Browsing by Author "Kabote, Samwel J."

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Agriculture and Rural Development in Tanzania: Policies, Approaches, and Strategies in Sixty years of Political Independence
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2022) Kabote, Samwel J.
It is difficult to comprehend the efforts of the government of Tanzania to transform the rural sector because the information is scattered in the literature. This study examines agriculture and rural development policies, approaches, and strategies since independence, focusing on achievements and challenges, and proposes the way forward for future development. The study is based on a “systematic review approach” of empirical literature and national reports, using a periodization approach. The periods analysed include: before the Arusha Declaration (1961-1966), the socialism and self- reliance (1967-1985), the economic reforms and transition (1986-2005), and the contemporary epoch (the 2000s to date). Tanzania implemented several policies, approaches, and strategies in different periods since its independence. The prominent ones include improvement and transformation approaches, and the socialism and self-reliance policies. Liberalization and privatization policies dominated the economic reforms and transition period. There is an emergence of strategies including the Rural Development Strategy (RDS) of 2001, and sectoral programmes in the contemporary epoch. It can be concluded that, despite efforts made by the government in different historical epochs, agricultural growth rate and productivity have remained low. Rural livelihood has also consistently remained poor in rural Tanzania, compared to urban areas. The study recommends national-level strategies and sectoral programmes that consider rural-urban differences, and agricultural policy interventions that aim at increasing agricultural growth rate and productivity. The RDS should be revised and implemented effectively by coordinating different sectors of the economy through a well-developed monitoring and evaluation framework. The study also recommends the use of Information Communication Technology in agriculture, the adoption of an effective local people’s participation in decision-making, and a foreign investment policy that is hinged on a win-win situation.
Determinants of clove exports in Zanzibar : implications for policy
(United Nations University World Institute for Development Economic Research, 2022-05) Kabote, Samwel J.; Tunguhole, Jires
This paper analyses factors for the declining trend in clove exports in Zanzibar using time series data that were collected between 1980 and 2020 and analysed using the vector error correction model, complemented with qualitative analysis. Clove production, producer price, world price, gross domestic product, and the exchange rate showed positive statistically significant impacts in the long run at the one per cent level, while foreign direct investment, population growth rate, rainfall, and gross capital formation showed significant negative association. Inflation had no impact. Some factors affected clove exports indirectly through production. Extension services were poor while the local price of cloves was low and not stable. We can conclude that clove exports were determined by many interlinked factors. We recommend an integrated policy approach that takes on board, comprehensively, all determining factors to improve and sustain clove exports.
Determinants of farmers' choice of coping strategies to climate variability and change in Manyoni district, Singida region, Tanzania
(The Sub Saharan Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2022-06-26) Mbwambo, E. P; Kabote, Samwel J.; Kazuzuru, B
Climate variability and change (CV & C) poses a threat to the sustainability of food production among smallscale farmers in rural Tanzania that are dependent on rain-fed agriculture. Understanding farmers’ coping to CV & C and the determinants of their coping decision is crucial in designing realistic strategies and policies for agriculture development. Therefore, this study investigated coping strategies practiced by small-scale farmers and factors that influenced coping decisions in Manyoni District. A random sampling technique and household survey method was used to gather cross-sectional data from 330 small-scale farmers selected from 6 wards. Out of 8 coping strategies identified by small-scale farmers, the four main coping strategies were subsequently adopted and used included; selling of livestock, off-farm employment, decreasing meal consumption and supplementing livestock feeds. The findings from Multivariate Probit Model showed some households' characteristics that influenced the choice of coping strategies were; the age of household head, household size, farm size, farming experience, technology uses, annual income, extension services, livestock ownership, and shift in rain season. The study concludes that the adoption of coping strategies is important and inevitable. Economic activities diversification through livestock keeping and off-farm employment is the key factor to minimize the impact of CV & C. Extension services is the significant determinant factor for the adoption of coping strategies and survival of small-scale farmers. The study recommends that the government and Non-governmental organizations should invest in climate-resilient programs and formulate policies that will focus on addressing challenges facing small-scale farmers in the course of adopting coping strategies. Government policies and investment must be geared towards the support of education on coping strategies, diversification in economic activities through off-farm employment, livestock keeping, and the use of technology. The government should formulate policies on extension services to ensure deployment of extension agents in every villages.
Determinants of farmers’ choice of adaptation strategies against climate variability and change: Lessons from central Tanzania in Manyoni district
(Elsevier, 2024-03-27) Kabote, Samwel J.; Mbwambo, Edward P.; Kazuzuru, Benedicto B.
