Browsing by Author "Kajembe, George"

Now showing 1 - 8 of 8

Determinants of conflicts coping strategies among farmers and pastoralists in Kilosa and Kiteto districts, Tanzania
(Rural Planning Journal, 2018) Saruni, Parit; Urassa, Justin; Kajembe, George
Natural resource use conflict is a global issue. In sub-Saharan Africa, such conflicts can be extreme; even resulting into deaths of individuals. There is a plethora of literature exploring the causes and effects of such conflicts. The study explored farmers-pastoralists coping strategies to natural resource use conflicts and determinants of these strategies. To answer the above objectives, key informant interviews and focus group discussions were conducted with stakeholders in Kilosa and Kiteto Districts in Tanzania to establish the understanding of the issue and its local context. A stratified random sample of pastoralists (n=143) and farmers (n=230) was selected to quantify responses to conflict. The finding show that conflicts were quite extreme and included cases of physical violence including setting fire on the farms. Those affected were forced to buy food or rely on relatives and wider social networks (including local government) to provide practical support. Emotional support from relatives and social networks and from religious organisations was also important. Male-headed, larger, and younger households were more likely to use coping strategies (p <0.05) than female-headed, smaller, and older households. Also, land ownership is likely to increase the use of strategies for coping with conflicts among households. Therefore, it is recommended that people in the areas affected by conflicts should be encouraged to own land, have proper land planning and use in order to minimize natural resource use conflicts among actors especially farmers and pastoralists. Additionally, the design of rules and regulations should be informed by the actual coping strategies adopted by farmers and pastoralists.
Forestland tenure systems in Tanzania: an overview of policy changes in relation to forest management
(Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 2009) Zahabu, Eliakimu; Eid, Tron; Kajembe, George; Mbwambo, L.; Mongo, Cellina; Sangeda, Anthony; Malimbwi, Rogers; Katan, Josiah; Kashaigili, Japhet; Luoga, Emmanuel
ummary Zahabu, E., Eid, T., Kajembe, G. C., Mbwambo, L., Mongo, C., Sangeda, A.Z., Malimbwi, R. E., Katani, J.Z., Kashaigili, J.J. and Luoga, E.J. 2009. Forestland tenure systems in Tanzania: an overview of policy changes in relation to forest management [Eiendomsforholdene for skogarealer i Tanzania: en oversikt over policyendringer i skogforvaltningen]. INA-fagrapport no. 14, 24 pp. A review of the role of forestland tenure systems in Tanzania, and how different forestland tenure approaches and reforms have influenced forest management is presented. The complexity of land reforms and processes that have taken place in Tanzania during the pre-colonial, colonial and post-independence periods is discussed. The pre-colonial period, though not much is written, was characterised by forest management through traditional institutions, low population and low forest resources exploitation. Colonial governments undermined the role of local traditions in managing the forests related to for example burial areas and springs. They also established forest reserves and in some areas cleared indigenous forests to establish tea, coffee and exotic fruit and timber plantations. Different land reforms that were geared towards sustainable development occurred after independence, forests depletion continued, however. Currently, it is observed that there coexists state, village, private and collective rights on forests without clear ownership. This is greatly linked to the ongoing deforestation and forest degradation in the country. In this situation, sustainable forestland use may be attained through establishing an enabling environment that allows effective local communities’ participation in forest management. Sustainable management, however, always presupposes effective control of harvesting and other activities to secure the carrying capacity of forests and woodlands, whether it is undertaken by central authorities or local people. Studies on forestland tenures and rights, and the impact of changes in tenures and rights on forest resources and rural livelihoods are therefore important. Such studies are required for the provision of facts for the establishment of proper future policy means that aim at reducing forest degradation and improving livelihoods in Tanzania.
Forestland tenure systems in Tanzania: an overview of policy changes in relation to forest management
(INA fagrapport, 2009) Zahabu, Eliakimu; Eid, Tron; Kajembe, George; Mbwambo, Lawrence; Mongo, Cellina; Sangeda, Anthony; Malimbwi, Rogers; Katani, Josiah; Kashaigili, Japhet; Luoga, Emmanuel
A review of the role of forestland tenure systems in Tanzania, and how different forestland tenure approaches and reforms have influenced forest management is presented. The complexity of land reforms and processes that have taken place in Tanzania during the pre-colonial, colonial and post-independence periods is discussed. The pre-colonial period, though not much is written, was characterised by forest management through traditional institutions, low population and low forest resources exploitation. Colonial governments undermined the role of local traditions in managing the forests related to for example burial areas and springs. They also established forest reserves and in some areas cleared indigenous forests to establish tea, coffee and exotic fruit and timber plantations. Different land reforms that were geared towards sustainable development occurred after independence, forests depletion continued, however. Currently, it is observed that there coexists state, village, private and collective rights on forests without clear ownership. This is greatly linked to the ongoing deforestation and forest degradation in the country. In this situation, sustainable forestland use may be attained through establishing an enabling environment that allows effective local communities’ participation in forest management. Sustainable management, however, always presupposes effective control of harvesting and other activities to secure the carrying capacity of forests and woodlands, whether it is undertaken by central authorities or local people. Studies on forestland tenures and rights, and the impact of changes in tenures and rights on forest resources and rural livelihoods are therefore important. Such studies are required for the provision of facts for the establishment of proper future policy means that aim at reducing forest degradation and improving livelihoods in Tanzania.
