Browsing by Author "Kadigi, Willickister R."

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Determinants for adoption of nature-based income generating activities in Uluguru mountains, Tanzania
(ScienceDirect, 2021) Kadigi, Willickister R.; Ngaga, Yonika M.; Kadigi, Reuben M. J.
Despite the wide recognition of the potential for Nature-based Income Generating Activities (NIGAs) to enhance livelihoods and nature conservation in fragile agro-ecologies of mountain areas, certain aspects that discourage or inspire their adoption remain poorly understood. We investigated the determinants for adoption of NIGAs in Uluguru Mountains using the Generalized Linear Binary Probit model. We also used the Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) and Discriminant Function Analysis (DFA) to find out whether our pre-selected indepen- dent variables significantly influenced the adoption of NIGAs. We underscore the need to address gender-based disparities in access to land and financial resources through the establishment of tailor-made financing schemes to promote the adoption of NIGAs.
Economic viability of smallholder agroforestry and beekeeping projects in Uluguru Mountains, Tanzania: A cost benefit analysis
(Scientific Research Publishing Inc., 2021-04-02) Kadigi, Willickister R.; Ngaga, Yonika M.; Kadigi, Reuben M. J.
Agroforestry and beekeeping are widely promoted as prospective Nature- Based Income Generating Activities (NIGAs) to improve livelihoods while at the same time enhancing biodiversity conservation in degrading agro-ecologies. These activities can diversify and increase famers’ incomes and support in- stinctive biota and fauna resilience. However, evidence to showcase and com- pare their long-term benefits is scant. We use the case of Uluguru Mountains in Tanzania to evaluate and compare viability of agroforestry and beekeeping projects using the Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA) approach. The results of anal- ysis yielded positive NPVs for both agroforestry and beekeeping projects at discount rates not higher than 8.2% and 8.5% respectively. Overall, the com- parison of economic viability between agroforestry and beekeeping projects revealed that the former was relatively more profitable than the later in terms of both the NPV and Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) criteria. However, the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) for beekeeping was slightly higher than that of agrofore- stry. Yet, we underscore the fact that these two projects can jointly be imple- mented to enhance livelihoods of farmers and support biodiversity conserva- tion in the study area and other parts with similar agro-ecologies in develop- ing countries. However, farmers in these agro-ecologies need to be supported by governments and non-government development partners in terms of training and inspiration to shift from orthodox farming to sustainable NI- GAs.
Perceptions of smallholder farmers on nature-based income generating activities as potential livelihood and biodiversity conservation strategies in Uluguru Mountains, Tanzania
(Academic Journals, 2021) Kadigi, Willickister R.; Ngaga, Yonika M.; Kadigi, Reuben M. J.
Nature-based Income Generating Activities (NIGAs) can enhance livelihoods of smallholder farmers and biodiversity conservation in highly degrading ecosystems. These practices are promoted by various development and conservation partners worldwide to combat land degradation and biodiversity loss. However, their adoption remains low for reasons not well understood by their promoters. This can largely be attributed to the failure of the promoters to recognise and acknowledge the perceptions and priorities of target communities. We use the case of Uluguru Mountains to investigate the perceptions of farmers regarding the NIGAs that have potential to enhance both livelihoods and biodiversity conservation. Specifically, we use the Kendall’s Coefficient of Concordance (W)/Kendall’s tau, the Spearman correlation/Spearman’s (rho), and the Likert scale methods to identify the highly ranked NIGAs and test the hypotheses that: (a) the smallholder farmers in the study area did not agree among themselves about the ranking of potential livelihood and biodiversity-enhancing NIGAs, (b) the promotion of agroforestry has reduced the communities’ reliance on firewood, building poles and wood from the Uluguru Forest Reserve (UFR). We used the latter as an indicator of improved biodiversity conservation. We found that agroforestry and beekeeping were the highly ranked NIGAs and the communities in the study area had moderately reduced their reliance on timber products from UFR. We conclude that NIGAs can significantly enhance livelihoods and conserve biodiversity in mountain areas. However, future efforts to promote them should be guided by a thorough understanding and recognition of the real needs and priorities of target beneficiaries. This is imperative for winning their support and for designing the right outreach package.