Farmers’ adaptation strategies against climate variability and change impact are fundamental in abating the effects in this epoch. Previous studies have confirmed the presence of context-specific farmers’ adaptation strategies in Tanzania. However, it is not clear what factors influence farmers to select specific adaptation strategies. This study contributes to filling this knowledge gap. We used the cross-sectional research design in a survey of a random sample of 330 small-scale farmers. The multivariate probit was used to model the factors determining the choice of adaptation strategies. Farmers adapted a number of strategies, nonetheless, there were four key adaptation strategies: drought-resistant varieties, use of early maturing varieties, resistant livestock breeds, and conservation agriculture. Farmers used more than one strategy, and the choice was determined by multiple factors that showed a statistically significant impact at 5 %. We categorize the factors into four groups: (i) individual farmer and or household characteristics covering age, farming experience of the household head; household size; and household wealth, especially livestock ownership (ii) farm characteristics like location of the farm and farm size (iii) institutional factors that include access to extension services, technology, and provision of title deeds for land ownership to the farmers; and (iv) knowledge of manifestation of CV & C like shifting of rain seasons, and awareness of using meteorological information in decision making. These factors should be considered in policy development to heighten the effectiveness of the adaptation strategies in cushioning climate variability and change impact in the study area and central Tanzania at large.
Inter-annual anomaly and seasonal variability of rainfall and temperature in selected Semi-arid Areas of Tanzania
(2012) Kabote, Samwel J.; Mamiro, Delphina; Synnevåg, Gry; Urassa, Justin K.; Mattee, Amon Z.; Mbwambo, Jonathan S.; Nombo, Carolyne I.; Masolwa, Leah W.; Chingonikaya, Emanuel E.
Although climate variability and change are not new phenomena in semi-arid areas, their trends may change over time. Using data from Tanzania Meteorological Agency (TMA) during the interval 2003 -2011, this paper examined inter-annual anomaly (deviation from long term mean) and seasonal variability of rainfall and temperature in Iramba and Meatu Districts. Results showed no significant increase (P>0.05) of inter-annual rainfall variability. Nonetheless, a considerable shift of heavy rains was evident in Iramba District. In both districts there was a shift of months with the most rain. In addition, considerable rainfall and temperature variability were depicted by the trends in the; number of hot and cold years; number of dry and wet years as well as by trends in the number of rainy days in both districts. While temperature showed an increasing trend throughout April in both districts, rainfall showed a decreasing trend, which can increase evapo-transpiration and in turn reduces moisture for the crops, exacerbates poor pasture productivity for livestock, and leads to water scarcity for both crops and animals. Hence, adjustments in cropping and livestock production systems and institutional support are critical in order to buffer the impact of climate variability in semi-arid areas.
Land tenure security and households’ food security nexus: implications for an improving land governance in Iringa District, Tanzania
(African Journal of Empirical Research, 2024) Usika, Gerald; Kabote, Samwel J.; Urassa, Justin K.
This study was conducted to determine the contribution of the Certificate of Customary Rights of Occupancy (CCRO) to farming households’ food security in the Iringa District Council. Particularly, the study aimed to determine the influence of land tenure security on the food situation of households, the influence of land tenure security on food consumption, and the influence of land tenure security on the source of food for households. The study was guided by the institutional theory and the theory of access, these theories linked the study to the existing body of literature. The study adopted a quasi-experimental research design where villages that received CCRO were considered as the treatment group of the study and those villages without CCRO were categorized as the control group for the study. The study decided to adopt the Propensity Score Matching method for constructing a comparison group. The total sample size for this study was 400 households, with equality divided between the two villages, with and without CCRO. The study used a systematic random sampling approach to select a sample size of 400 households from the targeted population. The study employed a mixed methods approach whereby both qualitative and quantitative data were collected through questionnaires and interviews respectively. The collected data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics using IBM SPSS for quantitative data, while qualitative data was analyzed using a content analysis approach. The study found that those households with CCROs show a high score of food consumption compared to households without CCROs, this indicates that CCROs enhance food security in households. This was supported statistically by regression results and bivariate outcomes that illustrate the significance of CCROs ownership in improving the food situation of households between households having CCROs compared to those that haven’t. Furthermore, the study found that there is a difference in food consumption patterns between households with CCROs and those without CCROs. The study concluded that land tenure security has a great impact on the food security of households in the Iringa district, also, it was concluded that CCRO ownership contributes to improving the food situation of households enhancing their capacity to access diverse food groups. The study recommended that government and local government authorities develop policies and strategies that are tailored and applicable to agriculture development and land ownership to improve land governance structure that allows land registration easy.