Linking science with stakeholders to sustain natural capital
(2007) Mwakalila, Shadrack; Burgess, Neil; Ricketts, Taylor; Olwero, Nasser; Swetnam, Ruth; Mbilinyi, Boniface; Marchant, Rob; Mtalo, Felix; White, Sue; Munishi, Pantaleo; Marshall, Andrew; Malimbwi, Rogers; Smith, Celina; Jambiya, George; Marshall, Andrew; Madoffe, Seif; Fisher, Brendan; Kajembe, George; Morse-Jones, Sian; Kulindwa, Kassim; Green, Jonathan; Balmford, Andrew
Management of natural resources programme, Tanzania TAN-0092
(Royal Norwegian Embassy, 2006) Cooksey, Brian; Anthony, Leonce; Egoe, Jim; Forrester, Kate; Kajembe, George; Mbano, Bakari; Oertzen, Isabell von; Riedmiller, Sibylle
The final evaluation of the Management of Natural Resources Programme (MNRP) consisted of site visits to the programme’s eleven projects, interviews with project managers and beneficiaries, and a review of programme documents and other relevant literature.
Measuring, modeling and mapping ecosystem services in the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania
(SAGE, 2011) Fisher, Brendan; Turner, R. Kerry; Burgess, Neil D.; Swetnam, Ruth D.; Green, Jonathan; Green, Rhys E.; Kajembe, George; Kulindwa, Kassim; Lewis, Simon L.
In light of the significance that ecosystem service research is likely to play in linking conservation activities and human welfare, systematic approaches to measuring, modeling and mapping ecosystem services (and their value to society) are sorely needed. In this paper we outline one such approach, which we developed in order to understand the links between the functioning of the ecosystems of Tanzania’s Eastern Arc Mountains and their impact on human welfare at local, regional and global scales. The essence of our approach is the creation of a series of maps created using field-based or remotely sourced data, data- driven models, and socio-economic scenarios coupled with rule-based assumptions. Here we describe the construction of this spatial information and how it can help to shed light on the complex relationships between ecological and social systems. There are obvious difficulties in operationalizing this approach, but by highlighting those which we have encountered in our own case-study work, we have also been able to suggest some routes to overcoming these impediments.
Socio-economic conditions in REDD+ pilot areas: A synthesis of five baseline surveys
(International Institute for Environment and Development, 2012) Movik, Synne; Birikorang, Gene; Enright, Adrian; Kajembe, George; Lima, Luiza; Marostica, Suelen; Pinto, Thais Megid; Nabanoga, Gorettie; Nantongo, Maria; Namaalwa, Justine; Silayo, Dos Santos; Vatn, Arild
Deforestation and forest degradation are among the most important single sources of emissions of anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHG), contributing about 17 per cent of total global greenhouse gas emissions annually (IPCC, 2007). Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation – REDD+ – is a United Nations collaborative initiative that seeks to reduce emissions from forest degradation in developing countries. REDD+ came into being as a response to a UNFCCC decision on REDD+ at the Conference of the Parties (COP) 13 in Indonesia. The REDD+ programme supports processes at the national level to implement REDD+ projects, emphasising the involvement of all relevant stakeholders. The project Poverty and sustainable development impacts of REDD+ architecture: Options for equity, growth and the environment (POVSUS-REDD+) was initiated in 2009, and aims to increase the understanding of how institutions can be created to facilitate the implementation of REDD+ at international, national and local levels, and to what extent its implementation will bring about reductions of greenhouse gas emissions, poverty reduction and sustainable development. The POVSUS project is a collaborative effort led by the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) and the Norwegian University of Life Sciences (UMB), with the following partners: Fundação Amazonas Sustentável (Brazil); Civic Response (Ghana); SNV (Viet Nam); Sokoine University of Agriculture, Faculty of Forestry and Nature Conservation (Tanzania); and Makerere University, Faculty of Forestry and Nature Conservation (Uganda). 1 The aim of the project is to generate knowledge on how REDD+ can be designed at international and national levels in order to promote co-benefits, through assessing different options for the distribution and allocation of REDD+ payments. The project works with selected REDD+ pilot projects in each of the five countries to improve understanding of the poverty impacts of REDD+ pilot activities, the relative merits of different types of payment mechanisms and the associated transaction costs. As part of the research, a baseline study was carried out in pilot sites in all five countries, to map out the existing livelihood conditions, production constraints and resource use practices before the pilot projects were introduced. While this was important so that the impacts of introducing REDD+ projects could be measured later, the baseline study also undertook to identify potential challenges for establishing and running REDD+ activities and to understand the expectations and demands of households and communities. Each study included a survey, focus group discussion, and interviews with local ‘resource persons’. This report synthesises the main findings from these studies. For more detailed information, the reader is referred to the specific country reports. This overarching report is structured as follows: section 2 describes the pilot areas studied, section 3 gives an overview of household characteristics and livelihoods, section 4 discusses tenure systems and forest management, section 5 looks at perceptions of climate change and demands concerning REDD+, while the final section offers concluding remarks and reflections on the implications for REDD+. Since this is a synthesis report, it only touches on the key features of each country and pilot. Given the geographical spread and the diversity of the five pilot areas, there was considerable variation in the findings of the baseline studies. Below is a brief description of each pilot area.
Working with a local implementation group in mitigating Invasive alien species in east Usambara, Tanzania
(2013) Nkombe, Boniphace; Mwihomeke, Mickfanaka; Charles J, Kilawe; Kajembe, George; Richard, John
The East Usambara Mountains consist of a network of 18 mountain blocks covering an area of 263km 2 that are covered by tropical rainforests, harboring many endemic plants and animals such as the Usambara eagle-owl (Bubo vosseleri), the Usambara akalat (Sheppardia montana) and the African violet (Saintpaulia ionantha). East Usambara is a water catchment area for many rivers and the source of freshwater to more than 200,000 people in the nearby town of Tanga.