Browsing by Author "Hatibu, N."
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Item Affecting the adoption of rain water harvesting technologies in western Pare lowlands of Tanzania(1998) Mdoe, N.S.Y.; Hatibu, N.; Mahoo, H.; Gowing, J.; Senkondo, E.M.M4,d.oPtion,oj. tech,!ology.is an importantfactor in economic development especia.lly.' in developing fountries~ s.ucc,essful introduction of technologies in d~eloping countries requires an understanding gf .the prioriti~s and concerns of smallholder fanners at the grassroots. This. paper analyses the soc,io-economic factors t~at influence the adoption of rain water harvesting (RWH) technologies tli !ye~te,!, Pare lowlands of Tanzania. Data for the study. were collected from 70 smallholder farmers {'! Kifar;uandLembeni viilages. These data were fitted in Probit and Logit models. ,The results of the Rrobit model are used to explain adoption of RWH in Western Pare lowlands because it produced b§tte[ fits compa'red with the Logit model. The results of the probit model shows that/arm size, nUmber .oj family members working in the fann, experience in fanning, and extent of knowledge in RWH techniques were significant in explaining 'the inte1}sity of adoption ofRWH techniques. Regarding farmers perceived technology ch.ara~cteristics, the results show thaUanners' appreciation .of RWH as a factor contributing to increased crop yield was positively and significantly explaining the intensity qt q,d.option o/RWH. This suggests that.!ligher yieltJS, attain(!d with the use ofRWH techniques will enc(Jurage adoption of the (echniques. It is therefore.recommended that·efforts to promote the use of RWH techniques shQuld go together with. the use of other recommended improved inputs to bring higher returns to farmers.Item Determinants of farm-level adoption of water systems innovations in dryland areas: The case of Makanya watershed in Pangani river basin, Tanzania(2005) Masuki, K.F. G.; Mutabazi, K. D; Tumbo, S. D.; Rwehumbiza, F. B.; Mattee, A. Z.; Hatibu, N.Water system innovations such as rainwater harvesting involve abstraction of water in the upper catchments. Increasing adoption of rainwater harvesting in the riparian catchments could have hydrological impacts on downstream flows in the river basin, but it is assumed to have overall gains and synergies when efficient use of rainwater is optimized at farm-level. This paper examines the main determinants of adoption of water system innovations with specific emphasis on the intensity of adoption and adoption lag, using a cross-sectional sample of 234 farmers in the Makanya watershed. Censored Tobit models were used to estimate the coefficients of intensity of adoption and adoption lag of water system innovations. Group networking, years spent in formal education, age of respondent, location and agricultural information pathways were found to be major determinants of intensity of adoption at farm-level. It was also found that intensity of adoption and frequency of attendance to collective action are strong determinants of adoption lag of water system innovation in Makanya watershed. Empirical knowledge of the determinants of adoption of water system innovations is critical for an effective scaling out of best practices of water harvesting in the Basin.Item Knowledge Sharing and Communication Tools for Dialogue Issues on Productivity of Water in Agriculture in Mkoji Sub-catchment, Tanzania(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2003) Kasele, S. S.; Mlozi, M. R. S.; Hatibu, N.; Mahoo, H. F.The concept of productivity of water in agriculture is new and is understood differently by different stakeholders. Yet to apply it, all stakeholders require a common understanding. Currently there is limited understanding of how the concept can be communicated to different stakeholders. This limits the potential for dialogue to enable concerns to be resolved. This study investigated knowledge-sharing and communication tools suitable in facilitating dialogue among different stakeholders on the productivity of water in agriculture in Mkoji sub-catchment in the upper part of the Rufiji Basin, Tanzania. The study was based on a survey of multiple stakeholders of water in the study area, including direct water users in agriculture, namely farmers; water resources and agricultural experts; and water managers, especially in irrigated systems. A high proportion (87.5%) of the smallholder farmers indicated low awareness of the concept as universally defined. The experts were aware of the basic definition of productivity of water in