Browsing by Author "Batamuzi, E. K."

Now showing 1 - 7 of 7

Analgesic, behavioural and cardiopulmonary effects of epidurally injected medetomidine (Domitor ® ) in goats
(Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 2000) Mpanduji, D. G.; Bittegeko, S. B. P.; Mgasa, M. N.; Batamuzi, E. K.
This study was carried out in order to evaluate the analgesic, sedative, immobilizing and cardio- pulmonary effects of medetomidine in goats after lumbosacral epidural injection of three (10, 20 and 30 mg/kg body weight) doses. The volume of the injection for all three medetomidine doses was 5 ml in sterile water. Seventeen clinically healthy, Small East African goats of either sex and weighing between 12 and 22 kg (mean 2 SD; 14.8 2 2.5 kg body weight) were used. The animals were randomly assigned to two groups. Seven goats were used for evaluating analgesic, behavioural and cardiopulmonary effects while 10 were used for experimental surgery. The cardiopulmonary values and rectal temperature were determined and recorded at time 0 (preinjection) and at 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 min, and thereafter at 15-min intervals up to 180 min after injection. Analgesia of the flank and perineum was determined at time 0 (preinjection) and at 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, 120 and 180 min using a scoring system. The spread of analgesia to the thorax, neck, forelimbs and head was also determined and recorded. The onset and duration of lateral recumbency was noted and recorded. Medetomidine at the given doses induced variable cardiopulmonary depression, which was not detrimental to the animals. All three doses (10, 20 and 30 mg/kg) of medetomidine induced adequate analgesia of the flank and perineum. Analgesia extended to the thorax, forelimbs, neck and head. The duration of lateral recumbency was 136 and 166 min for the 20 and 30 mg/kg medetomidine doses, respectively. The duration of lateral recumbency was not determined for the animal given 10 mg/kg medetomidine. Signs of sedation (lowering of the head, drooping of the lower lip, partial to complete closure of the eyes and salivation) were noted after administration of all three doses. It can be concluded from this study that all three doses induced adequate analgesia of the flank and perineum. Surgical analgesia of the flank of goats was achieved after lumbosacral epidural administration of 20 mg medetomidine/kg, diluted in 5 ml of sterile water. Surgery was not performed with the other doses (10 and 30 mg/kg) of medetomidine.
Comparison of xylazine and lidocaine effects for analgesia and cardiopulmonary functions following lumbosacral epidural injection in goats
(Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 1999) Mpanduji, D. G.; Mgasa, M. N.; Bittegeko, S. B. P.; Batamuzi, E. K.
The present study was carried out in order to compare the effects of xylazine and lidocaine on analgesia and cardiopulmonary parameters following epidural injection in goats. Twelve healthy Small East African goats of both sexes (mean 2 SD; 15.6 2 1.9 kg body weight) were used. The goats were randomly assigned to two groups of five and seven animals. The first group (n = 5) was given 2 % lidocaine-HCl at 4400 mg/kg body weight. The second group (n = 7) was administered 2 % xylazine-HCl at 150 mg/kg body weight. All drugs were diluted in 5 ml of sterile water and were injected epidurally through the lumbosacral interspace with the injection taking over 20 s. Both drugs induced analgesia within 5 min. Signs of sedation, cardiopulmonary changes and lateral recumbency developed within 5–7 min after administration of epidural xylazine. Tail flaccidity and hind limb paralysis developed 3 min after epidural administration of lidocaine. The time from recumbency to regaining normal stance was 60 and 158 min for xylazine- and lidocaine-treated animals respectively. Xylazine induced adequate analgesia of the flank and perineum, which extended to the head and forelimbs. In contrast, lidocaine induced adequate bilateral flank and perineal analgesia extending up to the third thoracic vertebra. For both drugs, analgesia of the flank and perineum persisted for the entire 180-min observational period. Epidural injection of xylazine and lidocaine caused variable depression effects on the cardiopulmonary values but was not so low as to cause concern. It is concluded that lumbosacral epidural injection of xylazine at 150 mg/kg body weight in 5 ml of water for injection offers the most desirable sedation and analgesia of the flank and perineum. The longer duration of analgesia may be useful for postoperative analgesia and relief of continuous straining in goats.
Farmer forums for improved food security: Experiences from TARP II SUA Project
(Institute of Continuing Education, 2005-01) Lyimo-Macha, J. G.; Batamuzi, E. K.; Tarimo, A. J. P.; Malimbwi, R. E.
Farmer forums under the TARP II SUA, project in Tanzania have demonstrated fruitful partnership between farmers, researchers and extension agents in communicating and disseminating innovations and technologies to a wider audience. Five forums have been held in each of the zones implementing the project. Some of the themes covered under the five forums include: identification of problems faced by smallholder farmers, marketing problems for agricultural produce, local chicken: production and demand, technology adoption from farmers ' perception and conflicts between crop producers and livestock keepers. During these forums, participating stakeholders identified and prioritized key issues and problems, proposed solutions and agreed on respective stakeholders' responsibilities. This paper provides an overview on the conduct, perceptions, outputs and the challenge ahead regarding this approach for the development offarmers.
Human Rabies incidences in selected areas of Tanzania: Implications for community awareness and training
(Institute of Continuing Education, 2005-01) Batamuzi, E. K.; Mtambo, M. M. A.; Maeda-Machang'u, A. D.; Bittegeko, S. B. P.; Mpelumbe-Ngeleja, C. A. R.; Aris, E.
