Browsing by Author "Kashaigili, Japhet"

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Dynamics of coffee certifications in producer countries: re-examining the Tanzanian status, challenges and impacts on livelihoods and environmental conservation
(MDPI, 2021-09) Kangile, Joseph, Rajabu; Kadigi, Reuben M. J.; Mgeni, Charles Peter; Munishi, Bernadetha Pantaleo; Kashaigili, Japhet; Munishi, Pantaleo K. T.
Certification is increasingly becoming necessary for accessing coffee export markets and practicing environmental conservation, especially at this time when many of the farmers in develop- ing countries strive to achieve agricultural transformation. Using data from 400 randomly selected coffee farmers in Tanzania, the study determined the status, constraints, key drivers, and impact of coffee certifications. Descriptive statistics and the endogenous switching regression (ESR) model were used for data analysis. Results indicated that the level of coffee certification is low, being constrained by unawareness and inaccessibility, the prevalence of coffee diseases, failure in realizing price advan- tages, and certification not being cost effective. Economies of scale, experience, and participation in collective actions are significant factors affecting coffee farmers’ decision to join certification schemes. Additionally, the study rejects the hypothesis of certification to improve household income. However, certification improved awareness and practices of environmental conservation among coffee farmers. It is thus important to embark on awareness creation and make certification services accessible and cost effective to coffee farmers for increased access to niche export markets. Easing transmission of price premiums to coffee farmers will also increase the supply of sustainably grown coffee, improve coffee farmers’ livelihood, and help in the attainment of environmental sustainability goals within the coffee supply chain.
Dynamics of coffee certifications in producer countries: re-examining the Tanzanian status, challenges and impacts on livelihoods and environmental conservation
(MDPI, 2021-09-20) Kangile, Joseph Rajabu; Kadigi, Reuben M. J.; Mgeni, Charles Peter; Munishi, Bernadetha Pantaleo; Kashaigili, Japhet; Munishi, Pantaleo K. T.
Certification is increasingly becoming necessary for accessing coffee export markets and practicing environmental conservation, especially at this time when many of the farmers in develop- ing countries strive to achieve agricultural transformation. Using data from 400 randomly selected coffee farmers in Tanzania, the study determined the status, constraints, key drivers, and impact of coffee certifications. Descriptive statistics and the endogenous switching regression (ESR) model were used for data analysis. Results indicated that the level of coffee certification is low, being constrained by unawareness and inaccessibility, the prevalence of coffee diseases, failure in realizing price advan- tages, and certification not being cost effective. Economies of scale, experience, and participation in collective actions are significant factors affecting coffee farmers’ decision to join certification schemes. Additionally, the study rejects the hypothesis of certification to improve household income. However, certification improved awareness and practices of environmental conservation among coffee farmers. It is thus important to embark on awareness creation and make certification services accessible and cost effective to coffee farmers for increased access to niche export markets. Easing transmission of price premiums to coffee farmers will also increase the supply of sustainably grown coffee, improve coffee farmers’ livelihood, and help in the attainment of environmental sustainability goals within the coffee supply chain.
Forestland tenure systems in Tanzania: an overview of policy changes in relation to forest management
(Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 2009) Zahabu, Eliakimu; Eid, Tron; Kajembe, George; Mbwambo, L.; Mongo, Cellina; Sangeda, Anthony; Malimbwi, Rogers; Katan, Josiah; Kashaigili, Japhet; Luoga, Emmanuel
ummary Zahabu, E., Eid, T., Kajembe, G. C., Mbwambo, L., Mongo, C., Sangeda, A.Z., Malimbwi, R. E., Katani, J.Z., Kashaigili, J.J. and Luoga, E.J. 2009. Forestland tenure systems in Tanzania: an overview of policy changes in relation to forest management [Eiendomsforholdene for skogarealer i Tanzania: en oversikt over policyendringer i skogforvaltningen]. INA-fagrapport no. 14, 24 pp. A review of the role of forestland tenure systems in Tanzania, and how different forestland tenure approaches and reforms have influenced forest management is presented. The complexity of land reforms and processes that have taken place in Tanzania during the pre-colonial, colonial and post-independence periods is discussed. The pre-colonial period, though not much is written, was characterised by forest management through traditional institutions, low population and low forest resources exploitation. Colonial governments undermined the role of local traditions in managing the forests related to for example burial areas and springs. They also established forest reserves and in some areas cleared indigenous forests to establish tea, coffee and exotic fruit and timber plantations. Different land reforms that were geared towards sustainable development occurred after independence, forests depletion continued, however. Currently, it is observed that there coexists state, village, private and collective rights on forests without clear ownership. This is greatly linked to the ongoing deforestation and forest degradation in the country. In this situation, sustainable forestland use may be attained through establishing an enabling environment that allows effective local communities’ participation in forest management. Sustainable management, however, always presupposes effective control of harvesting and other activities to secure the carrying capacity of forests and woodlands, whether it is undertaken by central authorities or local people. Studies on forestland tenures and rights, and the impact of changes in tenures and rights on forest resources and rural livelihoods are therefore important. Such studies are required for the provision of facts for the establishment of proper future policy means that aim at reducing forest degradation and improving livelihoods in Tanzania.
