand milk distribution beyond the local market, the involvement of an established dairy company is required. This paper will look at collaborations between farmers, private-milk-processing enterprises such as Shambani Graduates Ltd. (SGL) and a research institution (SUA) to discuss the value of milk in human nutrition and the feasibility of a pro-poor value chain for climate-smart goat’s milk processing and dairy goat maintenance.Item Quality of Milk from Norwegian Dairy Goats Bred and raised in Mgeta Division, Morogoro Region, Tanzania(TAJAS, 2021) Msalya, George Mutani; Urassa, F.E.; Kifaro, G.C.Milk from goats has uplifted the nutritional standards of many poor households in rural communities in developing countries. In Tanzania, consumption of milk in these communities has increased since introduction of dairy goats in 1960s. Nutritional composition including carbohydrate, protein, fat, minerals, and associated and quality attributes are important factors of milk for human consumption. Also, milk should be obtained from health animals in order to safeguard the health of consumers. These parameters are affected by many factors including management, production level, breed, parity and stage of lactation, as well as processing and handling conditions. We carried out this study to evaluate the composition of milk from the most famous dairy goats namely Norwegian Landrace (NL), mainly crosses with indigenous Small East African (SEA) goats which are bred and managed in Mgeta division, Morogoro region, Eastern Tanzania. We collected 75 milk samples considering various factors. These samples were analysed for somatic cell count (SCC), crude protein (CP), butterfat (BF), lactose, total solids (TS), solids- not-fat (SNF), Chloride (Cl) as well as milk density. We obtained averages of each parameter for each factor and made statistical decision using the general linear model procedures of the statistical analysis system. Averages for milk yield (MY), SSC, CP, BF, lactose, Cl, TS, SNF and milk density were 1.32 litres/day, 1.48x105 cells/ml, 3.65%, 4.34%, 4.20%, 0.15%, 12.29%, 7.95% and 27.98 respectively. Conclusively, values of parameters are within the recommended ranges and milk from NL goats is good for consumptionItem Reproductive and lactation performance of crossbred dairy cattle in Kagera region, Tanzania(2002) Mwatawala, H.W.; Kifaro, G.C.; Petersen, P.H.This study was done to evaluate reproductive and lactation performance of crossbred dairy cattle in Kagera region, Tanzania. Traits studied were age at first calving (AFC), calving internal (Cl), lactation milk yield (LMY) and lactation length (LL). Records for the various traits were compiled covering the period between 1979 and 1999. The General Linear Models procedure of SAS was used in data analyses. The mean AFC and CI were 39.0 months and 464. 7 days, respectively. The mean IMY and LL were 2332.5 kg and 367.2 days respectively. The influences of year of birth and genetic group on AFC were highly significant (P<0.001). Heifers having 5/8 Friesian blood tended to calve 3. 4.6 and 5 months earlier than 5/8 Friesian crosses FI and F2 respectively. Genetic group parity, district and the interaction between season and year of calving highly significantly (P<0.001) influenced CI. Cows in fourth parity out yielded those in first parity by 276 kg of milk. Year of calving and genetic group x district interaction were highly significant (P< 0.001) sources of variation in LMY. LL was significantly (P < 0.00l) influenced by genetic group, parity and year of calving. LL in Bukoba rural district was 28 days longer (P<0.05) than in Biharamulo district. It is concluded that both genetic and non-genetic factors considerably influenced reproduction and lactation performance of crossbred dairy cattle in Kagera region. Increased level of exotic blobd has led to having animals with shorter AFC and CI and higher LMY up to 5/8 Friesian blood. Genetic group by district interactions revealed that some genetic groups performed differently among districts reflecting differences in environmental effects between.Item Reproductive and lactation performance of crossbred dairy cattle in Kagera region, Tanzania(2002) Mwatawala, H.W.; Kifaro, G.C.; Petersen, P.H.This study was done to evaluate reproductive and lactation performance of crossbred dairy cattle in Kagera region, Tanzania. Traits studied were age at first calving (AFC), calving internal (Cl), lactation milk yield (LMY) and lactation length (LL). Records for the various traits were compiled covering the period between 1979 and 1999. The General Linear Models procedure of SAS was used in data analyses. The mean AFC and CI were 39.0 months and 464. 7 days, respectively. The mean IMY and LL were 2332.5 kg and 367.2 days respectively. The influences of year of birth and genetic group on AFC were highly significant (P<0.001). Heifers having 5/8 Friesian blood tended to calve 3. 4.6 and 5 months earlier than 5/8 Friesian crosses FI and F2 respectively. Genetic group parity, district and the interaction between season and year of calving highly significantly (P<0.001) influenced CI. Cows in fourth parity out yielded those in first parity by 276 kg of milk. Year of calving and genetic group x district interaction were highly significant (P< 0.001) sources of variation in LMY. LL was significantly (P < 0.00l) influenced by genetic group, parity and year of calving. LL in Bukoba rural district was 28 days longer (P<0.05) than in Biharamulo district. It is concluded that both genetic and non-genetic factors considerably influenced reproduction and lactation performance of crossbred dairy cattle in Kagera region. Increased level of exotic blobd has led to having animals with shorter AFC and CI and higher LMY up to 5/8 Friesian blood. Genetic group by district interactions revealed that some genetic groups performed differently among districts reflecting differences in environmental effects between.