This paper discusses the status of rabies and control strategies in Morogoro and Iringa regions in Tanzania. There has been an increasing number of reported cases of rabies in both humans and animals in the country. This study utilizes old and new data from the veterinary and medical records to examine the perpetuating factors for human rabies and also assesses the impact of the present control measures. From the records, the study has shown that a total of 9,150 people have been exposed to rabies suspect animals between 1986 and 1999 in Iringa and Morogoro regions. It was further observed that the incidence of rabies was higher in males, children between one and 12 years and young people with ages ranging between 21 and 39 years old. In most human victims, dogs were responsible for causing injuries (6,834 that is 96% of the cases) but other causes of rabies were monkeys 111(1.6%), cats 74 (IN), Man 57 (IN) and hyenas 18 (0.03). There was also a strong correlation (P<0.01) between canine, wildlife and human rabies. The findings of this study indicate that the situation of rabies in the study area and possibly in Tanzania is alarming and requires serious control strategies. Participation of local communities in rabies control may be a key to success. Early reporting of cases, participation in vaccination programmes and improvement of dog management to reduce the number of strays should be emphasised. Educational programmes should also be organized to sensitize communities On the gravity of the problems and to expose them to remedial measures. On the other hand the government has an important role to play through imposing and enforcing quarantines. The government should also set aside a budget for postexposure treatment of humans exposed to rabies.. Concerted collaborative efforts between livestock, wildlife and medical authorities are required in order to appropriately be able to control rabies in Tanzania.
Treponema pallidum Infection in the Wild Baboons of East Africa: Distribution and Genetic Characterization of the Strains Responsible
(PLOS ONE, 2012) Harper, K. N.; Fyumagwa, R. D.; Hoare, R.; Wambura, P. N.; Coppenhaver, D. H.; Sapolsky, R. M.; Alberts, S. C.; Tung, J.; Rogers, J.; Kilewo, M.; Batamuzi, E. K.; Leendertz, F. H.; Armelagos, G. J.; Knauf, S.
It has been known for decades that wild baboons are naturally infected with Treponema pallidum, the bacterium that causes the diseases syphilis (subsp. pallidum), yaws (subsp. pertenue), and bejel (subsp. endemicum) in humans. Recently, a form of T. pallidum infection associated with severe genital lesions has been described in wild baboons at Lake Manyara National Park in Tanzania. In this study, we investigated ten additional sites in Tanzania and Kenya using a combination of macroscopic observation and serology, in order to determine whether the infection was present in each area. In addition, we obtained genetic sequence data from six polymorphic regions using T. pallidum strains collected from baboons at two different Tanzanian sites. We report that lesions consistent with T. pallidum infection were present at four of the five Tanzanian sites examined, and serology was used to confirm treponemal infection at three of these. By contrast, no signs of treponemal infection were observed at the six Kenyan sites, and serology indicated T. pallidum was present at only one of them. A survey of sexually mature baboons at Lake Manyara National Park in 2006 carried out as part of this study indicated that roughly ten percent displayed T. pallidum-associated lesions severe enough to cause major structural damage to the genitalia. Finally, we found that T. pallidum strains from Lake Manyara National Park and Serengeti National Park were genetically distinct, and a phylogeny suggested that baboon strains may have diverged prior to the clade containing human strains. We conclude that T. pallidum infection associated with genital lesions appears to be common in the wild baboons of the regions studied in Tanzania. Further study is needed to elucidate the infection’s transmission mode, its associated morbidity and mortality, and the relationship between baboon and human strains.
Urinary tract infection: The role of canine transmissible venereal tumour
(Wiley Online Library, 1996) Batamuzi, E. K.; Kristensen, F.
The role of transmissible ‘venereal tumours in the pathogenesis of urinary tract infection in dogs was investigated in 86 dogs. Fifty-five had transmissible venereal tumours, and the remaining 31 animals were used as controls. A thorough clinical examination of the external genitalia was carried out in each case. In the dogs with transmissible venereal tumours, the sites of attachment were recorded. Urine samples were taken by cystocentesis and the external genitalia swabbed; the samples were cultured for bacteria using standard methods. Tumours were found on the prepuce and other parts of the penis in male dogs; in bitches they were found in the vagina, vestibule or the vestibulovaginal junction. Dogs with transmissible venereal tumours were found to be at a high risk of having bacteriuria (odds ratio [OR] = 7.04). Obliteration of the urethral orifice by the tumour, possibly leading to urine retention, was thought to be the main reason for the high incidence of urinary tract infection among dogs with transmissible venereal tumours. Long-standing cases of transmissible venereal neoplasia had a higher chance of becoming bacteriuric compared with recent cases (OR=29.60). This study indicates that transmissible venereal tumour may he a predisposing factor for the development of urinary tract infection.
Widespread Treponema pallidum Infection in Nonhuman Primates, Tanzania.
(centers for disease control and prevention., 2018) Chuma, I. S; Batamuzi, E. K.; Collins, D. A.; Fyumagwa, R. D.; Hallmaier-Wacker, L. K.; Kazwala, R. R.; Keyyu, J. D.; Lejora, I. A.; Lipende, I. F.; Lüert, S.; Paciência, F. M.D.; Piel, A.; Stewart, F. A.; Zinner, D.; Roos, C.; Knau, S.
We investigated Treponema pallidum infection in 8 nonhuman primate species (289 animals) in Tanzania during 2015–2017. We used a serologic treponemal test to detect antibodies against the bacterium. Infection was further confirmed from tissue samples of skin-ulcerated animals by 3 independent PCRs (polA, tp47, and TP_0619). Our findings indicate that T. pallidum infection is geographically widespread in Tanzania and occurs in several species (olive baboons, yellow baboons, vervet monkeys, and blue monkeys). We found the bacterium at 11 of 14 investigated geographic locations. Anogenital ulceration was the most common clinical manifestation; orofacial lesions also were observed. Molecular data show that nonhuman primates in Tanzania are most likely infected with T. pallidum subsp. pertenue–like strains, which could have implications for human yaws eradication.