Land tenure security, household income and distribution, lesson from southern highlands in Iringa District Council
(International journal of Research in Business & Social Science, 2024-04-22) Gerald Usika, Gerald; Urassa, Justin K.; Kabote, Samwel J.
Land distribution is a key factor in income inequality in rural areas of developing countries. This study examines the impact of land tenure security on household income and its distribution in Iringa district, Tanzania, focusing on the Certificate of Customary Right of Occupation (CCRO). Using a quasi- experimental design and Propensity Score Matching, 404 respondents were randomly selected and divided into groups with and without CCROs. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected through surveys and in-depth interviews. Analysis using SPSS/STATA revealed that households with CCROs had higher agricultural yields, sales, and lower production costs. They also invested more in modern farming techniques and soil conservation, leading to higher incomes and reduced income inequality. Despite over 50,000 CCROs issued, credit access remains limited due to a lack of awareness and additional collateral requirements. The study concludes that secure land rights are vital for economic growth and poverty alleviation. Recommendations include increasing awareness about CCROs, facilitating their use as collateral, and exploring barriers to credit access for CCRO holders. Further research is needed to address these challenges.
Large scale agricultural investments and its impact on gender relations and wellbeing of small holder farmers: evidence from Kilombero valley in Tanzania
(African Journal of Land Policy and Geospatial Sciences, 2020-11-30) Jeckoniah, John N.; Akyoo, Elimeleck P.; Kabote, Samwel J.
This paper explores the impact of large-scale agricultural investment on household livelihood outcomes among smallholder farmers in Kilombero Valley, Tanzania. The study used qualitative and quantitative data from a sample of 376 households. Quantitative data analysis employed independent samples t-test and multiple linear regressions. There were associations in livelihood outcomes and household headship (p < 0.05). The age of household head, years of schooling, household size, land size, group membership, household participation in the out-grower scheme, and livelihood strategies had influence on household livelihood outcomes (p < 0.05). Household livelihood outcomes depend on household socio- economic characteristics and household participation in LSAI. The study recommends Local Government Authorities, non-governmental organization to help farmers to diversify livelihood strategies, group strengthening, promoting gender dialogues in the community to transform gender norms that discriminate against women and female headed households, increase representation of out-growers in every decision making process that affects their livelihood outcomes
Nature and Magnitude of Land Acquisitions in Tanzania: Analyzing Role of Different Actors Key Trends and Drivers in Land Acquisitions
(Africa portal, 2014) Katundu, Mangasini A.; Makungu, Innocent M.A.; Mteti, Shakila H.; Kabote, Samwel J.; Niboye, Elliott P.; Ringo, Justin J.
Performance in Mathematics and Science Subjects: A Gender Perspective for Selected Primary Schools in Rural and Urban Tanzania
(American Research Institute for Policy Development, 2014) S.A, Mgoba,; Kabote, Samwel J.; Niboye, Elliott P.; Nombo, Carolyne I.
Since the 2000, Tanzania is striving to eliminate gender inequality in the education system. As such, the gender gap in enrolment is closing in primary education. Yet, gendered performance remains a challenge. Using data from Primary School Leaving Examination results for the period between 2007 and 2011, and from qualitative methods, this paper examined trends and factors for poor performance in Mathematics and Science subjects with a gender perspective. Two schools from rural and two from urban areas were involved in the study. The results did not show a clear trend in Mathematics performance in rural relative to urban schools, which showed a clear decreasing trend. On the other hand, performance in science was decreasing in rural schools and in one of the urban schools. There was also lower girls’ performance in both subjects with some few unique cases. Secondly, the gender inequality was more prominent in rural relative to urban schools because of a number of overlapping factors including lack of female teachers role models and lack of an appropriate school environment for girls. Therefore, to tackle gender inequality in performance, rigorous efforts need to consider multiple, but interlocking factors with a gender lens, while considering rural-urban differences.
Rain-fed farming system at a crossroads in Semi-Arid areas of Tanzania: what roles do climate variability and change play?
(IISTE, 2014) Kabote, Samwel J.; Mamiro, Delphina P.; Synnevåg, Gry; Urassa, Justin K.; Mattee, Amon Z.; Chingonika, Emanuel E.; Mbwambo, Jonathan S.; Nombo, Carolyne I.; Masolwa, Leah M.