agriculture as the ratio of total crop yield to the volume of water used. Given past experience in the study areas, knowledge sharing through farmer training, demonstration plots, field visits, radio and posters will assist in increasing the understanding of different stakeholders and thus improve dialogue.Item Land characteristics, run-off and potential for rainwater harvesting in semi-arid areas of Tanzania(1999) Rwehumbiza, F.B.R.; Hatibu, N.; Machibya, M.Effective utilization of rainfall in semi-a~'d areas is very much depeliaent on lahd cha;"(lctelistics, land use, and managemellt practices. Important land cl19racteristics include soil, type, soil hy~ draulic properties down the profile, soil valiation along-the catena,_slope and vegetation cover. In most semi-mid areas -of'Tan'zallia~ three soil types dominate tlie c~tena. The top of the catena is normally occupied byLithisols. The middle piirt is usually subjected to erosion mzd is occupied by a complex of soils but usually Cambisolsl Arenosolsl Ferrosols. Soils with vel1ic propel1ies commonly Verlisols are found at 'the bottom of the catena. The relative proportions of the three sections in a given catena, how they are used and managed, detemzine the amount of runoff, erosion and the potential for rainwater harvesting (RWH). These factors also have a velY impOl1QIlt ilif/uence 011 the ability of the soil to receive, store, redis~libute and release rainwater. This paper presents case studies from' sites in Mwanga, Same, Morogoro' and Maswa Distlicts, Tanzania to elaborate the role of these factors in RWH. It is concluded that the landscape is an impOl1Q/zt factor in dete171zining yield, control and management of runoff, and hence potential for RWH. The catena is a natural set-up for rainwater harvesting where the top section acts as natural generator of runoff and' the-bottom section as natural receiver.Item Paths of influence among components of yield in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench, cv Tegemeo) grown in the semi arid area of Dodoma Region, Tanzania(1998) Reuben, S.O.W.; Rwehumblza, F.B.R.; Mahoo, H.F.; Hatibu, N.; Makungu, P.; Ashimogo, G.C.Sorghum is a food security crop in tropical marginal areas. Improvement strategies for yield under such conditions are important. Genetic improvement for yield is done thr0ll:gh improvement of its components. Due to yield component compensation, this improvement strategy is made less rewarding. It is therefore important to know compe1J.satory mechanisms existing for better improvement strategies. Studies on the nature of component compensations in sorghum are limited and virtually lacking under Tanzanian conditions. A field experiment was conducted to investigate the nature of interrelationships among components of yield in sorghum at the experimental plots of Hombolo Research Station in the semi-arid zone of Dodoma Region, Tanzania. Six treatment combinations, of rain water harvesting techniques and fertilizer were laid out in a randomized comple,te block design (ReED) with four replications during the growing season of 1996/97. Number of grains was an important component which was significantly correlated (r=O. 982***) with grain yield and had a high positive direct effect (0.979) on yield. Average grain weight was not import~nt in influencing yield of sorghum. Plant biomass had a negative direct effect (-1.2997) on average grain weight but was not important in influencing number of grains. Plant height and percent light intercepted directly influenced number of grains and average grain weight negatively. The negative influence (- 0.8712) of plant height on number of grains was compensated to a low relationship (r= -0.337) mainly by its positive indirect influence (0.3780) through light interception. Improvement strategies should aim at shorter plants with more grains, of lesser canopy development and biomass in these semi arid areas.Item Performance of maize under micro-catchment rainwater. harvesting in western Pare lowlands and Morogoro, Tanzania(1999) Hatibu, N.; Gowing, l.W.; Mzirai, O.B.; Mahoo, H.P.Micro-catchment Rainwater Harv.esting. (RWH) has been defined as a method of collecting run-off from a Catchment Area (CA) over short distances not exceeding 100 m and supplying it to an adjacent Cultivated Basin (CB). It is a system that is designed to concentrate rainwater so as to utilize it more effe"ctively in areas- where. the seasonal. rainfall amounts are frequently lower than crop water requirements. The Catchment to Basin Area Ratio (CBAR) is an important parameter in the