Forestland tenure systems in Tanzania: an overview of policy changes in relation to forest management
(INA fagrapport, 2009) Zahabu, Eliakimu; Eid, Tron; Kajembe, George; Mbwambo, Lawrence; Mongo, Cellina; Sangeda, Anthony; Malimbwi, Rogers; Katani, Josiah; Kashaigili, Japhet; Luoga, Emmanuel
A review of the role of forestland tenure systems in Tanzania, and how different forestland tenure approaches and reforms have influenced forest management is presented. The complexity of land reforms and processes that have taken place in Tanzania during the pre-colonial, colonial and post-independence periods is discussed. The pre-colonial period, though not much is written, was characterised by forest management through traditional institutions, low population and low forest resources exploitation. Colonial governments undermined the role of local traditions in managing the forests related to for example burial areas and springs. They also established forest reserves and in some areas cleared indigenous forests to establish tea, coffee and exotic fruit and timber plantations. Different land reforms that were geared towards sustainable development occurred after independence, forests depletion continued, however. Currently, it is observed that there coexists state, village, private and collective rights on forests without clear ownership. This is greatly linked to the ongoing deforestation and forest degradation in the country. In this situation, sustainable forestland use may be attained through establishing an enabling environment that allows effective local communities’ participation in forest management. Sustainable management, however, always presupposes effective control of harvesting and other activities to secure the carrying capacity of forests and woodlands, whether it is undertaken by central authorities or local people. Studies on forestland tenures and rights, and the impact of changes in tenures and rights on forest resources and rural livelihoods are therefore important. Such studies are required for the provision of facts for the establishment of proper future policy means that aim at reducing forest degradation and improving livelihoods in Tanzania.
The role of coffee production and trade on gender equity and livelihood improvement in Tanzania
(MDPI, 2021-09-13) Kangile, Joseph Rajabu; Kadigi, Reuben M. J.; Mgeni, Charles Peter; Munishi, Bernadetha Pantaleo; Kashaigili, Japhet; Munishi, Pantaleo K. T.
Achieving the sustainable development goals in developing countries will require the realization of benefits from the global supply and value chains, such as coffee, for inclusive economic development and poverty reduction. This study uses the data of 400 men and women randomly sampled coffee farmers from a developing country, Tanzania, to evaluate coffee income distribution, and how general coffee production and trade contribute to gender equity and livelihood improvement. Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition and Gini coefficient models are used for data analysis. We find a gender imbalance from the ownership and control of resources to the participation of men and women in the coffee supply chain. However, investing in supporting the coffee supply chain has an impact on livelihood improvement, due to coffee income inequality reducing effects. There is a gender gap in the income earned from coffee production and trading, which is 44% of the women’s structural disadvantages. Empowerment for equal access to land and credit, and offering trade facilitation services will bridge the existing gender gap. Additionally, developing and disseminating new coffee production technologies that will reduce discrimination, by offering new opportunities and making coffee an inclusive supply chain, remains imperative.
Soda ash mining in lake Natron: a reap or ruin for Tanzania?
(Sciknow, 2014) Kadigi, Reuben M. J.; Mwathe, Ken; Dutton, Adam; Kashaigili, Japhet; Kilima, Freddy
The XI/22 decisions of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) at its eleventh Conference of Parties invite parties to integrate the three objectives of the CBD into sustainable development and poverty eradication programs, plans, pol- icies, and priority actions, taking into account the outcomes of the Rio+20 Conference. Based on this ground a Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA) of a proposed new development (establishment of soda ash facility) in the Lake Natron area in Tanzania was carried out to inform decision regarding the proposal. The costs and benefits of this project were compared with that of two other alternatives namely the ―Business as Usual‖ (BAU) and ―Sustainable Ecotourism‖ (SE). The results of analysis showed that at the present levels of soda ash prices and investment costs the benefits of ecosystem conservation outweigh the benefits of soda ash mining. We furthermore argue that Lake Natron is part of an important network of ecosystems and should not be viewed as a separate entity altogether. The Lake’s ecosystem needs to be managed wisely by introducing only livelihood initiatives or de- velopments that are linked to the survival of wildlife which it supports, including the lesser flamingo. Sustainable ecotourism is one of such initiatives. Its benefits spill over beyond the local and national boundaries to beneficiaries at regional and interna- tional levels. We therefore underscore the needs for different stakeholders to share the costs of developing a sustainable eco-tourism industry in the Lake Natron ecosystem. This can be achieved through negotiations with regional and global partners for more resources
Usage of indices for extraction of built-up areas and vegetation features from Landsat TM image: a case of Dar es salaam and Kisarawe peri-urban areas, Tanzania
(International Journal of A griculture and Forestry, 2013) Mwakapuja, Francis; Liwa, Evaristo; Kashaigili, Japhet
This paper address the use of Indices Co mbination with Supervision Classification methods to extract urban built-up areas, vegetation and water features fro m Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM7) imagery covering Dar es Salaam and Kisarawe peri-urban areas. The study uses three indices; Normalized Difference Bu ilt-up Index (NDBI), Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI), and Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SA VI) to reduce the seven bands Landsat TM7 image into three thematic-oriented bands. Data correlation, spectral confusion and redundancy between original mu ltispectral bands were significantly reduced upon application of the techniques. As a result, the spectral signatures of the three urban land-use classes are mo re distinguishable in the new co mposite image than in the original seven-band image since the spectral clusters of the classes are well separated. Through a supervised classification on the newly formed image, the urban built-up areas, vegetation and water features were finally extracted effect ively; with the accuracy of 82.05 percent attained. The results show that the technique is effective and reliable and can be considered for use in other areas with similar characteristics