Positive changes, like adopting drought resistant crop varieties, in the rain-fed farming system (RFFS) in response to climate variability and change enhance system’s ability to support people’s living as opposed to negative changes, like lack of pastures, which put the system at risk of failure in supporting the living. Using participatory rural appraisal (PRA) and household survey, this paper examined the roles of climate variability and change in triggering changes in RFFS. Specifically, the paper: (i) assessed dominant crop and livestock farming system; (ii) assessed the change element of crop and livestock production systems; and (iii) examined factors for the changes in RFFS. A random sample of 388 households was used. Qualitative data analysis was done through content analysis. Binary logistic regression was used to assess factors that explain changes on RFFS. The results showed that dominant crops were different in each village. Secondly, some changes in crop varieties and in livestock grazing arrangements were noted in response to climate variability and change. Unlike the hypothesis (P>0.05), the results demonstrated that warming (ß = -10.61, Wald = 36.26, P ≤ 0.001) showed highest significant impact on likelihood of adopting new crop varieties relative to other factors. Similarly, drought (ß = 2.16, Wald = 6.82, P ≤ 0.009) showed highest impact on the likelihood of changing a grazing place. Yet, the changes were constrained by factors like natural resources protective policies, failure of crop varieties to withstand warming and drought, and poor land use management. Therefore, the RFFS was at a crossroads with implications on system sustainability and livelihoods. The government and private interventions should support farmers and agro-pastoralists to manage risks related to the changes in RFFS in response to climate variability and change
The implication of water accessibility challenges to urban water governance in Morogoro municipality, Tanzania
(Elsevier, 2024-03-13) Kabote, Samwel J.
This study investigates water accessibility challenges in urban and peri-urban areas and its implication to urban water governance in Morogoro Municipality, Tanzania. A cross-sectional research design was adopted using a survey of 90 randomly selected households. The key informant interview was used to collect key information. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The Mann-Whitney U Test was employed to establish the extent to which factors affected water accessibility differently in urban and peri-urban areas. Content analysis was used to analyse qualitative information. Approximately 69% of the respondents accessed water from public piped water system. Some accessed water from public water taps while others used private boreholes and tank carts. Water supply, more so in peri-urban areas, was not reliable. In addition, water leakage, cost of connecting to the public piped water system, cost for constructing a borehole, climatic and environmental factors piled up into challenges of water accessibility suggesting poor urban water governance. The Mann-Whitney U Test showed that households in peri-urban areas were significantly affected by the challenges compared to households in urban areas at 5% level of significance where p = 0.000. The study concludes presence of challenges in water access due to multiple factors with implications on urban water governance. Therefore, urban water governance should be improved to heighten water accessibility. Further studies should focus on developing an urban water governance framework in Tanzania.
Trends in HIV/AIDS voluntary testing in Tanzania: a case of Njombe urban, Njombe region
(IISTE, 2012) Kabote, Samwel J.; Niboye, Elliott P.
This article presents and analyzes status and trends for people who were voluntarily tested for HIV/AIDS infections in Njombe Town Council in Njombe region. The analysis covers five year period between 2007 and 2011. This period was specifically chosen because it was in July 2007 that the government of Tanzania inaugurated a campaign for HIV/AIDS voluntary counselling and testing. Nevertheless, trends for the people who are using Voluntary Counselling and Testing (VCT) centres and the associated results regarding HIV/AIDS infections are not clearly established. The article utilizes data collected from three Voluntary Counselling and Testing (VCT) centres in Njombe Urban. Percentages of people infected with HIV/AIDS were computed using a calculator. Findings demonstrate that the number and percentages of people who were voluntarily tested for HIV/AIDS was increasing suggesting that over time more and more people were using voluntary testing and counselling centres (VCT). Interestingly, while the number of people visiting VCT centres revealed increasing trend, HIV/AIDS infections showed decreasing trend over the years for all of the VCT centres under consideration. Notwithstanding decreasing trend for HIV/AIDS infections, many people were living with HIV/AIDS particularly women. Overall, infections accounted for 6.5% at Njombe Health Centre higher than at Njombe Lutheran VCT centre and at Kibena Hospital, where both recorded 5.1% of people infected with HIV/AIDS. Controlling new cases for HIV/AIDS infections will help to re-direct resources to development initiatives at all levels. Therefore, concerted efforts are needed to curb further HIV/AIDS infections in Njombe urban and in Tanzania more generally.