design of micro-catchment systems. It usually varies between 1:1 and 10:1. However, methodsfor deciding the optimumle·ve! of CBAR for differef!t farming systems are not available. The purpose of the experiments reported here was to evaluate the CBARfor maize production in semiarid areas of Tanzania. The experiments were run between 1992 and 1995. in semi-arid areas of Morogoro and Mwanga Districts of Tanzania, to assess the peiformance of maize grown in microcatchment systems with CBAR varying from 0:1 to 4:1. Maize var. TMVI was grown in Mwanga District while maize-var. Staha was used as a test crop in Morogoro District. Grain was harvested in five out of six experimental seasons in Mwanga (Masika 1993, 1994 and 1995 and Vuli 199411995 and 199511996). In Morogoro, grain harvest was obtained only in two seasons (Masika 1993 and 1994) out offour. The results showed that micro-catchment RWH farming is feasible during Vuli. The yield benefits due to RWH were found to be 120 - 152· % and significant at P = 0.05. The benefits during Masika were found to be very low at only 12 - 17 % and not significant at P = 0.05.Item Review of rainwater harvesting techniques and evidence for their use in semi-arid Tanzania(1999) Gowing, J.W.; Mahoo, H.F.; Mzirai, O.B.; Hatibu, N.Raillwater h.{pvesting (RWH) ,shuuld"be 'regarded as a continuum of techniques thill' link in-situ soil-wate!: conservation at on~'exi;-'ellle to co'nventiona!irrigation {it the ·other. bHitu KWH, comprises i~ group of techniques for preventing runoff and promoting infiltration: Mic/'()-catc~mellt RWH comprises'a group'oftechniques/or collecting overlandfZow;(sheetor rill) from a catchment area and delivering it to a cropped.area in order to supplement the inadequate direc·t':air!faZ{ The transfer nomllllly occurs ·over a reJativelyshOit distance entirely withirt the land-holding of an individual farmer and the system is therefore sometimes known as 'an "illtemai cauhment" .. Macro-catchment RWH comprises a group' of techniques in which natural runoff is collected Fum a relatively large area .and. tr(1nsferred over.a longer distance. Examples of each pf these categories of RWH exist' ill p'a,t's 0/ Ta,';iania, but their potential is }eirgely neglected, by research and extension"seivices alzd they are illlder-exploited. The pUipose of this paper was to 'assess the extent to which thediflerent rainwater harvesting systeniS, are used in Tanzania. The findings show that there is a widespread practice of rainwater harvesting in Tanzania. Rainwater hmvestillg with storage of wate!' for livestock has received govemment SUppOit in the past . . However, rruzny storage reselvoir~ have been destroyed by siltation. On the other hand rainwater hmvesting for crop production has llOt received an adequate SUppOit from research and extension services. Therefore, although farmers are practiciizg rainwaterhmvesting, they are faced with sh01tage of appropriate technolo giesand knowItem Technical Note on Performance of Macro-Catchment Rainwater Harvesting for Maize Production: Preliminary Results(1999) Kajiru, G.J.; Hatibu, N.; Bakari, A.M.; Kishebuka, S. R.; Young, M. D. B.Macro-catchment raiilwater harvesting (RWH) describes those techniques witll much larger Catchment Areas (CAs) (generally > > Iha) which generally do not fall witllin a farmer's land. The CAs and Cropped basins (CBs) will often be very different in character and tlle transfer d.istance may be in tile range of a few hundred metres to several kilometres'- Although runotf efficiency is relatively lower tllan thy. 'microcatchment systems, runoff volumes will still be large because of tlle size of tlle CA. If the transfer distance is very large, it is also possible for tlle CA to receive rain and produce runoff for a CB which has received no rain. Macro-catchment RWH systems include: hillside systems such as tlle "ma jaluba" system of tlle Lake Zone of Tanzania (Meertens et aZ" 1999) where, water is ~hannelled intp bunded rice padis by small channekconstructed across ,tlle slope on grazing land; stream-bed systems which spread water tlowing in ephemeral streams using permeable stone dams or earth b~nds (van Dijk and Ahmed, 1993); and stt-eam diversion systems which chamlel water , trbm ephemeral streams into water-spreading s&uctures such a~ tlle "Caag" system of Somalik (Reij, 1991) The mairi problems with these : s~stems are, in controlling tlle sometimes very high volumes of runoff and preventing erosion. I The risk of too' much water washing away tiblds is a major problem in Western Pare I - Lowlands (WPLL).